AP Psychology Unit 8 Test Questions

Which theory has been accused of simply naming rather than explaining behaviors?
a. drive-reduction
b. set point
c. arousal
d. instinct
e. incentive

d. instinct

Which theory of motivation most clearly emphasizes the importance of genetic predispositions?
a. drive-reduction theory
b. instinct theory
c. hierarchy of needs theory
d. arousal theory
e. incentive theory

b. instinct theory

It is characteristic of robins to build nests. This is an example of
a. a set point.
b. homeostasis.
c. a drive.
d. a need.
e. an instinct.

e. an instinct.

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be a human instinct.
a. infant sucking
b. curiosity
c. the need to belong
d. religious ritual
e. the experience of flow

a. infant sucking

Like evolutionary psychology, instinct theory most clearly assumed that behavior is influenced by
a. homeostasis.
b. set points.
c. incentives.
d. genetic predispositions.
e. hierarchy of needs.

d. genetic predispositions.

A need refers to
a. a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.
b. an aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a psychological need.
c. anything that is perceived as having positive or negative value in motivating
behavior.
d. a desire to perform a behavior as a result of rewards or threats of punishment.
e. a rigidly patterned behavioral urge characteristic of all people

a. a physiological state that usually triggers motivational arousal.

An aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need is called a(n)
a. instinct.
b. incentive.
c. drive.
d. set point.
e. requirement.

c. drive

For a thirsty person, drinking water serves to reduce
a. homeostasis.
b. a drive.
c. an instinct.
d. the set point.
e. basal metabolic rate.

b. a drive.

Food deprivation is to ________ as hunger is to ________.
a. homeostasis; thirst
b. incentive; instinct
c. need; drive
d. motivation; emotion
e. anorexia; bulimia

c. need; drive

Homeostasis, which is the goal of drive reduction, is defined as
a. a desire to perform behavior in return for rewards.
b. a rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of an entire species.
c. an aroused or activated state that is often triggered by a physiological need.
d. the body’s tendency to maintain a constant internal state.
e. a physical need that usually triggers motivational arousal.

d. the body’s tendency to maintain a constant internal state.

When we are too hot, we perspire in order to lower our body temperature and thereby
a. preserve body warmth.
b. arouse drives.
c. maintain homeostasis.
d. lower the set point.
e. regain incentives.

c. maintain homeostasis.

An incentive is a
a. rigidly patterned behavior characteristic of an entire species.
b. state of deprivation that triggers arousal.
c. positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.
d. state of arousal triggered by deprivation.
e. basic need listed on the lower levels of Maslow’s hierarchy

c. positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior.

The role of learning in motivation is most obvious from the influence of
a. instincts.
b. homeostasis.
c. arousal.
d. incentives.
e. set points.

d. incentives.

Internal push is to external pull as ________ is to ________.
a. incentive; set point
b. homeostasis; drive reduction
c. instinct; need
d. need; drive
e. need; incentive

e. need; incentive

Lack of body fluids is to cold water as ________ is to ________.
a. need; incentive
b. drive; incentive
c. need; drive
d. instinct; set point
e. homeostasis; refractory period

c. need; drive

Which of the following is most clearly NOT an example of an incentive?
a. social disapproval
b. a romantic movie
c. a low blood glucose level
d. the smell of rotten eggs
e. a day of vacation

c. a low blood glucose level

The smell of chocolate chip cookies draws you into the kitchen to eat some. Which theory best
explains your motivation?
a. instinct
b. drive-reduction
c. incentive
d. optimum arousal
e. hierarchy of needs

c. incentive

Which theory would be most likely to predict that rats are motivated to explore precisely those areas
of an experimental maze where they receive mild electrical shocks?
a. arousal theory
b. hierarchy of needs theory
c. instinct theory
d. drive-reduction theory
e. two-factor theory

a. arousal theory

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for understanding the aversive effects of
a. refractory periods.
b. set points.
c. hunger.
d. boredom.
e. anorexia nervosa

d. boredom.

The idea that one should be alert but not overly aroused to perform best on a test is most closely
related to which of the following?
a. homeostasis
b. instinct theory
c. incentives
d. a hierarchy of motives
e. the Yerkes-Dodson law

e. the Yerkes-Dodson law

Professor Sanford explains that the need for physical safety must be met before city dwellers will be
motivated to form close friendships with fellow citizens. Professor Sanford is providing an example
of
a. set points.
b. a hierarchy of motives.
c. homeostasis.
d. erotic plasticity.
e. instincts.

b. a hierarchy of motives.

According to Maslow, our need for
a. love must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for food.
b. adequate clothing must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need
for self-esteem.
c. religious fulfillment must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our
need for adequate housing.
d. self-actualization must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need
for friendship.
e. political freedom must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need
for economic security

b. adequate clothing must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for self-esteem.

Maslow referred to the needs for purpose and meaning that lie beyond the self as
a. belongingness needs.
b. self-esteem needs.
c. self-transcendence needs.
d. self-actualization needs.
e. homeostasis needs.

c. self-transcendence needs.

Home-life satisfaction is more strongly predictive of well-being in wealthy nations than in poor ones.
This fact would be most clearly anticipated by
a. arousal theory.
b. hierarchy of needs theory.
c. instinct theory.
d. evolutionary theory.
e. incentive theory.

b. hierarchy of needs theory.

Alyssa’s home was broken into and many items were taken. After the break-in, Alyssa was afraid to
be at home alone and so installed a new alarm system. Abraham Maslow would suggest that Alyssa
is trying to satisfy her
a. physiological needs.
b. safety needs.
c. belongingness needs.
d. esteem needs.
e. self-actualization needs.

b. safety needs.

Ancel Keys and his colleagues observed that men on a semistarvation diet
a. became apathetic and lost interest in food.
b. remained interested in food but avoided talking or thinking about it.
c. lost interest in sex and social activities.
d. became increasingly preoccupied with political and religious issues.
e. shifted cognitive focus away from food toward more accessible goals.

c. lost interest in sex and social activities.

Increases in the hormone insulin lead to
a. increasing estrogen levels.
b. decreasing blood glucose levels.
c. increasing PYY levels.
d. decreasing orexin levels.
e. increasing homeostasis levels.

d. decreasing orexin levels.

When a rat’s blood sugar level decreases, the ________ hypothalamus releases the hunger-triggering
hormone ________.
a. lateral; obestatin
b. lateral; orexin
c. medial; obestatin
d. ventromedial; orexin
e. medial; testosterone

b. lateral; orexin

When people with severe obesity undergo bypass surgery that seals off part of the stomach, the
remaining stomach then produces much less
a. PYY.
b. orexin.
c. ghrelin.
d. insulin.
e. glucose.

c. ghrelin.

The specific body weight maintained automatically by most adults over long periods of time is
known as the
a. set point.
b. refractory period.
c. hypothalamic plateau.
d. basal metabolic rate.
e. homeostatic weight.

a. set point.

Basal metabolic rate is the body’s resting rate of
a. drive reduction.
b. insulin secretion.
c. energy expenditure.
d. homeostasis.
e. motivation

c. energy expenditure.

Which of the following is the best example of set point?
a. Ashlena loves to try spicy and exotic foods.
b. The smell of freshly baked bread compelled Sydnee to head for the kitchen.
c. While on a diet Lillie could think only about her next meal.
d. After losing 25 pounds, Shelby found that he began to put the weight back on.
e. Melanie is a natural nurturer and loving mother to her 2-year-old twins.

d. After losing 25 pounds, Shelby found that he began to put the weight back on.

People’s preferences for sweet tastes are ________, and their preferences for excessively salty tastes
are ________.
a. needs; incentives
b. incentives; needs
c. universal; learned
d. learned; universal
e. instinctual; conditioned

c. universal; learned

Campa Indians in Peru consider roasted ants a delicious delicacy, but this is not the case for most
North Americans. This best illustrates
a. the impact of unit bias on the foods we choose to eat.
b. the role our basal metabolic rate plays in food choices.
c. the influence of culture on food preferences.
d. the complex interaction of appetite hormones and brain activity.
e. our basic need to have our physiological needs met.

c. the influence of culture on food preferences.

When encouraged to eat as much as they want, people tend to eat less if the foods are offered in
smaller rather than larger portion sizes. This illustrates
a. unit bias.
b. set point.
c. refractory periods.
d. basal metabolic rate.
e. bulimia nervosa

a. unit bias.

An integrated understanding of rising obesity rates in terms of set points, culturally learned taste
preferences, and the ready availability of large food portions is best illustrated by
a. homeostasis.
b. the evolutionary perspective.
c. instinct theory.
d. a biopsychosocial approach.
e. a cognitive-behavioral approach.

d. a biopsychosocial approach.

The World Health Organization defines ________ as a BMI of 30 or more.
a. anorexia
b. high cholesterol
c. obesity
d. hypertension
e. bulimia

c. obesity

"Fat is stored energy to carry us through periods of famine." Which of the following psychological
perspectives is most likely to emphasize this argument?
a. biological
b. cognitive
c. behavioral
d. evolutionary
e. social-cultural

d. evolutionary

John has a BMI of 35 and is desperate to get it down to at least 25. He is trying a low-sugar,
low-carbohydrate diet. John is likely to have difficulty losing weight while dieting because
a. fat cells can be lost only with vigorous exercise.
b. his resting metabolic rate will increase and prompt him to overeat.
c. he has an unusually low set point for body weight.
d. fat tissue can be maintained by fewer calories than can other body tissues.
e. he needs to decrease the number of fat cells.

d. fat tissue can be maintained by fewer calories than can other body tissues.

Lee believes that for every 3500-calorie reduction in his diet he will lose one pound. Why is Lee
incorrect?
a. Lee’s body will react as if it is being starved, causing his basal metabolic rate to
drop.
b. Lee’s belief does not take into account that his fat cells will not become smaller.
c. Lee assumes that dieting alone will lead to weight loss.
d. Lee is ignoring the role of the PYY gene, which doubles the risk of becoming
obese.
e. Lee should remember that caloric intake is a minor factor in weight gain or loss.

a. Lee’s body will react as if it is being starved, causing his basal metabolic rate to drop.

If your close friend becomes obese, the odds of you likewise becoming obese increase. This best
illustrates the impact of ________ on obesity.
a. unit bias
b. neophobia
c. homeostasis
d. social influence
e. the hierarchy of needs

d. social influence

Which of the following statements would be the BEST advice for people who plan to lose weight by
going on a restricted diet?
a. "The second diet is always easier than the first."
b. "Use soft drinks to reduce your hunger between meal times."
c. "Avoid eating during the day so you can enjoy a big meal in the evening."
d. "Eat simple meals that include only a few different foods."
e. "Concentrate on eating animal-based proteins rather than plant-based proteins"

d. "Eat simple meals that include only a few different foods."

Research on the sexual response cycle indicates that
a. males and females experience an equally long refractory period following orgasm.
b. women undergo a decrease in physiological arousal more slowly if they have
experienced orgasm than if they have not.
c. enough sperm may be released prior to male orgasm to enable conception.
d. during the resolution phase, sexual excitement increases in females but decreases in
males.
e. the sexual response and interest cycle decreases rapidly in middle age.

c. enough sperm may be released prior to male orgasm to enable conception.

The time span after orgasm during which a male cannot be aroused to another orgasm is called
a. the plateau phase.
b. coitus interruptus.
c. the set point.
d. homeostasis.
e. the refractory period.

e. the refractory period.

Women’s sexual receptivity differs from that of nonhuman female mammals in being more responsive
to ________ levels than to estrogen levels.
a. glucose
b. orexin
c. PYY
d. testosterone
e. insulin

d. testosterone

Research on sex hormones and human sexual behavior indicates that
a. the sexual desire of human females is somewhat lower at ovulation than at other
times.
b. male sex offenders typically have lower-than-normal testosterone levels.
c. adult males who suffer castration experience a decline in their sex drive.
d. sexual interests are aroused by decreased testosterone levels in women and
increased testosterone levels in men.
e. increasing sex hormones result from decreasing glucose levels.

a. the sexual desire of human females is somewhat lower at ovulation than at other times.

Ivan just spent an evening watching movies involving attractive women who actually seemed to
enjoy being sexually coerced. This experience is most likely to lead him to
a. see his own girlfriend as sexually unreceptive.
b. perceive himself as sexually impotent.
c. be more willing to hurt women.
d. feel unsure about his gender identity.
e. view sexual promiscuity as morally wrong.

c. be more willing to hurt women.

Men are more likely to experience nocturnal emissions if they
a. have a sexually transmitted infection.
b. use contraceptives as a means of preventing pregnancy in their mates.
c. have not experienced orgasm recently.
d. dream about nonsexual events.
e. masturbate frequently.

c. have not experienced orgasm recently.

Which of the following is an example of a person experiencing ostracism?
a. Joan is being required by her parents to attend a summer camp she does not like.
b. Myron has been experiencing low self-esteem since he was not admitted to his
favorite college.
c. Will was selected by his school to participate in a district-wide seminar on
bullying.
d. Sidra was upset since learning that she only has the fourth highest GPA in the
senior class.
e. Aaron was frequently ignored in the locker room by his teammates who were
angry with him

e. Aaron was frequently ignored in the locker room by his teammates who were angry with him

The James-Lange theory of emotion states that
a. to experience emotion is to be aware of our physiological responses to an
emotion-arousing event.
b. the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.
c. an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological arousal
and the subjective experience of emotion.
d. to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and able to cognitively label
the emotion.
e. cognitive experiences of emotion determine the extent of our physiological arousal.

b. the expression of emotion reduces our level of physiological arousal.

Which of the following suggests that the experience of emotion results from an awareness of our own
physiological responses to an emotion-arousing event?
a. Cannon-Bard theory
b. catharsis hypothesis
c. James-Lange theory
d. adaptation-level phenomenon
e. relative deprivation principle

a. Cannon-Bard theory

The suggestion that we share a friend’s feelings of joy if we smile with him or her best illustrates the
logic of
a. the Cannon-Bard theory.
b. the adaptation-level phenomenon.
c. the James-Lange theory.
d. the catharsis hypothesis.
e. the relative deprivation theory.

a. the Cannon-Bard theory.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the body’s arousal is related to the sympathetic nervous
system in the same way that subjective awareness of emotion is related to the
a. cortex.
b. hypothalamus.
c. thalamus.
d. parasympathetic nervous system.
e. amygdala.

a. cortex.

The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the
sympathetic nervous system is central to the
a. James-Lange theory.
b. relative deprivation principle.
c. two-factor theory.
d. Cannon-Bard theory.
e. catharsis hypothesis.

d. Cannon-Bard theory.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, body arousal is related to the subjective awareness of emotion
in the same way as the ________ is related to the ________.
a. parasympathetic nervous system; thalamus
b. sympathetic nervous system; cortex
c. thalamus; hypothalamus
d. cerebellum; cortex
e. parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system

b. sympathetic nervous system; cortex

Which researcher believed that our body’s responses were not distinct enough to evoke different
emotions?
a. William James
b. Paul Ekman
c. Walter Cannon
d. Stanley Schachter
e. Carroll Izard

a. William James

Which theory would be most threatened by evidence that highly similar patterns of physiological
activity are associated with uniquely different emotional states?
a. two-factor theory
b. Cannon-Bard theory
c. catharsis theory
d. James-Lange theory
e. adaptation-level phenomenon

d. James-Lange theory

The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of ________ than does
the James-Lange theory.
a. cognitive activity
b. subjective well-being
c. physiological arousal
d. catharsis
e. stress

a. cognitive activity

The two-factor theory of emotion would have difficulty explaining why a
a. person comes to fear snakes after he sees someone else bitten by one.
b. person’s fear of snakes is reduced after she receives a calming tranquilizer.
c. person automatically fears snakes even though he thinks they are attractive and
harmless.
d. person’s fear of snakes is reduced after she learns that most snakes are harmless.
e. person’s fear of snakes would be more intense after an adrenalin shot.

a. person comes to fear snakes after he sees someone else bitten by one.

Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult
test, Harley concluded that he was "anxious." Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his
palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, Harley concluded that he was
"falling in love." The differing emotions experienced by Harley can best be explained by the
a. relative deprivation principle.
b. James-Lange theory.
c. two-factor theory.
d. catharsis hypothesis.
e. adaptation-level principle.

c. two-factor theory.

When students perceive the arousal that accompanies test-taking as energizing rather than
debilitating, they experience much less anxiety. This is best understood in terms of the
a. relative deprivation principle.
b. James-Lange theory.
c. adaptation-level principle.
d. catharsis hypothesis.
e. two-factor theory

e. two-factor theory

The spillover effect is best explained in terms of the
a. relative deprivation principle.
b. catharsis hypothesis.
c. adaptation-level phenomenon.
d. two-factor theory.
e. well-being theory

d. two-factor theory.

In one experiment, college men were injected with epinephrine before spending time with either a
joyful or an irritated person. The results of this experiment support the idea that
a. some emotions can be experienced apart from cognition.
b. there are subtle but distinct physiological differences among the emotions.
c. our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body’s arousal.
d. happiness is largely a function of experience.
e. activation of the sympathetic nervous system alone does not influence emotion.

c. our experience of emotion depends on how we interpret the body’s arousal.

After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run, Martin finds that he experiences stronger
resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses
him. Martin’s experience can best be explained by the
a. two-factor theory.
b. James-Lange theory.
c. Cannon-Bard theory.
d. catharsis hypothesis.
e. adaptation-level principle.

a. two-factor theory.

Astrid was emotionally aroused by a TV horror movie. She became extremely angry when her
younger brother momentarily blocked her view of the screen. When her movie viewing was
interrupted by a phone call from her boyfriend, however, she experienced unusually intense romantic
feelings. Astrid’s different emotional reactions to her brother and her boyfriend are best explained by
the
a. catharsis hypothesis.
b. James-Lange theory.
c. adaptation-level principle.
d. two-factor theory.
e. Cannon-Bard theory.

d. two-factor theory.

Bradley was romantically interested in Angel. Based on research by Stanley Schachter and Jerome
Singer, if Bradley wishes to increase the odds that she will return his interest, he should
a. take her to dinner at her favorite restaurant.
b. play soft music for her on the piano.
c. bring her a dozen red roses.
d. take her rock climbing.
e. buy a puzzle that they can both put together.

d. take her rock climbing.

Our most rapid and automatic emotional responses may result from the routing of sensory input
through the thalamus directly to the
a. hippocampus.
b. hypothalamus.
c. cerebellum.
d. brainstem.
e. amygdala.

e. amygdala.

Unlike the low-road brain pathway, the high road for emotional responses extends through the
a. thalamus.
b. cortex.
c. hypothalamus.
d. cerebellum.
e. hippocampus.

b. cortex.

The low-road pathway from the thalamus to the amygdala most directly contributes to emotional
________ responses.
a. conscious
b. automatic
c. self-controlled
d. slowly developed
e. cathartic

b. automatic

Whether we feel angry or depressed in response to a low grade on a test depends on whether we
attribute the poor grade to an unfair test or to our own low intelligence. This best illustrates that
emotions are influenced by
a. physical arousal.
b. relative deprivation.
c. cognitive appraisals.
d. genetic predispositions.
e. moral judgments.

c. cognitive appraisals.

Which of the following emotional reactions is most likely to precede any conscious thinking?
a. hatred
b. love
c. fear
d. depression
e. regret

c. fear

Which theory states that emotion results from the cognitive labeling of our physiological arousal?
a. adaptation-level
b. relative deprivation
c. Cannon-Bard
d. two-factor
e. catharsis theory

d. two-factor

When confronted by an armed robber, your emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by
a. decreases in blood sugar levels.
b. slowing of digestion.
c. increases in salivation.
d. constriction of pupils to increase visual acuity.
e. decreases in respiration rate.

b. slowing of digestion

During a state of emotional arousal, the adrenal glands release ________ into the bloodstream.
a. insulin
b. acetylcholine
c. norepinephrine
d. glucose
e. testosterone

c. norepinephrine

Which division of the nervous system arouses the body and mobilizes its energy in emotionally
stressful situations?
a. sympathetic
b. central
c. somatic
d. parasympathetic
e. autonomic

a. sympathetic

As her professor distributed the mathematics test to the class, Blair’s heart started to pound and her
palms began to sweat. These physiological reactions were activated by her ________ nervous
system.
a. sympathetic
b. central
c. somatic
d. parasympathetic
e. endocrine

a. sympathetic

Walking home from work late one night, Jaydra suddenly hears footsteps behind her. Her heart
pounds, her muscles tense, and her mouth goes dry. These bodily responses are activated by her
________ nervous system.
a. central
b. sympathetic
c. parasympathetic
d. somatic
e. stressor

b. sympathetic

The parasympathetic nervous system is to the sympathetic nervous system as ________ is to
________.
a. raising of blood sugar; lowering of blood sugar
b. inhibition of digestion; activation of digestion
c. contraction of pupils; dilation of pupils
d. increasing blood pressure; decreasing blood pressure
e. heightened respiration rate; lowered respiration rate

c. contraction of pupils; dilation of pupils

Which of the following best describes task performance?
a. It is best when physiological arousal is moderate.
b. It is worst when physiological arousal is moderate.
c. It is best when physiological arousal is low.
d. It is best when physiological arousal is high.
e. It is mediocre when physiological arousal is moderate

c. It is best when physiological arousal is low.

Relatively high levels of physiological arousal would most likely interfere with effectively
a. solving a crossword puzzle.
b. repeating the alphabet.
c. riding a bicycle.
d. washing dishes.
e. enjoying a televised football game.

a. solving a crossword puzzle.

Nikolaus, a high school junior, is on both the track and golf teams. How will a high level of
physiological arousal affect his running the 100-meter dash and his accuracy in making long putts in a golf tournament?
a. It will have no effect on his running and will interfere with his putting.
b. It will enhance his running and will enhance his putting.
c. It will enhance his running and will interfere with his putting.
d. It will interfere with his running and will enhance his putting.
e. It will enhance his running and will have no effect on his putting

c. It will enhance his running and will interfere with his putting.

Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur when you are evacuated from a building that is on
fire?
a. pupils dilate
b. digestion is inhibited
c. adrenal glands produce noradrenaline
d. respiration increases
e. heart rate slows

e. heart rate slows

A psychologist would have the greatest difficulty differentiating between anger and fear by
monitoring the ________ associated with each.
a. hormone secretions
b. finger temperatures
c. heart rates
d. brain activity
e. cognitive experiences

c. heart rates

Researchers wanting to stimulate distinct, specific emotions would be most successful if they could
do which of the following?
a. manipulate heart rates
b. change internal body temperature
c. stimulate different brain regions
d. modify the secretion of adrenaline
e. increase respiration rate

c. stimulate different brain regions

Research on the physiological states accompanying specific emotions indicates that
a. each emotion has a unique pattern of sympathetic nervous system activity.
b. emotions such as happiness and surprise are accompanied by different blood
pressure levels.
c. different emotions involve activation of different brain circuits.
d. every emotion has precisely the same pattern of limbic system activity.
e. the amygdala uses different neurotransmitters in responding to different emotions.

a. each emotion has a unique pattern of sympathetic nervous system activity.

Observers watching angry faces show less brain activity in the ________ than do those watching
fearful faces.
a. cerebellum
b. thalamus
c. amygdala
d. hippocampus
e. medulla

c. amygdala

Research has shown that neck-level spinal cord injuries reduce the intensity of certain emotional
experiences. This finding supports the
a. Cannon-Bard theory.
b. adaptation-level principle.
c. James-Lange theory.
d. catharsis hypothesis.
e. relative deprivation principle.

c. James-Lange theory.

Which of the following research findings is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion?
a. Facial expressions of emotion inhibit the conscious experience of emotion.
b. Distinctly different patterns of brain activity are associated with distinctly
different emotions.
c. People with spinal cord injuries experience a considerable increase in the intensity
of their angry feelings.
d. Similar hormones are released during both anger and excitement.
e. Most emotional experience results from amygdala activation.

b. Distinctly different patterns of brain activity are associated with distinctly different emotions

Emotional disgust is to emotional delight as ________ is to ________.
a. blood sugar decrease; blood sugar increase
b. right prefrontal cortex activation; left prefrontal cortex activation
c. sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
d. the relative deprivation principle; the adaptation-level principle
e. release of epinephrine; release of nor epinephrine

b. right prefrontal cortex activation; left prefrontal cortex activation

Ann was extremely angry at her boss. A brain scan would reveal more activity in Ann’s
a. right hemisphere.
b. temporal lobe.
c. occipital lobe.
d. left hemisphere.
e. cerebellum.

a. right hemisphere.

For purposes of lie detection, investigators have most commonly made use of a(n)
a. electrocardiograph.
b. electroencephalograph.
c. myograph.
d. tomograph.
e. polygraph.

e. polygraph.

Mr. Hanson is strongly suspected of embezzling money from his employer. He has denied the
allegation. To determine whether he is lying, investigators are most likely to ask Mr. Hanson to take
a(n) ________ test.
a. electrocardiograph
b. electroencephalograph
c. polygraph
d. myograph
e. tomograph

c. polygraph

Although newspapers reported that a murder victim had been stabbed with a knife, two police
investigators knew that the actual murder weapon was a letter opener. While carefully monitoring the
changes in the heart rate and perspiration level of a prime suspect, the investigators asked him if he
typically used a letter opener on his mail. The investigators were making use of the
a. two-factor theory.
b. adaptation-level phenomenon.
c. relative deprivation principle.
d. guilty knowledge test.
e. catharsis hypothesis.

c. relative deprivation principle.

Research on the accuracy of lie detector tests indicates that they
a. are rarely wrong.
b. err about 10 percent of the time.
c. err about one-third of the time.
d. are no more accurate than a 50-50 coin toss.
e. are more accurate when used on children rather than adults.

d. are no more accurate than a 50-50 coin toss.

Polygraphs are designed to measure the changes in breathing, cardiovascular activity, and
perspiration that are thought to accompany specific emotions. Which theory of emotion best
supports this assumption?
a. James-Lange
b. Cannon-Bard
c. Schachter-Singer
d. opponent-process
e. fight or flight

b. Cannon-Bard

A polygraph examination of a suspected murderer included an assessment of his reaction to a detailed
description of the victim’s clothing and death wounds—details that would be known only to a person
at the scene of the crime. The investigators were using the
a. catharsis hypothesis.
b. facial feedback effect.
c. guilty knowledge test.
d. adaptation-level phenomenon.
e. two-factor theory.

c. guilty knowledge test.

People are especially good at quickly detecting facial expressions of
a. love.
b. anger.
c. surprise.
d. happiness.
e. boredom.

b. anger.

Chiana and her husband both want to feel and express greater warmth and affection for each other.
They would be advised to spend time looking intently at one another’s
a. eyes.
b. lips.
c. hand gestures.
d. body postures.
e. nonverbal actions.

a. eyes.

Eva’s boyfriend says he loves her, but she wants proof. To obtain the most trustworthy nonverbal
signals of how he really feels, Eva should carefully observe
a. his general body posture when he stands near her.
b. the way he holds her hand when they walk together.
c. how close he stands to her when they are talking.
d. his facial expressions when they spend time together.
e. the way he positions his legs when he sits near her.

d. his facial expressions when they spend time together.

When viewing subliminally flashed words, we are especially likely to sense the presence of words
such as
a. mind.
b. body.
c. life.
d. death.
e. work.

d. death.

We find it especially difficult to detect from other people’s facial expressions whether they are
a. afraid.
b. angry.
c. lying.
d. disgusted.
e. satisfied.

b. angry.

People often overestimate the clarity of their intentions in their e-mails because they underestimate
the importance of ________ in communication.
a. relative deprivation
b. the spillover effect
c. tones of voice
d. the adaptation-level phenomenon
e. emotional adjectives

c. tones of voice

Research participants who glimpsed a face for one-tenth of a second were able to judge someone’s
trustworthiness. This finding suggests that
a. some emotional responses involve no conscious thinking.
b. different emotions have distinct biological features.
c. physiological arousal precedes emotional experience.
d. there is a connection between emotional arousal and the autonomic nervous
system.
e. our brains are able to quickly detect distinct emotions.

e. our brains are able to quickly detect distinct emotions.

Compared with males, females are more likely to cry and report distress when observing someone in
distress. This best illustrates
a. the adaptation-level phenomenon.
b. the spillover effect.
c. relative deprivation.
d. empathy.
e. facial feedback.

d. empathy.

People from different cultures are most likely to differ with respect to
a. the way they categorize basic emotions such as fear and anger.
b. their facial expressions of different emotions such as sadness or surprise.
c. the specific states of physiological arousal associated with their feelings of
happiness or disgust.
d. how they interpret hand gestures such as the "thumbs up" signal.
e. their physiological reactions to extreme emotional states.

d. how they interpret hand gestures such as the "thumbs up" signal.

The facial expressions associated with particular emotions are
a. learned in early childhood.
b. different in Eastern and Western cultures.
c. the same throughout the world.
d. more similar in adults than they are in children or adolescents.
e. more similar in women than in men.

c. the same throughout the world.

The fact that people from widely different cultures display and interpret facial expressions of
emotion in a similar manner best illustrates the impact of
a. human genetic similarities.
b. the adaptation-level phenomenon.
c. the catharsis hypothesis.
d. the spillover effect.
e. facial feedback.

a. human genetic similarities.

In which country are people most likely to convey visible facial expressions of their inner feelings?
a. China
b. Australia
c. Japan
d. India
e. Korea

b. Australia

It has been suggested that baring the teeth is universally associated with the expression of anger
because this ability to convey threats has helped humans to survive. This suggestion best illustrates
the
a. evolutionary perspective.
b. relative deprivation principle.
c. Cannon-Bard theory.
d. two-factor theory.
e. adaptation-level principle.

a. evolutionary perspective.

Researchers attempt to understand emotions using biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels
of analysis. The psychological level of analysis is especially likely to emphasize the importance of
a. arousal.
b. cognitive labeling.
c. facial expressiveness.
d. evolutionary adaptiveness.
e. the role of the amygdala.

b. cognitive labeling.

Research has demonstrated that in the presence of an authority figure, Japanese men are more likely
than American men to mask negative expressions with a smile. These differences in expressing
emotion are best explained by
a. facial feedback.
b. the spillover effect.
c. display rules.
d. the action of the amygdala.
e. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon.

c. display rules.

Researchers have found that people experience cartoons as more amusing while holding a pen with
their teeth than while holding it with their lips. This finding best serves to support the
a. relative deprivation principle.
b. Cannon-Bard theory.
c. adaptation-level principle.
d. James-Lange theory.
e. catharsis hypothesis.

d. James-Lange theory.

If you grimace in fear while taking a difficult test, this facial expression is likely to cause
a. you to experience increasingly intense feelings of fear.
b. you to have less difficulty recalling the correct answers to the test questions.
c. your blood sugar levels to decrease.
d. your medulla to activate a stress response.
e. you to retrieve information more quickly and accurately for the test.

a. you to experience increasingly intense feelings of fear.

Patients reportedly feel less depressed following between-the-eyebrows Botox injections that
immobilize their frown muscles. This best illustrates the
a. feel-good, do-good phenomenon.
b. adaptation-level phenomenon.
c. spillover effect.
d. facial feedback effect.
e. relative-deprivation effect.

a. feel-good, do-good phenomenon

People experience a mood shift when they switch from taking short shuffling steps to taking long
strides and swinging their arms by their sides. This best illustrates
a. the adaptation-level phenomenon.
b. the spillover effect.
c. the behavior feedback phenomenon.
d. the feel-good, do good phenomenon.
e. the catharsis effect.

c. the behavior feedback phenomenon.

Imitating another person’s facial expression of emotion is most likely to facilitate
a. the feel-good, do-good phenomenon.
b. the catharsis of aggressive feelings.
c. parasympathetic nervous system activity.
d. empathy.
e. well-being

d. empathy.

The university’s psychology department and school of medicine are cosponsoring a new professional
program that applies behavioral and medical knowledge to health and disease. They are clearly
offering a new degree in
a. medical psychology.
b. human engineering.
c. holistic medicine.
d. behavioral medicine.
e. psychopharmacology.

d. behavioral medicine.

As a psychologist employed by a medical school, Dr. McNerney specializes in research on the
causes of stress and on the effectiveness of various techniques for coping with stress. Dr. McNerney
is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
a. educational
b. behavioral
c. forensic
d. health
e. humanistic

d. health

After watching a movie in which a female character is being followed by a man in a dark alley,
McKenzie kept looking over her shoulder at passersby as she walked to her car. This experience best
illustrates
a. the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
b. how daily hassles can lead to stress.
c. that stress arises from both the events and our cognitive appraisal of them.
d. Type A personalities.
e. how many nonverbal expressions are universally understood.

c. that stress arises from both the events and our cognitive appraisal of them.

While taking a difficult test, Cindy’s muscles tense and her heart pounds. These physiological
responses are
a. stressors.
b. stress reactions.
c. stress appraisal.
d. adaptation levels.
e. cathartic reactions.

b. stress reactions.

The text defines stress as
a. the experience of conflicting motives that produce anxiety and tension.
b. the method in which we argue with loved ones.
c. the blocking of an attempt to reach some important goal.
d. physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion.
e. the process by which we perceive and respond to environmental threats and
challenges.

e. the process by which we perceive and respond to environmental threats and challenges

In a stressful situation, feelings of pain are dulled by
a. the skeletal nervous system.
b. carcinogens.
c. the sympathetic nervous system.
d. biofeedback.
e. catharsis.

c. the sympathetic nervous system.

In the 1920s, Walter Cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of ________ into the
bloodstream.
a. epinephrine and norepinephrine
b. acetylcholine and endorphins
c. lymphocytes and glucocorticoids
d. estrogen and testosterone
e. serotonin and dopamine

a. epinephrine and norepinephrine

The central core of the adrenal glands secrete the stress hormone
a. serotonin.
b. cortisol.
c. oxytocin.
d. norepinephrine.
e. acetylcholine.

b. cortisol.

Walter Cannon observed that a variety of stressors trigger
a. facial feedback.
b. lowered blood sugar levels.
c. a fight-or-flight reaction.
d. an increase in the production of lymphocytes.
e. relative deprivation.

c. a fight-or-flight reaction.

On orders from the cerebral cortex (via the hypothalamus and pituitary gland) the outer part of the
adrenal glands secrete stress hormones such as
a. cortisol.
b. lymphocytes.
c. serotonin.
d. telomeres.
e. acetylcholine.

a. cortisol.

One option for dealing with stress, which is more common among women than men, is
a. withdrawal.
b. the fight-or-flight reaction.
c. the tend-and-befriend response.
d. the general adaptation syndrome.
e. facial feedback.

c. the tend-and-befriend response.

A stress-moderating hormone released by cuddling and associated with pair-bonding is known as
a. serotonin.
b. cortisol.
c. norepinephrine.
d. oxytocin.
e. dopamine.

d. oxytocin.

Hans Selye referred to the body’s response to stress as
a. the fight-or-flight response.
b. the general adaptation syndrome.
c. the tend-and-befriend response.
d. the adaptation-level phenomenon.
e. the two-factor process.

a. the fight-or-flight response.

The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are
a. attention, comprehension, and resistance.
b. alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.
c. adrenal release, cognitive appraisal, and stomach ulceration.
d. reactive frustration, sympathetic arousal, and parasympathetic inhibition.
e. arousal, emotion, and catharsis.

b. alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion.

Cameron, a 50-year-old electrician, opens his pay envelope and, to his surprise, finds a pink slip
inside, indicating that he has been fired from his job. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome
is Cameron most likely experiencing?
a. resistance
b. alarm reaction
c. adjustment
d. exhaustion
e. denial

b. alarm reaction

After overcoming the initial shock of having her car stolen, Marlys calls the police for help and
begins to question possible witnesses. At this point, Marlys is most likely in the ________ stage of
the general adaptation syndrome.
a. resistance
b. exhaustion
c. adjustment
d. stress appraisal
e. engagement

a. resistance

The third phase of the general adaptation syndrome is characterized by
a. resistance.
b. exhaustion.
c. an alarm reaction.
d. a tend-and-befriend response.
e. resolution.

b. exhaustion.

Margo never enjoys spring break because at the end of every finals week she catches a bad cold.
Margo is most likely in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
a. adjustment
b. alarm
c. resistance
d. resolution
e. exhaustion

e. exhaustion

When 15,000 Canadians were asked whether they were trying to take on too many tasks at once,
responses indicated highest stress levels among
a. children.
b. young adults.
c. middle-aged adults.
d. retired senior citizens.
e. parents.

b. young adults.

Because of poverty, unemployment, and overcrowding, residents of impoverished areas are
especially likely to experience
a. spontaneous remission.
b. low blood sugar levels.
c. the proliferation of lymphocytes.
d. hypertension.
e. catharsis.

d. hypertension.

Which of the following is considered the most significant source of stress for most people?
a. large-scale catastrophes
b. significant life changes
c. personality characteristics
d. psychosomatic symptoms
e. daily hassles

e. daily hassles

A psychophysiological illness is
a. any physical illness that produces a psychological disorder.
b. a stress-related physical illness such as hypertension.
c. a disease of the central nervous system.
d. any psychological disorder that has a genetic component.
e. a chronic immune system disease that produces psychological effects.

e. a chronic immune system disease that produces psychological effects.

Matt has been experiencing headaches. Because his physician strongly recommends that he enroll in
an anger-management class, the physician has probably diagnosed Matt’s headaches as a(n)
________ illness.
a. allergenic
b. psychophysiological
c. immune deficiency
d. carcinogenic
e. cathartic

b. psychophysiological

The field of psychoneuroimmunology is most broadly concerned with how the psychological, neural,
and endocrine systems together affect the
a. reproductive system.
b. cardiovascular system.
c. immune system.
d. respiratory system.
e. central nervous system.

c. immune system.

The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes combine to affect our immune
system and health is called
a. evolutionary psychology.
b. biofeedback.
c. cognitive psychology.
d. psychoneuroimmunology.
e. psychopharmacological.

d. psychoneuroimmunology.

Viral infections are to ________ as bacterial infections are to ________.
a. B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes
b. Type B personalities; Type A personalities
c. T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes
d. Type A personalities; Type B personalities
e. coronary heart disease; immune diseases

c. T lymphocytes; B lymphocytes

Worn-out red blood cells and tiny harmful bacteria are ingested by an immune system agent known
as the
a. B lymphocyte.
b. macrophage.
c. amygdala.
d. glucocorticoid.
e. reticular formation.

a. B lymphocyte.

Immune system cells that pursue and destroy diseased body cells are called
a. stressors.
b. endorphins.
c. carcinogens.
d. NK cells.
e. Type A cells.

d. NK cells

By attacking the body’s own tissues, an overly reactive immune system is most likely to cause
a. arthritis.
b. colon cancer.
c. pneumonia.
d. hypertension.
e. relative deprivation.

a. arthritis.

Which of the following best describes the effects of prolonged periods of stress on the immune
system?
a. Immune system function is improved because prolonged sympathetic nervous
system responses make us more reactive to our environment.
b. Research has shown no conclusive link between stress levels and immune system
function.
c. Prolonged stress negatively affects the immune system in only one way—by
decreasing the ability of our immune cells to fight infection.
d. Chronic stress can affect the immune system either by impairing its function or by
causing it to attack the body’s own tissues.
e. Stress hormones destroy the lymphocytes of the immune system, causing illness.

c. Prolonged stress negatively affects the immune system in only one way—by decreasing the ability of our immune cells to fight infection.

The secretion of stress hormones
a. decreases high blood pressure.
b. diverts bloodflow from muscle tissue to the body’s internal organs.
c. prevents arteries from clogging.
d. draws energy away from immune activity.
e. lessens psychophysiological responses.

d. draws energy away from immune activity.

Wild animals placed in zoos sometimes die shortly thereafter. These deaths are likely to result from
a(n)
a. decrease in the animals’ production of lymphocytes.
b. increase in the animals’ production of oxytocin.
c. decrease in the animals’ production of cortisol.
d. increase in the animals’ production of serotonin.
e. decrease in the animals’ production of dopamine.

a. decrease in the animals’ production of lymphocytes.

The greatest number of deaths in Africa today result from
a. strokes.
b. cancer.
c. AIDS.
d. malaria.
e. stress.

c. AIDS.

Stress is most likely to speed the progression from HIV to AIDS by
a. stimulating the release of endorphins.
b. accelerating the production of NK cells.
c. inhibiting the production of lymphocytes.
d. slowing the shortening of telomeres.
e. increasing the production of dopamine.

c. inhibiting the production of lymphocytes.

Rodents who experienced inescapable shocks were more prone to developing cancer if they had
previously been exposed to
a. natural killer cells.
b. T lymphocytes.
c. macrophages.
d. carcinogens.
e. serotonin.

d. carcinogens.

Although stress does not create cancer cells, it may affect their growth by suppressing the activity of
a. telomeres.
b. B lymphocytes.
c. the adrenal glands.
d. T lymphocytes.
e. the limbic system.

d. T lymphocytes.

Hypertension rates are highest in those European countries where people report the lowest
a. blood cholesterol levels.
b. relative deprivation.
c. coronary heart disease.
d. satisfaction with life
e. adaptation level.

d. satisfaction with life

The greatest number of deaths in North America today result from
a. AIDS.
b. strokes.
c. cancer.
d. heart disease.
e. lupus.

d. heart disease.

Who is the best example of a Type A personality?
a. Mara, an irritable, impatient teacher
b. Rashida, a highly intelligent, introverted librarian
c. Wilma, a friendly, altruistic social worker
d. Charisse, a fun-loving, self-indulgent university student
e. Dave, a very successful race car driver

a. Mara, an irritable, impatient teacher

Who is the best example of a Type B personality?
a. George, a self-confident, time-conscious mail carrier
b. Wang Lung, a relaxed, easygoing dentist
c. Henry, an irritable, impatient high school teacher
d. Stasio, a fun-loving, hard-driving corporation president
e. Quentin, the competitive social worker

d. Stasio, a fun-loving, hard-driving corporation president

Who is the best example of a Type B personality?
a. Tammy, an ambitious, self-confident waitress
b. Mauriucca, a relaxed, understanding social worker
c. Tena, a time-conscious, competitive lawyer
d. Juanita, an impatient, pessimistic librarian
e. Ethel, the effective salesperson

b. Mauriucca, a relaxed, understanding social worker

In their classic nine-year study, Friedman and Rosenman found that Type A men are especially
susceptible to
a. stomach ulcers.
b. cancer.
c. heart attacks.
d. lupus.
e. depression

c. heart attacks.

The characteristic that most clearly contributes to the disease vulnerability of Type A personalities
is their feelings of
a. urgency.
b. competitiveness.
c. ambition.
d. anger.
e. fear.

d. anger.

Who would be MOST susceptible to heart disease?
a. Marvin, an impatient lawyer who often becomes irritated with family and friends
over insignificant matters
b. Oswald, a purchasing agent who is very competitive and always wants to be a
winner
c. Michael, a time-conscious banking executive who is always five minutes early for
appointments because of his sense of urgency
d. Jozsef, a highly ambitious salesperson who is determined to become the manager
of his company
e. Rufus, a devoted fan of horror movies

a. Marvin, an impatient lawyer who often becomes irritated with family and friends over insignificant matters

Which personality characteristic is associated with increased risk of heart disease?
a. successful
b. even-tempered
c. pessimistic
d. passive
e. easygoing

c. pessimistic

The risk of death from cardiovascular disease is substantially increased among those with
a. symptoms of depression.
b. Type B personalities.
c. NK cells.
d. B lymphocytes.
e. symptoms of introversion.

a. symptoms of depression.