AP Psych Unit 10

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

personality

refers to the treatment of psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret the tensions within a patient’s unconscious, using methods such as free association

psychoanalysis

the Freudian technique in which the person is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind as a means of exploring the unconscious

free association

Freud: the repository of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories
contemporary psychologists: a level of info processing of which we are unaware

unconscious

a region of the unconscious that contains material that is retrievable at will into conscious awareness

preconscious

-the unconscious system of personality, consisting of basic sexual and aggressive drives, that supplies psychic energy to personality
-source of all basic needs, present in babies, "the devil on the shoulder"

id

-the conscious division of personality that attempts to mediate between the demands of the id, superego and reality
-mediator, balances demands of id and super ego

ego

-the division of personality that contains the conscience and develops by incorporating the perceived moral standards of society
-your conscience, develops at age 3, "the angel on your shoulder"

superego

the developmental periods children pass through during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies are focused on different erogenous zones

psychosexual stages

a collection of feelings that boys in the phallic stage develop that center on sexual attraction to the mother and resentment of the father

oedipus complex

the process by which the child’s superego develops and incorporates the parent’s values

identification

this occurs when development becomes arrested, due to unresolved conflicts, in an immature psychosexual stage

fixation

the ego’s methods of unconsciously protecting itself against anxiety by distorting reality

defense mechanisms

the unconscious exclusion of anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from the conscious mind; the basis of all defense mechanisms

repression

the defense mechanism in which a person faced with anxiety reverts to a less mature pattern of behavior

regression

the defense mechanism in which the ego converts unacceptable impulses into their opposites

reaction formation

the unconscious attribution of one’s own unacceptable feelings, attitudes or desires to others

projection

the defense mechanism in which one devises self-justifying but incorrect reasons for one’s behavior

rationalization

defense mechanism in which a sexual or aggressive impulse is shifted to a more acceptable object other than the one that originally aroused the impulse

displacement

defense mechanism in which one rechannels unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities

sublimination

present ambiguous stimuli onto which people supposedly project their own inner feelings

projective test

a projective test that consists of ambiguous pictures about which people are asked to make up stories

thematic apperception test (TAT)

the most widely used projective test, consists of ten inkblots that people are asked to interpret

Rorschach inkblot test

Jung’s concept of an inherited unconscious shared by all people and deriving from our early ancestors’ universal experiences

collective unconscious

people’s characteristic patterns of behavior

traits

questionnaires used to assess personality traits that are associated with the trait perspective

personality inventories

the most widely used personality inventory that consists of ten clinical scales

Minnesota Mulitphastic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

developed by testing many items to see which best distinguish between groups of interest

empirically derived test

describes the process of fulfilling one’s potential and becoming spontaneous, loving, creative and self accepting; the top of Maslow’s need hierarchy

self-actualization

an attitude of total acceptance and one of the three conditions essential to a growth-promoting climate

unconditional positive regard

refers to one’s personal awareness of "who am I"

self-concept

refers to an individual’s sense of self-worth

self-esteem

the tendency to perceive oneself favorably

self-serving bias

cultural emphasis on personal goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group indentifications

individualism

cultural emphasis on the goals of one’s group and defining one’s identity accordingly

collectivism

the interaction between personality and environmental factors

reciprocal determinsim

a person’s sense of controlling the environment

personal control

the perception that one’s fate is determined by forces not under personal control

external locus of control

the perception that to a great extent one controls one’s own destiny

internal locus of control

the passive resignation and perceived lack of control that a person or animal develops from repeated exposure to inescapable aversive events

learned helplessness

the scientific study of optimal human functioning

positive psychology

-physician, developed his theories based on case studies and observations, focused on role of internal processes and past experiences that shaped current behaviors
-founder of psychoanalytic perspective

Sigmund Freud

structure of mind is like:

an iceberg

failure to gratify any particular stage of development leads to:

a fixation with that stage

-birth to 15 mos.
-about the mouth
-fixations: nail bitting, smoking, over eating

oral

-15 mos. to 3 yrs.
-about toilet training
-fixations: neat or messy

anal

anal retentive

neat

anal expulsive

messy

-3 to 5 yrs
-about genitals
-fixations: fights with authority figures, oedipal conflict, penis envy,
electra

phallic

-5 yrs to puberty
-drives are latent or hidden
-repressed impulses directed into sports or hobbies
-sexual or aggressive drives appear in bullies

latency

-puberty on to adulthood
-coming to terms with earlier unresolved issues, separating self from parents, develop love relationships

genital

defense mechanism: tuck it away in your mind, sometimes seeps out as Freudian slip

repression

defense mechanism: reverting to an earlier infantile behavior

regression

defense mechanism: expressing feelings that are the opposite of what you really feel

reaction formation

defense mechanism: self justifying explanations for why we do what we do

rationalization

defense mechanism: you feel a certain way but put that feeling on others

projection

defense mechanism: placing sexual or aggressive drives to "appropriate sources"

displacement

defense mechanism: directing sexual impulses into acceptable areas

sublimination

agree with Freud’s basic personality structure of id, ego and superego, importance of childhood, dynamics of anxiety and defense mechanisms but don’t accept sex and aggression as the underlying cause of all problems

Neo-Freudians, psychodynamic perspective

psychologist:
-said people are motivated by need to belong
-much of our behavior is to overcome childhood feelings of inferiority
-inferiority and superiority complexes

Alfred Adler

psychologist:
-influence of culture
-innate human capacity for growth
-one of the first female psychologists

Karen Horney

psychologist:
-collective unconscious
-coined terms introvert and extrovert
-cultures vary in archetypes
-basis for Myers/Briggs

Carl Jung

basic assumptions of humanistic perspective:

-behaviors can only be understood terms of the subjective experiences of the individual -behavior is not constrained by past experiences of current circumstances

psychologist:
-humanistic
-basic human needs = self-esteem

Maslow

psychologist:
-humanistic
-people are basically good
-each persona has unique perception of the world
-search of ideal self
-congruence/ incongruence
-to grow we need to be surrounded by people who are genuine, empathetic, and accpeting

Carl Rogers

humanistic perspective therapy style:

-patients called clients -client centered -give it up to a higher power -move forward-forget the past

-describes predispositions that underline actions
-used to track how you will fit into an organization
-testing usually done through surveys

trait perspective

psychologist:
-traits can change depending on the situation
-trait perspective

Allport

psychologist:
-traits have biological/genetic roots
-basic dimensions of personality- introversion and extroversion

Eysenck

-studies 5 most common personality characteristics
-based on Cattell’s 16
-authored by McCrae and Costa

BFI-5

the 5 most common personality characteristics:
(CANOE)

-conscientiousness -agreeableness -neuroticism -openness -extraversion

criticism of trait perspective:

traits may persist over time but they don’t predict behavior; people tend to adjust behaviors based on situations

the social cognitive perspective is based on studies by:

Bandura

according to social cognitive perspective, we learn many of our behaviors through:

conditioning or by observing and modeling others

according to social cognitive perspective, best predictor of future behavior:

past behavior

externals =
internals =

externals = fate/circumstance internals = personal control/optimistic

overestimating how much others really notice our appearance

spotlight effect

ability to remember things better if we relate it to our own life

self-reference effect

perceived personal belief about one’s ability to be competent and achieve results

self-efficacy

attributing "lovely" descriptions of ourselves when they really fit anyone

Barnum effect

motivation by aspiring to be all that we think we can be

possible selves

a combination of how we behave, internal personal factors and our environment

reciprocal determinism

Which perspective on personality emphasizes the interaction between the individual and the environment in shaping personality?
a. psychoanalytic
b. trait
c. humanistic
d. social-cognitive

d

according to Freud’s theory, personality arises in response to conflicts between:
a. our unacceptable urges and tendency to become self-actualized
b. the process of identification and the ego’s defense mechanisms
c. collective unconscious and our individual desires
d. our biological impulses and the social restraints against them

d

the ______ classifies people according to Carl Jung’s personality types
a. Myers-Briggs type indicator
b. MMPI
c. locus of control scale
d. Kagan temperament scale

a

Seligman has found that humans and animals who are exposed to aversive events they cannot escape may develop:
a. an internal locus of control
b. a reaction formation
c. learned helplessness
d. neurotic anxiety

c

research has shown that individuals who are made to feel insecure are subsequently:
a. more critical of others
b. less critical of others
c. more likely to display a self-serving bias
d. less likely to display a self-serving bias

a

an example of the self-serving bias described in the text is the tendency of people to:
a. see themselves as better than average on nearly any desirable dimension
b. accept more responsibility for successes than failures
c. be overly critical of other people
d. both a and b

d

the MMPI is a(n):
a. projective personality test
b. empirically derived and objective personality test
c. personality test developed mainly to assess job applicants
d. personality test used to assess locus of control

b

trait theory attempts to:
a. show how development of personality is a lifelong process
b. describe and classify people in terms of their predispositions to behave in certain ways
c. determine which traits are most conducive to individual self-actualization
d. explain how behavior is shaped by the interaction between traits, behavior and the environment

b

with which of the following statements would a social-cognitive psychologist agree?
a. people with an internal locus of control achieve more in school
b. externals are better able to cope with stress than internals
c. internals are less independent than externals
d. all of the above are true

a

which of the following statements about self-esteem is not correct?
a. people with low self-esteem tend to be negative about others
b. people with high self-esteem are less prone to drug addiction
c. people with low self-esteem tend to be non-conformists
d. people with high self-esteem suffer less from insomnia

c

the Oedipus and Electra complexes have their roots in the the:
a. anal stage
b. oral stage
c. latency stage
d. phallic stage

d

which of the following is a common criticism of the humanistic perspective?
a. its concepts are vague and subjective
b. the emphasis on the self encourages selfishness in individuals
c. humanism fails to appreciate the reality of evil in human behavior
d. all of the above

d

in studying personality, a social-cognitive theorist would most likely make use of:
a. personality inventories
b. projective tests
c. observing behavior in different situations
d. factor analyses

c

a major difference between the psychoanalytic and trait perspective is that:
a. trait theory defines personality in terms of behavior; psychoanalytic theory, in terms of its underlying dynamics
b. trait theory describes behavior but does not attempt to explain it
c. psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the origins of personality in childhood sexuality
d. all of the above

d

Which of the following was not mentioned in the text as a criticism of Freud’s theory?
a. theory is sexist
b. it offers few testable hypotheses
c. there is no evidence of anything like an "unconscious"
d. theory ignores the fact that human development is lifelong

c

according to Freud, _______ is the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their ______
a. reaction formation; superego
b. reaction formation; egos
c. identification; superegos
d. identification; egos

c

which of the following groups tend to suffer from relatively low self-esteem?
a. women
b. ethnic minorities
c. disabled persons
d. none of the above

d

in promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective emphasizes all but:
a. empathy
b. acceptance
c. genuineness
d. altruism

d

recent research on the Big Five personality factors provides evidence that:
a. some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase
b. these traits only describe personality in Western, individualist cultures
c. the heritability of individual differences in these traits generally runs about 25% or less
d. all of the above

a

Prof. Minton believes that people strive to find meaning in life because they are terrified of their own mortality. Evidently, Prof. Minton is a proponent of:
a. terror-management theory
b. psychodynamic theory
c. humanistic perspective
d. social-cognitive perspective

a

a psychoanalyst would characterize a person who impulse and self-indulgent as possessing a strong _______ and a weak _______
a. id and ego; superego
b. id; ego and superego
c. ego;superego
d. id; superegod

d

Because Ramona identifies with her politically conservative parents, she chose to enroll in a conservative college. After four years in this environment, her politics have become even more conservative. Which perspective best accounts for the mutual influences of Ramona’s upbringing, choice of school, and political viewpoint?
a. psychoanalytic
b. trait
c. humanistic
d. social-cognitive

d

Jill has a biting, sarcastic manner. According to Freud, she is:
a. projecting her anxiety on others
b. fixated in the oral stage of development
c. fixated in the anal stage of development
d. displacing her anxiety onto others

b

James attributes his failing chemistry grade to an unfair final exam. His attitude exemplifies:
a. internal locus of control
b. unconditional positive regard
c. self-serving bias
d. reciprocal determinism

c

the behavior of many people has been described in terms of a spotlight effect. This means that they
a. tend to see themselves as being above average in ability
b. perceive that their fate is determined by forces not under their personal control
c. overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them
d. all of the above

c

because you have a relatively low level of brain arousal, a trait theorist would suggest that you are a(n) ________ who would naturally seek _________.
a. introvert; stimulation
b. introvert; isolation
c. extravert; stimulation
d. extravert; isolation

c

A psychologist at the campus mental health center administered an empirically derived personality test to diagnose an emotionally troubled student. Which test did the psychologist most likely administer?
a. the MMPI
b. the TAT
c. the Rorschach
d. Locus of Control Scale

a

the personality test Teresa is taking involves her describing random patterns of dots. What type of test is she taking?
a. empirically derived test
b. MMPI
c. personality inventory
d. projective test

d

Dr. Gonzalez believes that most students can be classified as Type A or Type B according to the intensities of their personalities and competitiveness. Evidently, Dr. Gonzalez is working within the ______ perspective
a. psychoanalytic
b. trait
c. humanistic
d. social-cognitive

b

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, a child who frequently "slips" and calls her teacher "mom" probably:
a. has some unresolved conflicts concerning her mother
b. is fixated in the oral stage of development
c. did not receive unconditional positive regard from her mother
d. can be classified as having a weak sense of personal control

a

Isaiah is sober and reserved; Rashid is fun-loving and affectionate. The Eysencks would say that Isaiah ________ and Rashid ________.
a. has an internal locus of control; has an external locus of control
b. has an external locus of control; has an internal locus of control
c. is an extravert; is an introvert
d. is an introvert; is an extravert

d

In high school, Britta and Debbie were best friends. They thought they were a lot alike, as did everyone else who knew them. After high school, they went on to very different colleges, careers and life courses. Now, at their 25th reunion, they are shocked at how little they have in common. Bandura would suggest that their differences reflect the interactive effects of environment, personality and behavior, which he refers to as:
a. reciprocal determinism
b. personal control
c. identification
d. self-serving bias

a

For his class presentation, Bruce plans to discuss the Big Five personality factors used by people throughout the world to describe others or themselves. Which of the following is not a factor that Bruce will discuss?
a. extraversion
b. openness
c. independence
d. conscientiousness

c

Dayna is not very consistent in showing up for class and turning in assignments when they are due. Research studies would suggest that Dayna’s inconsistent behavior:
a. indicates that she is emotionally troubled and may beed professional counseling
b. is a sign of learned helplessness
c. is not necessarily unusual
d. probably reflects a temporary problem in another area of her life

c

Andrew’s grandfather, who has lived a rich and productive life, is a spontaneous, loving and self-accepting person. Maslow might say that he:
a. has an internal locus of control
b. is an extravert
c. has resolved all the conflicts of the psychosexual stages
d. is a self-actualizing person

d

the school psychologist believes that having a positive self-concept is necessary before students can achieve their potential. Evidently, the school psychologist is working within the _______ perspective.
a. psychoanalytic
b. trait
c. humanistic
d. social-cognitive

c

Wanda wishes to instill in her children an accepting attitude toward other people. Maslow and Rogers would probably recommend that she:
a. teach her children first to accept themselves
b. use discipline sparingly
c. be affectionate with her children only when they behave as she wishes
d. all of the above

a

Suzy bought a used, high-mileage automobile because it was all she could afford. Attempting to justify her purchase, she raves to her friends about the car’s attractiveness, good acceleration, and stereo. According to Freud, Suzy is using the defense mechanism of:
a. displacement
b. reaction formation
c. rationalization
d. projection

c

Nadine has a relatively high level of brain arousal. Trait theorists would probably predict that she is:
a. an extravert
b. an introvert
c. an unstable person
d. both a and c

b

During a class discussion, Trevor argues that "positive psychology" is sure wane in popularity, since it suffers from the same criticisms as humanistic psychology. You counter his argument by pointing out that, unlike humanistic psychology, positive psychology:
a. focuses on advancing human fulfillment
b. is rooted in science
c. is not based on the study of individual characteristics
d. has all of the above characteristics

b

personality test that provides ambiguous stimulie

projective test

the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos

identification

the repository of universal memories proposed by Jung

collective unconscious

the process by which the go seeks to gratify impulses of the id in nondestructive ways

reality principle

stages of development proposed by Freud

psychosexual stages

the id’s demand for immediate gratification

pleasure principle

developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate the group of interest

empirically derived test

the two-way interactions of behavior with personal and environmental factors

reciprocal determinism

questionnaire used to assess personality traits

personality inventory

a boy’s sexual desires toward the opposite-sex parent

Oedipus complex

information that is retrievable but currently not in conscious awareness

preconscious