Ap Psych Unit 11

b. a mental ability to learn from experience.

Experts would most likely agree that intelligence is a. an inborn ability to perform well on standard intelligence tests. b. a mental ability to learn from experience. c. a general trait that underlies success on nearly any task. d. a multiple array of completely independent adaptive traits. e. the unconscious processing that occurs as the first step in problem solving.

d. the g factor

Psychologists use ________ to assess individuals’ mental aptitudes and compare them with those of others. a. neural plasticity b. reliability coefficients c. intelligence tests d. the g factor e. achievement tests

d. identify clusters of closely related test items.

Factor analysis is a statistical procedure that can be used to a. derive IQ scores by comparing mental age with chronological age. b. evaluate how accurately test items predict a criterion behavior. c. extract test norms from a standardization sample. d. identify clusters of closely related test items. e. provide a quantitative estimate of heritability.

b. intelligence is a single trait or a collection of distinct abilities.

Factor analysis has been used to assess whether a. intelligence is determined primarily by heredity or by experience. b. intelligence is a single trait or a collection of distinct abilities. c. intelligence scores remain stable over the life span. d. differences in intellectual ability exist between groups of individuals. e. differences between academic achievement and intellectual ability are significant.

d. the g factor.

Those who score above average on tests of mathematical aptitude are also likely to score above average on tests of verbal aptitude. According to Spearman, this best illustrates the importance of a. predictive validity. b. factor analysis. c. heritability. d. the g factor. e. reliability.

d. quantifying intelligence with a single numerical score.
e. studying autistic savants in order to research alternative forms of intelligence.

Those who emphasize the importance of the g factor would be most likely to encourage a. discontinuing special programs for intellectually advantaged children. b. deriving adult intelligence test scores from the ratio of mental age to chronological age. c. using a small standardization sample in the process of intelligence test construction. d. quantifying intelligence with a single numerical score. e. studying autistic savants in order to research alternative forms of intelligence.

c. involves a different dimension of intelligence from that of reasoning.

L. L. Thurstone identified seven clusters of primary mental abilities, including word fluency, memory, and inductive reasoning. He claimed that word fluency a. underlies all of our intelligent behaviors. b. is the most difficult mental ability to assess reliably. c. involves a different dimension of intelligence from that of reasoning. d. is not actually a form of intelligence. e. is negatively correlated with g.

c. Gardner’s argument for multiple intelligences.

The characteristics of savant syndrome have been used to support a. Spearman’s belief in intelligence as one general ability, or g factor. b. Thurstone’s notion of social intelligence. c. Gardner’s argument for multiple intelligences. d. Stern’s original IQ formula. e. Binet’s intelligence quotient formula.

a. a diverse set of distinct abilities.

The characteristics of savant syndrome most directly suggest that intelligence is a. a diverse set of distinct abilities. b. largely unpredictable and unmeasurable. c. a culturally constructed concept. d. dependent upon the speed of cognitive processing. e. accurately measured by the general intelligence factor g.

c. Isaiah is a person with savant syndrome.

Psychological tests show that 18-year-old Isaiah has an intelligence score of 65. Nevertheless, Isaiah can, with a few seconds of mental calculation, accurately tell the day of the week on which Christmas falls for any year in this century. It would be fair to conclude that a. the intelligence test Isaiah was given has no validity. b. intelligence tests are generally good measures of verbal but not of mathematical intelligence. c. Isaiah is a person with savant syndrome. d. Isaiah excels in inductive reasoning. e. the intelligence test Isaiah was given has no reliability.

c. eight

Howard Gardner identified a total of ________ intelligences. a. three b. five c. eight d. twelve e. fifteen

a. Howard Gardner

Who is most likely to be criticized for extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of talents? a. Howard Gardner b. Lewis Terman c. Charles Spearman d. Alfred Binet e. B. F. Skinner

b. creative

Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, practical, and ________ intelligence. a. intrapersonal b. creative c. spatial d. musical e. physical

d. Selma, a fifth-grader who solves complicated mathematical problems in record
time

Of the following, who best illustrates Sternberg’s concept of analytical intelligence? a. Trudy, a high school student who receives lower grades in physical education than in any other course b. Freda, a business executive who effectively motivates her sales staff c. Wilma, a schoolteacher who refuses to pay taxes because they are used to develop new weapons d. Selma, a fifth-grader who solves complicated mathematical problems in record time e. Nicole, a teenager who completes the road test for her driver’s license without a single error

e. practical intelligence

The Sternberg-Wagner test measures writing skills, skill in motivating others, and ability to effectively delegate tasks. This test measures which of the intelligences described by Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence? a. emotional intelligence b. creative intelligence c. analytical intelligence d. intrapersonal intelligence e. practical intelligence

c. emotional intelligence.

When Mrs. McGuire asks her students to answer questions in class, she can quickly tell from their facial expressions whether they are happy to participate. Mrs. McGuire’s perceptual skill best illustrates a. analytical intelligence. b. reliability. c. emotional intelligence. d. factor analysis. e. validity.

d. extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of skills.

The concept of emotional intelligence is most likely to be criticized for a. lacking definitional clarity. b. being indistinguishable from analytical intelligence. c. being difficult to measure reliably. d. extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of skills. e. sacrificing content validity for predictive validity.

c. a collection of distinctly different abilities.

The ability to deal effectively with social conflict is not likely to be reflected in one’s performance on the WAIS. This best illustrates that intelligence is a. impossible to measure with any reliability. b. unrelated to the speed of cognitive processing. c. a collection of distinctly different abilities. d. a joint function of nature and nurture. e. affected by stereotype threat.

c. +.33

MRI scans reveal correlations of about ________ between people’s brain size (adjusted for body size) and their intelligence scores. a. -.05 b. +.15 c. +.33 d. +.67 e. -.45

b. parietal

The lower region of the ________ lobe is a center for processing mathematical and spatial information. a. frontal b. parietal c. occipital d. temporal e. ventral

c. greater neural plasticity

Research on intelligence and brain anatomy indicates that highly intelligent children have ______ than their less intelligent counterparts. a. smaller synaptic gaps b. longer axons c. greater neural plasticity d. higher dopamine levels e. faster neurotransmitters

a. cell bodies

High intelligence scores have been linked with high concentrations of gray matter in certain regions of the frontal lobe. The gray matter refers to the ________ of neurons. a. cell bodies b. axons c. dendrites d. synaptic junctions e. receptor sites

c. positively; positively

Brain size (adjusted for body size) is ________ correlated with intelligence. The speed of taking in perceptual information is ________ correlated with intelligence. a. not; negatively b. negatively; positively c. positively; positively d. negatively; not e. negatively; negatively

a. retrieve information from memory at an unusually rapid speed.

Precocious 12- to 14-year-old college students with unusually high levels of verbal intelligence are most likely to a. retrieve information from memory at an unusually rapid speed. b. perform at only an average level on tests of mathematical aptitude. c. experience less loneliness and achieve happier marriages than the average college student. d. demonstrate unusually high levels of the practical managerial intelligence common to successful business executives. e. exhibit high levels of both creative and analytical intelligence.

a. verbal

The speed with which people retrieve information from memory has been found to be a predictor of their ________ intelligence. a. verbal b. practical c. emotional d. spatial e. creative

b. superior intelligence is biologically inherited.

The nineteenth-century English scientist Sir Francis Galton believed that a. mental abilities cannot be measured. b. superior intelligence is biologically inherited. c. academic aptitude is detectable through factor analysis. d. intelligence test performance depends on motivation rather than ability. e. emotional intelligence correlated with intrapersonal intelligence.

c. a bright child would perform like a normal child of an older age.

In developing a test of intellectual ability for Parisian schoolchildren, Binet and Simon assumed that a. the test would measure capacities that were determined by heredity and thus unalterable. b. the test would yield an intelligence quotient consisting of chronological age divided by mental age multiplied by 100. c. a bright child would perform like a normal child of an older age. d. measures of physical and sensory skills would be good predictors of school achievement. e. intelligence tests translated into French would be more valid than other tests.

a. academic aptitude.

Intelligence tests were initially designed by Binet and Simon to assess a. academic aptitude. b. inductive reasoning. c. emotional intelligence. d. savant syndrome. e. heritability.

c. mental age.

To determine whether a child’s intellectual development was fast or slow, Binet and Simon assessed the child’s a. inductive reasoning. b. emotional intelligence. c. mental age. d. genetic predispositions. e. normal curve.

a. 4

Five-year-old Wilbur performs on an intelligence test at a level characteristic of an average 4-year-old. Wilbur’s mental age is a. 4 b. 4.5 c. 5 d. 80 e. 125

d. mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.

For the original version of the Stanford-Binet, IQ was defined as a. mental age multiplied by 100. b. chronological age subtracted from mental age and multiplied by 100. c. chronological age divided by mental age and multiplied by 100. d. mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100. e. mental age multiplied by chronological age divided by 100.

b. 6

Five-year-old Benjy has an IQ of 120 on the original version of the Stanford-Binet. His mental age is a. 4 b. 6 c. 8 d. 9 e. 12

b. 9

Twelve-year-old Norman has an IQ of 75 on the original version of the Stanford-Binet. His mental age is a. 8 b. 9 c. 10 d. 12 e. 16

a. extent to which intelligence is determined by heredity.

Binet and Terman would have been most likely to disagree about the a. extent to which intelligence is determined by heredity. b. need to standardize intelligence tests. c. possibility of predicting people’s academic success from intelligence test scores. d. definition of mental age. e. belief that intelligence can be measured by an aptitude test.

a. selective breeding of highly intelligent people.

The eugenics movement would have been most likely to encourage a. selective breeding of highly intelligent people. b. creation of special education programs for intellectually inferior children. c. construction of culturally and racially unbiased tests of intelligence. d. use of factor analysis for identification of various types of intelligence. e. identification of lower IQ students in order to target more specific tutoring help.

e. college students.

The original IQ formula would be LEAST appropriate for representing the intelligence test performance of a. preschool students. b. kindergarten students. c. grade school students. d. middle school students. e. college students.

d. assess learned knowledge or skills.

Achievement tests are designed to a. measure the desire and potential capacity to successfully meet challenges. b. assess ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. c. compare an individual’s personality with those of highly successful people. d. assess learned knowledge or skills. e. measure capacity to learn.

a. achievement

The written exam for a driver’s license would most likely be considered a(n) ________ test. a. achievement b. reliability c. interest d. aptitude e. intelligence

a. predict ability to learn a new skill.

Aptitude tests are specifically designed to a. predict ability to learn a new skill. b. compare an individual’s abilities with those of highly successful people. c. assess learned knowledge or skills. d. assess the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas. e. measure educational achievement.

d. aptitude

Molly has just taken a test of her capacity to learn to be a computer programmer. This is an example of a(n) ________ test. a. validity b. achievement c. interest d. aptitude e. factor analysis

c. adults’; children’s

The WAIS was designed for testing ________ intelligence, whereas the WISC was designed for testing ________ intelligence. a. practical; creative b. analytical; emotional c. adults’; children’s d. Europeans’; North Americans’ e. interpersonal; intrapersonal

b. standardized.

When a person’s test performance can be compared with that of a representative and pretested sample of people, the test is said to be a. reliable. b. standardized. c. valid. d. normally distributed. e. internally consistent.

a. standardization.

When Brandon was told that he correctly answered 80 percent of the items on a math achievement test, he asked how his performance compared with that of the average test-taker. Brandon’s concern was directly related to the issue of a. standardization. b. predictive validity. c. reliability. d. content validity. e. factor analysis.

d. normal curve.

The distribution of intelligence test scores in the general population forms a bell-shaped pattern. This pattern is called a a. standardization sample. b. reliability coefficient. c. factor analysis. d. normal curve. e. savant syndrome.

e. 95

About ________ percent of WAIS scores fall between 70 and 130. a. 10 b. 30 c. 60 d. 70 e. 95

d. relatively few students’ scores deviated extremely from the groups’ average score.

Dr. Benthem reports that the scores of 100 male and 100 female students on his new test of mechanical reasoning form a normal curve. From his statement we may conclude that a. the average male score was better than the average female score. b. the students were simply guessing at the answers. c. the average score on the test was 50 percent correct. d. relatively few students’ scores deviated extremely from the groups’ average score. e. the median score on the test was significantly higher than the mean score.

c. the Flynn effect.

Comparing the average performance of the initial WAIS standardization sample with the average performance of the most recent WAIS standardization sample provides convincing evidence of a. heritability. b. the g factor. c. the Flynn effect. d. emotional intelligence. e. intrinsic motivation.

b. standardization samples.

The Flynn effect best illustrates that the process of intelligence testing requires up-to-date a. factor analyses. b. standardization samples. c. reliability indices. d. heritability estimates. e. intelligence quotients.

c. reliability.

If a test yields consistent results every time it is used, it has a high degree of a. standardization. b. predictive validity. c. reliability. d. content validity. e. heritability.

b. yields dependably consistent scores.

A test is reliable if it a. measures what it claims to measure or predicts what it is supposed to predict. b. yields dependably consistent scores. c. has been standardized on a representative sample of all those who are likely to take the test. d. samples the behavior that is being assessed. e. produces a normal distribution of scores.

b. reliability.

Melinda completed the Computer Programming Aptitude Test when she applied for a position with Beta Electronics. Six months later, she took the same test when she applied for a position with another company. The fact that her scores were almost identical on the two occasions suggests that the test has a high degree of a. content validity. b. reliability. c. predictive validity. d. standardization. e. stability.

a. validity.

A test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of a. validity. b. standardization. c. reliability. d. the g factor. e. factor analysis.

c. have content validity.

If a road test for a driver’s license adequately samples the tasks a driver routinely faces, the test is said to a. be reliable. b. have a normal distribution. c. have content validity. d. be standardized. e. have predictive validity.

d. validity

Your psychology teacher has announced that the next test will assess your understanding of sensation and perception. When you receive the test, however, you find that very few questions actually relate to these topics. In this instance, you would be most concerned about the ________ of the test. a. reliability b. factor analysis c. standardization d. validity e. normal distribution

e. validity

Psychologists measure the correlation between aptitude test scores and school grades in order to assess the ________ of the aptitude test. a. reliability b. standardization c. normal distribution d. factor analysis e. validity

b. elementary school

Academic aptitude test scores are most likely to predict accurately the academic success of ________ students. a. preschool b. elementary school c. high school d. college e. graduate school

c. abstract reasoning

In order to qualify for the office manager’s job, 55-year-old Mariel must take a series of psychological tests. Her performance on the test of ________ is likely to be poorer than if she had taken it as a 25-year-old. a. general knowledge b. spelling c. abstract reasoning d. vocabulary e. verbal comprehension

b. ability to reason speedily and abstractly.

Fluid intelligence refers most directly to a person’s a. accumulated knowledge. b. ability to reason speedily and abstractly. c. ability to assume the perspective of others. d. ability to utilize diffuse brain regions for storing memories. e. ability to recall facts and concepts.

d. fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence

The ability to learn a new computer software program is to ________ as knowledge of state capitals is to ________. a. concrete operations; formal operations b. formal operations; concrete operations c. crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence d. fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence e. sensorimotor operations; fluid intelligence

e. tenth-grade student whose intelligence test score is 95.

Intelligence scores are MOST LIKELY to be stable over a one-year period for a(n) a. infant whose intelligence score is 105. b. preschool student whose intelligence test score is 80. c. second-grade student whose intelligence test score is 125. d. sixth-grade student whose intelligence test score is 115. e. tenth-grade student whose intelligence test score is 95.

c. casual observation of Beth’s behavior cannot be used to predict her later
intelligence score.

The Wilsons note that their 6-month-old daughter Beth seems to be developing more slowly and is not as playful as other infants her age. Research suggests that a. Beth’s intelligence score will be below average in childhood but not necessarily in adulthood. b. Beth’s intelligence score will be below average in both childhood and adulthood. c. casual observation of Beth’s behavior cannot be used to predict her later intelligence score. d. Beth’s performance intelligence score but not necessarily her verbal intelligence score will be below average in both childhood and adulthood. e. observations of Beth’s early behavior may be highly predictive of the later development of Down syndrome.

d. +.66.

When Ian Deary and his colleagues retested 80-year-old Scots, using an intelligence test they had taken as 11-year-olds, the correlation of their scores across seven decades was a. -.16. b. +.06. c. +.16. d. +.66. e. +.95.

d. born with an extra chromosome.

Individuals with Down syndrome are a. unlikely to show obvious signs of intellectual disability. b. intellectually disabled due to neglect during infancy. c. intellectually disabled, except for one specific ability in which they excel. d. born with an extra chromosome. e. born with low average numbers of neurons.

c. Down syndrome.

A condition involving intellectual disability caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup is known as a. the Flynn effect. b. functional fixedness. c. Down syndrome. d. savant syndrome. e. autism.

d. be mainstreamed into regular school classrooms.

Over the past 50 or so years, children with an intellectual disability have increasingly been likely to a. have difficulty adapting to the normal demands of independent living. b. be diagnosed as having a chromosomal abnormality. c. demonstrate symptoms of savant syndrome. d. be mainstreamed into regular school classrooms. e. receive medications to compensate for learning disabilities.

a. socially maladjusted.

Terman’s observations of 1500 California children with IQ scores over 135 contradicted the popular notion that intellectually gifted children are typically a. socially maladjusted. b. physically healthy. c. verbally skilled. d. in a different world. e. not empathic.

b. widening the achievement gap between higher- and lower-ability groups.

Sorting children into "gifted child" education programs is most likely to be criticized for a. overemphasizing the genetic determinants of giftedness. b. widening the achievement gap between higher- and lower-ability groups. c. claiming that intelligence test scores can predict children’s academic success. d. underestimating the extent to which a g factor underlies success in a wide variety of tasks. e. overindividualizing instruction for rare kinds of learners.

c. encouraging the segregation and academic tracking of intellectually advantaged
students.

Educational programs for gifted children are most likely to be criticized for a. assuming that intelligence test scores can predict children’s academic success. b. underestimating the extent to which a g factor underlies success in a wide variety of tasks. c. encouraging the segregation and academic tracking of intellectually advantaged students. d. overemphasizing the genetic determinants of giftedness. e. overestimating the intelligence of gifted children.

e. early adulthood.

The intelligence test scores of adopted children are LEAST likely to be positively correlated with the scores of their adoptive siblings during a. early childhood. b. middle childhood. c. early adolescence. d. middle adolescence. e. early adulthood.

d. less positively; more positively

With increasing age, adopted children’s intelligence test scores become ________ correlated with their adoptive parents’ scores and ________ correlated with their biological parent’s scores. a. more positively; more negatively b. less positively; less positively c. more negatively; less positively d. less positively; more positively e. more positively; more positively

b. both genes and environment have some influence on intelligence scores.

Research on the determinants of intelligence indicates that a. concern over the nature-nurture issue has declined significantly during the past 10 years. b. both genes and environment have some influence on intelligence scores. c. there are no scientific methods for answering the nature-nurture question for a particular range of individuals or situations. d. there is no relationship between people’s position on the nature-nurture issue and their social or political attitudes. e. environmental influences outweigh any genetic influence there may be on intelligence levels.

c. heritability

Twin and adoption studies are helpful for assessing the ________ of intelligence. a. predictive validity b. reliability c. heritability d. standardization e. content validity

c. a deprived environment.

Children in an Iranian orphanage suffered delayed intellectual development due to a. critical periods. b. telegraphic speech. c. a deprived environment. d. savant syndrome. e. Down syndrome.

d. minimal interaction with caregivers.

The impact of early environmental influences on intelligence is most apparent among young children who experience a. stereotype threat. b. savant syndrome. c. the Mozart effect. d. minimal interaction with caregivers. e. a genetic predisposition toward low IQ.

d. listening to classical music.

The "Mozart effect" refers to the now-discounted finding that cognitive ability is boosted by a. hybrid vigor. b. nutritional supplements. c. Head Start programs. d. listening to classical music. e. studying a second language.

b. contribute to dramatic long-term gains in participants’ intelligence test scores.

Research indicates that Head Start programs a. fail to produce even short-term improvements in participants’ mental skills. b. contribute to dramatic long-term gains in participants’ intelligence test scores. c. increase the school readiness of children from disadvantaged home environments. d. are beneficial only to participants from very intellectually stimulating home environments. e. tend to benefit boys more than girls due to stereotype threat.

b. chess tournament.

Boys are most likely to outperform girls in a(n) a. essay contest. b. chess tournament. c. speed-reading tournament. d. spelling bee. e. speech-giving contest.

c. interpreting others’ facial expressions of emotion.

Research suggests that women are more skilled than men at a. avoiding emotional uncertainty. b. preventing emotions from distorting reasoning. c. interpreting others’ facial expressions of emotion. d. delaying emotional gratification in pursuit of long-term goals. e. improving the emotional intelligence of children through care-giving.

d. mentally rotating three-dimensional objects

On which of the following tasks are males most likely to outperform females? a. speed-reading b. interpreting literature c. learning a foreign language d. mentally rotating three-dimensional objects e. verbally interpreting motives of a fictional character

e. Race is a social category, not a biological one.

Which of the following findings about the nature of "race" is evidence that the gap on the IQ test is caused by differences in environments? a. IQ is positively correlated with analytical intelligence. b. Genetic markers define the differences between races. c. Hereditary predispositions for intelligence tend to influence analytical intelligence. d. Twin studies show that identical twins are more similar in IQ than fraternal twins. e. Race is a social category, not a biological one.

b. the average mathematics achievement test scores of Asian children are notably higher than those of North American children.

Research on racial and ethnic differences in intelligence indicates that a. desegregation has actually decreased the academic achievement of black American children. b. the average mathematics achievement test scores of Asian children are notably higher than those of North American children. c. among American Blacks, those with African ancestry receive the highest intelligence test scores. d. the Black-White difference in SAT scores has increased since 1979. e. the average vocabulary achievement test scores of North American and Asian children are about the same.

a. test performance is influenced by cultural experiences.

Everyone would agree that intelligence tests are "biased" in the sense that a. test performance is influenced by cultural experiences. b. the reliability of intelligence tests is close to zero. c. the heritability of intelligence is very high. d. numerical scores of intelligence serve to dehumanize individuals. e. reliability may be low but the content validity of IQ tests is high.

c. predictive validity

Experts who defend intelligence tests against the charge of being culturally biased and discriminatory would be most likely to highlight the ________ of intelligence tests. a. factor analysis b. content validity c. predictive validity d. reliability e. cultural filters

d. stereotype threat.

Self-fulfilling expectations are most likely to be triggered by a. the Flynn effect. b. factor analysis. c. savant syndrome. d. stereotype threat. e. aptitude testing.

b. occur on nonverbal as well as verbal intelligence test subscales.

Experts who defend intelligence tests against accusations of racial bias note that racial differences in intelligence test scores a. have increased in the past decade despite the introduction of less culturally biased test items. b. occur on nonverbal as well as verbal intelligence test subscales. c. are a clear indication that the heritability of intelligence approaches 100 percent. d. are just as significant as intelligence differences among members of a single race. e. are directly related to chromosomal differences discovered between races.

b. helped limit reliance on educators’ subjectively biased judgments of students’ academic potential.

Intelligence tests have effectively reduced discrimination in the sense that they have a. avoided questions that require familiarity with any specific culture. b. helped limit reliance on educators’ subjectively biased judgments of students’ academic potential. c. provided an objective measure of teaching effectiveness in different public school systems. d. demonstrated that the g factor underlies a variety of intellectual skills. e. demonstrated little or no difference in the average IQs of different races.