ap psych chapter 16

Gender differences in the prevalence of depression may be partly due to the fact that when stressful experiences occur
a. women tend to act,wheelmen tend think
b.women tend to think, while men tend to act
c.women tend to distract themselves by drinking, while men tend to delve into their work
d.women tend to delve into their work, while men tend to distract themselves by drinking

b

The criteria for classifying behavior as psychologically disordered
a. vary from culture to culture
b. vary from time to time
c. vary by culture and with time
d. have remained largely unchanged over the course of history

c

Most mental health workers today take the view that disordered behaviors
a. are usually genetically triggered
b. are organic diseases
c. arise from the interaction of nature and nurture
d. are the product of learning

c

The view that all behavior aries from the interaction of heredity and environment is referred to as the __ approach
a. biopsychosocial
b. psychoanalytic
c. medical
d. conditioning

a

Which of the following is the most pervasive of the psychological disorders?
a.depression
b. schizophrenia
c. bipolar disorder
d. generalized anxiety disorder

a

Which of the following is NOT true concerning depression
a. depression is more common in females than in males
b. most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any particular factor or event
c. most depressive episodes last less than 3 months
d. most people recover from depression without professional therapy

b

Which of the following is NOT true regarding schizophrenia
a. it occurs more frequently unpeople born in winter and spring months
b. it occurs less frequently as infectious disease rates have declined
c. it occurs more frequently in lightly populated areas.
d. it usually appears during adolescence early adulthood

c

Evidence of environmental effects on psychological disorders is seen in the fact that certain disorders, such as _____, are universal, whereas others, such as _____, are culture- bound
a. schizophrenia; depression
b. depression; schizophrenia
c. antisocial personality; neurosis
d. depression; anorexia nervosa

d

The effect of drugs that block receptors for dopamine is to
a. alleviate schizophrenia symptoms
b. alleviate depression
c. increase schizophrenia symptoms
d. increase depression

a

The diagnostic reliability of DSM_IV_TR
a. is unknown
b. depends on the age of the patient
c. is very low
d. is relatively high

d

Because of some troubling thoughts, Carl recently had a PET scan of his brain that revealed excessive activity in the anterior cingulate area. Carl’s psychiatrist believes that Carl suffers from
a. schizophrenia
b. a mood disorder
c. a personality disorder
d. obsessive- compulsive disorder

d

(Thinking Critically) The term insanity refers to
a. legal definitions
b. psychotic disorders only
c. personality disorders only
d. both psychotic disorders and personality disorders

a

Phobias and obsessive- compulsive behaviors are classified as
a.anxiety disorders
b.mood disorders
c. dissociative disorders
d.personality disorders

a

According to the social- cognitive perspective, a person who experiences unexpected aversive events may develop helplessness and manifest a(n)
a. obsessive compulsive disorder
b. dissociative disorder
c. personality disorder
d. mood disorder

d

Which of the following was presented in the text as evidence of biological influences on anxiety disorders
a. identical twins often develop similar phobias
b.brain scans of person with obsessive- compulsive disorder reveal unusually high activation the anterior cingulate cortex
c. drugs that dampen fear- circuit activity in the amygdala also alleviate OCD
d. all of these finding were presented

d

Most of the hallucinations of schizophrenia patients involve the sense of
a. smell
b. vision
c.hearing
d. touch

c

When expecting to be electrically shocked, people with an antisocial personality disorder, as compared with normal people show
a. less fear and greater arousal of the autonomic nervous system
b.less fear and less autonomic arousal
c. greater fear and greater autonomic arousal
d. greater fear and less autonomic arousal

b

Hearing voices would be a(n) ___ believing that you are Napoleon would be a(n) _____
a. obsession; compulsion
b.compulsion; obsession
c. delusion; hallucination
d. hallucination; delusion

d

In treating depression, psychiatrist would probably prescribe a drug that would
a. increase levels of acetylcholine
b. decrease levels of dopamine
c. increase levels of norepinephrine
d. decrease levels of serotonin

c

When schizophrenia is slow to develop, called ____ schizophrenia, recovery is _____
a. reactive; unlikely
b. process; likely
c. process; unlikely
d. reactive; likely

c

Which of the following is true concerning abnormal behavior
a. definitions of abnormal behavior are culture- dependent
b. a behavior cannot be defined as abnormal unless it is considered harmful to society
c. abnormal behavior can redefined as any behavior that is distressful
d. definitions of abnormal behavior are based on physiological factors

a

The psychoanalytic perspective would most likely view phobias as
a. conditioned fears
b.displaced responses to incompletely repressed impulses
c. biological predispositions
d. manifestations of self- defeating thoughts

b

Many psychologists believe the disorganized thoughts of people with schizophrenia result from a breakdown in
a. selective attention
b. memory storage
c. motivation
d. memory retrieval

a

Research evidence links the brain abnormalities of schizophrenia to ___ during prenatal development
a. maternal stress
b. a viral infection contracted
c. abnormal levels of certain hormones
d.the weight of the unborn child

b

The fact that disorders such as schizophrenia are universal and influenced by heredity, whereas other disorders such as anorexia nervosa are culture- bound provides evidence for the ___ model of psychological disorders
a. medical
b. biopsychosocial
c. social- cultual
d. psychoanalytic

b

Our early ancestors commonly attributed disordered behavior to
a. "Bad blood"
b. evil spirits
c. brain injury
d. laziness

b

In general, women are more vulnerable than men to
a. external disorders such as anxiety
b. internal disorders such as depression
c. external disorders such as antisocial conduct
d. internal disorders such as alcohol dependence

b

Which of the following statements concerning the labeling of disordered behaviors is NOT true?
a. Labels interfere with effective treatment of psychological disorders
b. labels promote research studies of psychological disorders
c. Labels may may create preconceptions that bias people’s perceptions
d. Labels may influence behavior by creating self- fulfilling prophecies

a

Nicholas Spanos considers dissociative identity disorder to be
a. a genuine disorder
b.merely role- playing
c. a disorder that cannot be explained according to the learning perspective
d. a biological phenomenon

b

Which neurotransmitter is present in overabundant amounts during the manic phase of bipolar disorder
a. dopamine
b. serotonin
c.epinephrine
d. norepinephrine

d

After falling from a ladder, Joseph is afraid of airplanes, although he has never flown. This demonstrates that some fears arise from
a. observational learning
b.reinforcement
c. stimulus generalization
d. stimulus discrimination

c

Which of the following provides evidence that human fears have been subjected tot he evolutionary process
a. Compulsive acts typically exaggerate behaviors that contributed to our species’ survival
b. Most phobias focus on the objects that our ancestors also feared
c. It is easier to condition some fears than others
d.All of these provide evidence

d

Which of the following is true of the medical model
a. in recent years, it has been in large part discredited
b. it views psychological disorders as sicknesses that are diagnosable and treatable
c. it emphasizes the role of psychological factors in disorders over that of physiological factors
d. it focuses on cognitive factors

b

Psychoanalytic and learning theorists both agree that dissociative and anxiety disorders are symptoms that represent the person’s attempt to deal with
a. unconscious conflicts
b. anxiety
c. unfulfilled wishes
d. unpleasant

b

Behavior is classified as disordered when it
a. is deviant
b. is distressful
c. is dysfunctional
d. has all of these characteristics

d

Most practitioners find the DSM-IV-TR a helpful and practical tool despite its
a. failure to emphasize observable behaviors in the diagnostic process
b. learning theory bias
c. medical model bias
d. psychoanalytic bias

c

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of schizophrenia
a. inappropriate emotions
b. disturbed perceptions
c. panic attacks
d. disorganized thinking

c

Social- cognitive theorists contend that depression is linked with
a. negative moods
b. maladaptive explanations of failure
c. self- defeating beliefs
d. all of these characteristics

d

According to psychoanalytic theory, memory of losses, especially in combination with internalized anger, is likely to result in
a. learned helplessness
b. self- serving bias
c. weak ego defense mechanisms
d. depression

d

Among the following which is generally accepted as possible cause of schizophrenia
a. an excess of endorphins in the brain
b. being a twin
c. extensive learned helplessness
d. a genetic predisposition

d

Joe has an intense irrational fear of snakes. He is suffering from a(n)
a. generalized anxiety disorder
b. obsessive- compulsive disorder
c. phobia
d. mood disordere

c

As a child, Monica was criticized severely by her mother for not living up to her expectations. This criticism was always followed by a beating with a whip. As an adult, Monica is generally introverted and extremely shy. Sometimes, however, she acts more like a young child, throwing tantrums if she doesn’t get her way. At other times, she is a flirting, happy- go- lucky young lady. Most likely, Monica is suffering from
a. a phobia
b. dissociative schizophrenia
c. dissociative identity disorder
d. bipolar disorder

c

Bob has never been able to keep a job. He’s been in and out of jail for charges such as theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Bob would most likely be diagnosed as having
a. a dissociative identity disorder
b. major depressive disorder
c. schizophrenia
d. an antisocial personality

d

Julia’s psychologist believes that Julia’s fear of heights can be traced to a conditioned fear she developed after falling from a ladder. This explanation reflects a __ perspective
a. medical
b. psychoanalytic
c. social- cognitive
d. learning

d

Before he can study, Rashid must arrange his books pencils, paper, and other items on his desk so that they are "just so" The campus counselor suffuses that Rashid’s compulsive behavior may help alleviate his anxiety about failing in school, which reinforces the compulsive actions. This explanation of obsessive- compulsive behavior is most consistent with which perspective?
a. learning
b. psychoanalytic
c. humanistic
d. social- cognitive

a

Sharon is continually tense, jittery, and apprehensive for no specific reason. She would probably be diagnosed as suffering a(n)
a. phobia
b. major depressive disorder
c. obsessive-compulsive disorder
d. generalized anxiety disorder

d

Jason is so preoccupied with staying clean that he showers as many as 10 times each day. Jason would be diagnosed as suffering from a(n)
a. dissociative disorder
b. generalized anxiety disorder
c. personality disorder
d. obsessive- compulsive disorder

d

Although she escaped from war- torn Bosnia several years ago, Zheina still has haunting memories and nightmares. Because she is also severely depressed, he therapist diagnoses her condition as
a. dissociative identity disorder
b. bipolar disorder
c.schizophrenia
d. post- traumatic stress disorder

d

Claiming that she heard a voice commanding her to warn other people that eating is harmful, Sandy attempts to convince others in a restaurant not to eat. The psychiatrist to whom she is referred finds that Sandy’s thinking and speech are often fragmented and incoherent. In addition, Sandy has an unreasonable fear that someone is "out to get her" and consequently trusts no one. Her condition is most indicative of
a. schizophrenia
b generalized anxiety disorder
c. a phobia
d. obsessive- compulsive disorder

a

Irene occasionally experiences unpredictable episodes of intense dread accompanied by heart palpitations and a sensation of smothering. Since her symptoms have no apparent cause, they would probably be classified as indicative of
a. schizophrenia
b. bipolar disorder
c. post- traumatic stress disorder
d. panic attack

d

To which of the following is a person MOST likely to acquire a phobia?
a. heights
b. being in public
c. being dirty
d. cars

a

Dr. Jekyll, whose second personality was Mr. Hyde, had a(n) ___ disorder
a. anxiety
b. dissociative
c. mood
d. personality

b

For the past six months, a woman has complained of feeling isolated from others, dissatisfied with life, and discouraged about the future. This woman could be diagnosed as suffering from
a. bipolar disorder
b. major depressive disorder
c. generalized anxiety disorder
d. a dissociative disorder

b

On Monday, Matt felt optimistic, energetic, and on top of the world. On Tuesday, he felt hopeless and lethargic and thought that the future looked very grim. Matt would most likely be diagnosed as having
a. bipolar disorder
b. major depressive disorder
c. schizophrenia
d. panic disorder

a

Connie’s therapist has suggested that her depression stems from unresolved anger toward her parents. Evidently, Connie’s therapist is working within the ___ perspective
a. learning
b. social- cognitive
c. biological
d. psychoanalytic

d

Ken’s therapist suggested that his depression is a result of his self- defeating thoughts and negative assumptions about himself, his situation, and his future. Evidently, ken’s therapist is working within the ___ perspective
a. learning
b. social- cognitive
c. biological
d. psychoanalytic

b

Alicia’s doctor, who thinks that Alicia’s depression has a biochemical cause, prescribes a drug that
a. reduces norepinephrine
b. increases norepinephrine
c. reduces serotonin
d. increases acetylcholine

b

Wayne’s doctor attempts to help Wayne by prescribing a drug that blocks receptors for dopamine. Wayne has apparently been diagnosed with
a. a mood disorder
b. an anxiety disorder
c. a personality disorder
d. schizophrenia

d

(Thinking Critically) Thirteen- year- old Ronald constantly fidgets in his seat at school, frequently blurts out answers without being called, and is extremely distractible. A psychiatrist might diagnose Ronald with
a. bipolar disorder
b. panic disorder
c. attention- deficit hyperactivity disorder
d. obsessive- compulsive disorder

c

Janet, whose class presentation is titled "Current Views on the Causes of Schizophrenia" concludes her talk with the statement
a. Schizophrenia is caused by intolerable stress
b. schizophrenia is inherited
c. genes may predispose some people to react to particular experiences by developing schizophrenia
a. as of this date, schizophrenia is completely unpredictable and its causes are unknown

c

To be classified as a _______ ______ behavior must be deviant, distressful, and dysfunctiona

psychological disorder

is a psychological disorder characterized by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity

Attention- deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

holds that psychological disorders are illness that can be diagnosed, treated, and, inmost cases cured, often through treatment in a psychiatric hospital

Medical model

provides a widely used system of classifying psychological disorders

DSM-IV-TR

involve distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Anxiety disorders

the person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal for no apparent reason

Generalized anxiety disorder

an episode of intense dread accompanied by chest pain, dizziness, or choking. It is essentially an escalation of the anxiety associated with generalized anxiety disorder

Panic disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person has a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

Phobia

an anxiety disorder in which the person experiences uncontrollable and repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and actions (compulsions)

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/ or insomnia lasting four weeks or more following a traumatic experience

Post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

refers to positive psychological changes that may result from dealing with extremely challenging circumstances

Post- traumatic growth

are psychological disorders in which bodily symptoms occur without apparent physical cause

Somatoform disorders-

a rare somatoform disorder in which anxiety presumably is converted in a physical symptom such as blindness or paralysis

Conversion disorder

a somatoform disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of disease

Hypochondriasis

involves separation of conscious awareness from one’s previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

Dissociative disorders

a dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities; formerly called multiple personality disorder

Dissociative identity disorder(DID)

characterize by emotional extremes

Mood disorders

the mood disorder that occurs when a person exhibits the lethargy feelings of worthlessness, or loss of interest in familt, friends, and actibities characteristic of depression for more than a two- week period and for no discernible reason. Because of its relative frequency depression has been called the "common cold" of psychological disorders

Major depressive disorder-

the wildly optimistic, euphoric, hyperactive state that alternates with depression in the bipolar disorder

Mania

the mood disorder in which a person alternates between depression and the euphoria of a manic state

Bipolar disorder

refers to the group of severe disorders whose symptoms may include disorganized and delusional thinking, inappropriate emotions and actions and disturbed perceptions

Schizophrenia

are false beliefs that often are symptoms of psychotic disorders

Delusions

characterized by inflexible and enduring maladaptive character traits that impair social functioning

Personality disorders

a personality disorder in which the person is aggressive, is ruthless, and shows no sign of a conscience that would inhibit wrongdoing

Antisocial personality disorder