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Chapter 1 |
Thinking Geographically |
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globalization |
greater cultural and economic interaction among people all over the world |
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geography |
The study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life |
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human geography |
The study of where and why human activities are located where they are |
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physical geography |
The study where and why natural forces occur as they do |
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map |
A two-dimension or flat scale model of something |
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place |
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic |
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region |
an area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features |
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scale |
the relationship between the portion of Earth being studies and Earth as a whole |
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space |
the physical gap or intervals between two objects |
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connections |
relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space |
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cartography |
the science of mapmaking |
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map projection |
the scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map |
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Land Ordinance of 1785 |
divided much of the country into a system of townships and ranges to facilitate the sale of land to settlers |
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GIS (geographic information system) |
a computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic date |
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remote sensing |
the acquisition of data from a satellite orbiting Earth or from another long-distance method |
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GPS (global positioning system) |
a system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth |
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location |
the position that something occupies on Earth |
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toponym |
the name given to a place on Earth |
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site |
physical character of a place |
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situation |
the location of a place relative to other places |
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meridian |
an arc drawn between North and South poles |
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parallel |
a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator |
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longitude |
numbering system for meridians (axis between North and South poles) |
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prime meridian |
0 degrees longitude – passes through Greenwich, England |
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latitude |
numbering system for parallels |
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equator |
0 degrees latitude |
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Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) |
master reference time for all points on Earth |
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Chapter-2 |
Population |
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Age distribution |
The proportion of individuals of different ages within a population. You can use an age distribution to estimat survival by calculating the difference in proportion of individuals in succeeding age classes |
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Agricultural revolution |
the development of farming |
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Arithmetic Population Density |
The total number of people divided by the total land area |
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Capacity |
the amount of people an area can support |
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Census |
A complete enumeration of a population |
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Child Mortality Rate |
A figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population |
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Chronic Diseases |
Generally long – lasting afflictions now more common because of higher life expectancies (<== squiggly check spell!) |
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Crude Birth Rate (CBR) |
The number of live births yearly per 1,000 people in a population. (natality) |
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Crude Death Rate (CDR) |
The number of deaths yearly per 1,000 people in a population |
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Demographic equation |
NIR = CBR – CDR |
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Demographic momentum |
is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model |
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Demographic Transition |
High birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates, producing a huge net population gain, this is followed by the convergence of birth rates and death rates at a low overall level |
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Demographic Transition model: |
the steps through which a society progresses |
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Demography |
the scientific study of population characteristics |
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Dependency ratio |
the number of people who can’t work |
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Doubling Time |
the time it takes for an area’s population to double |
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Ecumene |
the area of land occupied by humans |
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Epidemiological transition |
The a distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition. Explains how countries’ population changes |
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Eugenic Population Policies |
Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others |
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Expansive Popluation Policies |
Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth |
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Exponential growth |
growth by a percentile instead of a static number |
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Infant Mortality Rate |
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1000 live births in a society |
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J-curve |
The shape of a line graph of population graph when growth is exponential |
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Life Expectancy |
A figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live |
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Malthus, Thomas (Thomas Malthus) |
British economist of late 1700’s. considered the first to predict a population crisis |
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Medical Revolution |
the leap of medical knowledge in stage 2 of the demographic transition |
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Megalopolis |
Term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world. |
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Mortality |
the rate at which people die |
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Natality Rate (NIR) |
number of birth/ year to every 1000 people in the population |
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Natural Increase |
Population growth measured as the excess of live births over deaths; does not reflect either emigrant or immigrant movements |
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Natural Increase Rate (NIR) |
Natural Increase Rate (NIR) |
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Neo-Malthusians |
group who built on Malthus’ theory and suggested that people wouldn’t just starve for lack of food, but would have wars about food and other scarce resources |
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Overpopulation |
too many people in one place for the resources available |
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Physiological Population Density |
The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture |
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Population Composition |
Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education |
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Population Density |
A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land |
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Population Distribution |
Description of locations on Earth’s surface where populations live |
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Population Explosion |
The rapid growth of the world’s human population during the past century, attended by ever- shorter doubling times and sccelerating rates of increase. |
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Population Projection |
Estimation of future population growth, by extrapolating current trends and known growth factors |
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Population Pyramids |
A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex |
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Restrictive Popluation Policies |
Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase |
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Sex ratio |
the ratio of men to women |
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Standard of living |
The goods a services and their distribution within a population |
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Stationary Population Level |
The level at which a national population ceases to grow |
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Sustainability |
The level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources |
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Total Fertility rate |
the average number of children a woman has |
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underpopulation (Is that even a real word??) |
A drop or decrease in a region’s population |
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Zero population growth (ZPG) |
Where natural birth rate declines to equal crude birth rate and the natural rate of population approaches 0 |
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Chapter-3 |
Migration |
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Activity Space |
the space within which daily activity occurs |
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Brain Drain |
Large-scale emigration by talented people. |
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Chain Migration |
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there |
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circulation |
short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis |
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distance decay function |
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin |
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emigration |
migration from a location |
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immigration |
migration to a location |
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forced migration |
permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors |
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voluntary migration |
permanent movement undertaken by choice |
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gravity model |
A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other |
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guest worker |
a person with temporary permission to work in another country |
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internal migration |
permanent movement within the same country |
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international migration |
permanent movement from one country to another |
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intervening obstacle |
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration |
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migration transition |
change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition |
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migration stream |
A constant flow of migrants from the same origin to the same destination |
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migration selectivity |
Only people exhibiting certain characteristics in a population choosing to migrate |
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mobility |
the quality of moving freely |
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net migration |
the difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration |
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push factors |
factors that induce people to leave old residences |
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pull factors |
factors that induce people to move to a new location |
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refugee |
people who are forced to migrate from thier home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of thier race, religion, nationality, membership of a social group, of political opinion |
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urbanization |
an increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements |
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suburbanization |
The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe |
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counterurbanization |
Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries |
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interregional migration |
movement from one region of a country to another |
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intraregional |
movement within a region |
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Chapter-4 |
Folk and popular culture |
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Artifact |
Any item, made by humans, that represents a material aspect of culture |
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Built environment |
The man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter to neighborhoods to the large-scale civic surroundings |
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Core-domain-sphere model |
The place where concentration of culture traits that characterizes a region is greatest |
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Cultural convergence |
The contact and interaction of one culture to another |
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Cultural/environmental perception |
The concept that people of different culture will definitely observe and interpret their environment and make different decision about its nature, potentiality and use |
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Cultural landscape |
Modifications to the environment by humans, including the built environment and agricultural systems, that reflect aspects if their culture |
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Cultural realm |
The entire region throughout which a culture prevails. Criteria that may be chosen to define culture realms include religion, language, diet, customs, or economic development |
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Cultural hearth |
Locations on earth’s surface where specific cultures first arose |
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Cultural complex |
The group of traits that define a particular culture |
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Cultural trait |
The specific customs that are part of the everyday life of a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture |
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Cultural region |
a region defined by similar culture traits and cultural landscape features |
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Custom |
Practices followed by the people of a particular cultural group |
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Environmental determinism |
A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions |
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Folk culture (folkways) |
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups |
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Food attraction |
Reasons certain culture/region eat certain types of food |
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Habit |
a repetitive act that a particular individual performs |
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Material culture |
The physical manifestations of human activities; includes tools ,campsites, art, and structures. The most durable aspects of culture |
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Mentifact |
The central, enduring elements of a culture expressing its values and beliefs, including language, religion, folklore, and etc. |
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Popular culture |
Dynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; having a money-based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; and producing and consuming machine-made goods |
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Possibilism |
The theory that the physical may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives |
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Sociofact |
The institutions and links between individuals and groups that unite a culture, including family structure and political, educational and religious institutions |
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Taboo |
a restriction on a behavior imposed by a social custom |
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Uniform Landscape |
the spatial expression of a popular custom in one location that will be similar to another |
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Expansion diffusion |
the spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area |
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Relocation diffusion |
sequential diffusion process in which the items being diffused are transmitted by their carrier agents as they evacuate the old areas and relocate the new ones |
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Chapter-5 |
Language |
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Ebonics |
a dialect spoken by some African Americans |
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Franglais |
the widespread use of english in the french language, A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language, a combination of franfais and anglai." the French words for "French" and "English," respectively |
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Spanglish |
Combination of Spanish and English, spoken by Hispanic-Americans |
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Lingua Franca |
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages |
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Pidgin language |
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages |
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accent |
the manner in which people speak and the way words are pronounced in different parts of the world |
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dialect |
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation |
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extinct language |
A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used |
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ideogram |
symbol that stands for a concept rather than a word |
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isogloss |
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate |
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isolated language |
A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family |
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language branch |
A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these derived from the same family |
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language |
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning |
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language group |
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary |
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language family |
a collection of languages related to each other through a commmon ancestor long before recorded history |
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literary tradition |
A language that is written as well as spoken |
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mono-linguality |
Speaking only one language |
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bi-linguality |
Speaking two languages |
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multi-linguality |
Speaking several languages |
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official language |
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents |
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orthography |
the study of where languages are found/located |
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standard language |
The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications |
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toponym |
the name by which a geographical place is known |
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trade language |
A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other |
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vernacular |
the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language) My Example = SWAG rather than CHARISMATIC CONFIDENCE! |
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BRP |
British Received Pronounciation. The dialect of English assosciated with upper class britons living in the london area now considered a standard |
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creole |
a language that results from the th mixing of a colonizer’s langage with the indigenous language of the people being dominated |
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Vulgar Latin |
nonclassical Latin dialects spoken in the Roman Empire |
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Esperanto |
A made-up Latin-based language, which its European proponents in the early twentieth century hoped would become a global language |
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linguistics |
study of language |
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Chapter-6 |
Religion |
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Animism |
belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life |
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Autonomous religion |
a religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally |
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Branch |
a large and fundamental division within a religion |
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Caste |
the class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law |
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Cosmogony |
a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe |
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Denomination |
a division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body |
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Diocese |
the basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church |
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Ethnic religion |
a religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principle are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated |
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Fundamentalism |
literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect) |
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Ghetto |
during the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of the city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure |
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Hierarchical religion |
a religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control |
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Missionary |
an individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion |
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Monotheism |
the doctrine or belief of the existence of only one god |
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Pagan |
a follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times |
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Pilgrimage |
a journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes |
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Polytheism |
belief in or worship of more than one god |
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Sect |
a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination |
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Solstice |
time when the Sun is farthest from the equator |
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Universalizing religion |
a religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location |
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Chapter-7 |
Ethnicity |
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Apartheid |
Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas |
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Balkanization |
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities |
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Balkanized |
A small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into one or more stable states because it was inhabited by many ethnicities with complex, long-standing antagonisms toward each other |
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Blockbusting |
A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the environment |
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Centripetal force |
An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state |
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Ethnic cleansing |
Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcible removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region |
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Ethnicity |
Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions |
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Multi-ethnic state |
State that contains more than one ethnicity |
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Multinational state |
State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities |
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Nationalism |
Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality |
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Nationality |
Identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular place as a result of being born there |
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Nation-state |
A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality |
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Race |
Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor |
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Racism |
Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences product an inherent superiority of a particular race |
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Racist |
A person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism |
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Self-determination |
Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves |
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Sharecropper |
A person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops |
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Triangular slave trade |
A practice, primarily during the eighteenth century, in which European ships transported slaves from Africa to Caribbean islands, molasses from the Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa |
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Chapter-8 |
Political Geography |
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balance of power |
condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries |
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boundary |
invisible line that marks the extent of a state’s territory |
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city-state |
a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland |
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colonialism |
attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory |
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colony |
a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent |
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compact state |
a state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly |
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elongated state |
a state with a long, narrow shape |
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federal state |
an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government |
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fragmented state |
a state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory |
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frontier |
a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control |
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gerrymandering |
process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power |
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imperialism |
control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society |
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landlocked state |
a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea |
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microstate |
a state that encompasses a very small land area |
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perforated state |
a state that completely surrounds another one |
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prorupted state |
an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension |
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sovereignty |
ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states |
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state |
an area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs |
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unitary state |
an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials |
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Chapter-9 |
Development |
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Developing Country |
Term that analysts use instead of the term "less developed country" |
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Economic Development |
Process of improving economic/material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology |
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Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) |
Compares the ability of men and women to participate in economic and political decision making |
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Gender-related Development Index (GDI) |
Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes |
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Gross Domestic Product |
Value of the total number of goods and services produced in a country in a given period of time (normally one year). Also known as GNI (Gross National Income) |
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Gross National Product |
Like "gross domestic product," only the incomes that people earn abroad are also considered |
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Human Development Index (HDI) |
Created by the United Nations to recognize a country’s level of development as function of three factors: economic, social, and demographic factors |
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Less Developed Country (LDC) |
Country in an earlier stage of development. Several analysts prefer the term "developing country" |
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Literacy Rate |
Percentage of a country’s people who can read and write |
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More Developed Country (MDC) |
Also known as a relatively developed country or a developed country, country that has progressed further along the development continuum |
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Neo-colonialism |
Country that displays economic dependence on another country; a country that displays so much economic independence on another country, that it seems to be a colony of the independent country |
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Primary Sector |
Where workers extract materials from Earth through agriculture, and sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry; the portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry |
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Productivity |
Value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it |
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Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) |
What a state’s dollar can actually buy compared to another state’s dollar; what a country is able to buy |
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Quarternary Sector |
Sector that includes jobs that focus on business services, such as trade, insurance, banking, advertising, and wholesaling |
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Rostow’s "Modernization Model" |
Model created by W.W. Rostow in the 1950’s that gives an idea of where a country is in their stage of development. There are five stages in this model, including: 1. "The traditional society," 2. "The preconditions for takeoff," 3. "The takeoff," 4. "The drive to maturity," 5. "The age of mass consumption" |
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Secondary Sector |
Portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing the process, transformation, and assembly of raw materials into useful products |
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Structural Adjustment Programs |
Economic policies that encourage international trade |
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Tertiary Sector |
Portion of the economy concerned with the transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment |
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Value Added |
Gross value of the product minus the cost of raw materials and energy |
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Chapter-10 |
Agriculture |
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Agribusiness |
system of commercial farming found in the United States and other relatively developed countries |
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Boserup Hypothesis |
based on the observation that explains how population increase necessitates increased inputs of labor and technology to compensate for reductions in the natural yields of swidden farming |
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Carl Sauer |
first to observe vegetable planting |
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Commercial Agriculture |
found in more developed countries; production of food primarily for sale off the farm |
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Crop Rotation |
practice of rotating the use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil |
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Desertification |
process in semiarid regions where human actions are causing land to deteriorate to a desert-like condition |
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Domestication |
process of making something commercialized for larger production |
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Fallow |
when farmers grow crops on a clear field for only a few years until the soil nutrients are depleted. The farmers then leave the soil for a few year so the nutrients in the soil can be restored; uncropped land |
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Green Revolution |
invention and rapid diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques during the 1970s and 1980s |
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Horticulture |
growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers |
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Intensive Subsistence Agriculture |
term applied to subsistence agriculture that means that farmers must work more intensively to subsist on a parcel of land |
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Luxury Crops |
"hard to get" crops; delicacies; crops that you would not normally see |
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Market Gardening (Truck Farming) |
commercial gardening and fruit farming named because "truck" means bartering |
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Mediterranean Agriculture |
form agriculture that takes place along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. The sea winds provide moisture for the crops and moderate winter temperatures, and this form of agriculture takes place in hilly, mountainous regions. The two primary cash crops in this form of agriculture are olives and grapes |
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Milkshed |
ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling |
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Paddy |
inaccurate name given by Europeans and North Americans to the flooded field in which wet rice is planted; Malay word for wet rice |
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Pastoral Nomadism |
form of agriculture based on herding domesticated animals |
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Plantation |
large farm that specializes in one or two crops |
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Ranching |
commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area |
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Ridge Tillage |
system of planting crops on ridge tops to reduce farm production costs; promotes soil conservation |
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Seed Agriculture |
reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization |
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Shifting Cultivation |
people shift actively from one field to another |
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Slash-and-Burn (Swidden) |
farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris. Swidden is the cleared area that is known by a variety of names in different regions (swidden is the name in one specific region) |
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Subsistence Agriculture |
found in LDCs. Production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer’s family |
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Sustainable Agriculture |
agricultural practice that preserves and enhances environmental quality |
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Thomas Malthus |
first one to observe that rapidly increasing population will cause overpopulation and not enough resources for all of the people |
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Transhumance |
seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas |
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Truck farms |
horticultural or "market gardening" farms |
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Vegetative Planting |
reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems |
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von Thunen’s Model of Agriculture |
model that shows that the uses to which panels were put was a function of the differing "rent" values placed on seemingly identical lands |
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Chapter-11 |
Industry |
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Agglomeration |
Phenomenon of economic activity congregating in or close to a single location, rather than being spread out uniformly across space |
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Assembly line |
Arrangement of tools, machines, and workers in which a product is assembled by having each perform a specific, successive operation on an incomplete unit as it passes by in a series of stages organized in a direct line |
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Break-of-bulk |
Point of location where transfer among transportation modes is possible |
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Bulk-gaining industry |
Industry that makes something that gain volume or weight during production |
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Bulk-reducing industry |
Economic activity in which the final product weighs less than its inputs |
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Capital |
Wealth, whether in money or property, owned or employed in business by an individual, firm, or corporation |
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Cottage industry |
Home-based manufacturing. An example of this is textile manufacturing |
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Export processing zone |
Industrial parks for foreign companies to conduct export-oriented manufacturing |
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Footloose industry |
Industry that locate in a wide variety of places without a significant change in its cost of transportation, land, labor, and capital |
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"Fordism" (post-Fordism) |
Approach that explains how many industries are attracted to locations with relatively skilled labor to introduce new rules. Traditionally, in large factories, each worker was assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly. Relatively skilled workers are needed to master the wider variety of assignments given to them, which are more flexible rules under the _________ approach. |
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Industrial Revolution |
Revolution that transformed how goods are produced for a society and the way people obtain food, clothing, and shelter |
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Infrastructure |
Fundamental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, as transportation and communication systems, power plants, and schools |
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Labor-intensive |
Type of industry in which labor cost is a high percentage of expense |
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Least-cost theory |
States that optimum location of a manufacturing firm is explained in terms of cost minimization |
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Site characteristics |
Characteristics that result from the unique characteristics of a location, such as land, labor, and capital |
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Situation characteristics |
Characteristics that involve transporting materials to and from a factory |
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Weber, Alfred (Alfred Weber) |
Creator of the model that states that the optimum location of a manufacturing firm is explained in terms of cost minimization |
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right-to-work state |
State that has prevented a union or company from negotiating a contract that requires workers to join a union as a condition of employment |
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trading bloc |
Type of "industrial competition" in which the countries within a group cooperate through trade, and these groups compete against the other two (there are three total) |
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new international division of labor |
Selective transfer of skilled jobs in MDCs to LDCs that still allow skilled jobs to exist in MDCs |
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basic industry |
Industry producing goods or services for sale to other regions |
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economies of scale |
Lower production costs as a result of larger volume of production |
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nonbasic industry |
Industry producing goods or services for sale within the local region |
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primary industry/activity |
Economic activity that directly extracts or harvests resources from the Earth |
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secondary industry/activity |
Economic activity that transforms raw materials into usable products, adding value in the process |
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raw material oriented |
Tendency for an industry to locate near the source of raw materials in order to save on transport costs, which usually occurs when raw materials lose weight in the production process |
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tertiary industry/activity |
Economic activity that links the primary and secondary sectors to the consumers and other businesses either by selling goods directly or by performing services utilizing those goods |
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Chapter-12 |
Services |
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Basic industries |
industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement |
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business services |
services that primarily meet the needs of other businesses |
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central business district (CBD) |
the area of the cty where retail and office activities are clustered |
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central place |
a market center for the exchange of services by people attracted from the surrounding area |
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central place theory |
a theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther |
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city-state |
a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland |
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clustered rural settlement |
a rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement |
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consumer services |
businesses that provide services primarily to individual consumers, including retail services and personal services |
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dispersed rural settlement |
a rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages |
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economic base |
a community’s collection of basic industries |
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enclosure movement |
the process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century |
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gravity model |
a model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach this service |
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market area (hinterland) |
the area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place’s goods and services |
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nonbasic industries |
industries that sell their products primarily to consumers in the community |
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personal services |
services that provide for the well-being and personal improvement of individual consumers |
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primate city |
the largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement |
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primate city rule |
a pattern of settlements in a country, such that the largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement |
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producer services |
services that primarily help people conduct business |
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public services |
services offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses |
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range (of a service) |
the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service |
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rank-size rule |
a pattern of settlements in a country such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement |
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retail services |
services that provide goods for sale to consumers |
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service |
any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it |
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settlement |
a permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants |
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threshold |
the minimum number of people needed to support the service |
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transportation and information services |
services that diffuse and distribute other services |
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Chapter-13 |
Urban Patterns |
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Annexation |
process of legally adding land area to a city |
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Concentric zone model |
model created by EW Burgess in 1923, which explains that a city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings, like the growth rings on a tree |
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Density gradient |
density change in an urban area |
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Edge city |
city around a beltway that is a node of consumer and business services |
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Filtering |
process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of lower-income people |
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Gentrification |
process by which middle-class people move into deteriorated inner-city neighborhoods and renovate the housing |
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Greenbelts |
rings of open space. New housing is built in the older suburbs within the rings and planned extensions, small towns, and new towns are built beyond the rings |
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Megalopolis |
Greek word for "great city." Region described as an MSA that may overlap and cause several large metropolitan areas to come so close together that they form one continuous urban complex |
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MSA (metropolitan statistical area) |
area studied using a method created by the US Bureau of the Census that measures the functional area of a city |
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MSA (micropolitan statistical area) |
smaller urban areas that the census has designated to include in part of their measure |
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Multiple nuclei model |
model created by CD Harris and EL Ullman in 1945, which explains that a city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve |
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Peripheral model |
model created by Chauncey Harris, which describes how an urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road |
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Public housing |
housing provided to low-income households, who pay 30% of their income as rent for the housing |
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Redlining |
drawing of lines on a map to identify areas in which banks will refuse to loan money |
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Renovated housing |
housing maintained as result of the alternative to demolishing houses |
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Sector model |
theory developed by land economist Homer Hoyt in 1939, which explains that a city develops in a series of sectors rather than rings |
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Smart growth |
legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland |
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Sprawl |
what US suburbs are characterized by; the progressive spread of development over the landscape |
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Squatter settlement |
settlement where a large percentage of poor immigrants to urban areas in LDCs live because of a housing shortage |
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Underclass |
what inner-city residents are frequently referred to because they are trapped in an unending cycle of economic and social problems |
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Urban renewal |
something under which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, and build new roads and utilities |
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Zone in transition |
name given to the second ring of the concentric zone model, which surrounds the CBD, in the concentric zone model. This place typically contains industry and poor-quality housing |
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Zoning ordinances |
rules developed in Europe and North America in the 20th century that encouraged spatial separation. They also prevented mixing of land uses within the same district |
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Galactic city |
mini edge city that is connected to another city by beltways or highways |
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Scattered site |
site in which dwellings are dispersed throughout the city rather than clustered in a large project |
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Chapter-14 |
Resource Issues |
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Acid deposition |
Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted by burning fossil fuels, enter the atmosphere-where they combine with oxygen and water to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid-and return to Earth’s surface |
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Acid precipitation |
Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to Earth as rain, snow, or fog |
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Active solar energy systems |
Solar energy system that collects energy through the use of mechanical devices like photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors |
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Air pollution |
Concentration of trace substances, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solid particulates, at a greater level than occurs in average air |
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Animate power |
Power supplied by people or animals |
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Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD) |
Amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose a given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution |
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Biodiversity |
The number of species within a specific habitat |
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Biomass fuel |
fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste |
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Breeder reactor |
A nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium |
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Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) |
A gas used as a solvent, a propellant in aerosols, a refrigerant, and in plastic foams and fire extinguishers |
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Conservation |
The sustainable use and management of a natural resource, through consuming at a less rapid rate than it can be replaced |
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Ferrous |
Metals including iron ore, that are utilized in the production of iron and steel |
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Fission |
The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy |
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Fossil fuel |
Energry source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago |
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Fusion |
Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium |
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Geothermal energy |
Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks |
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Greenhouse effect |
Anticipated increase in Earth’s temperature, caused by carbon dioxide (emitted by burning fossil fuels) trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface |
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Hydroelectric power |
Power generated from moving water |
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Ideograms |
The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters in English |
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Inanimate power |
Power supplied by machines |
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Nonferrous |
metals utilized to make products other than iron and steel |
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Nonrenewable energy |
A source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted |
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Ozone |
gas that absorbs ultraviolet solar radiation, found in the stratosphere, a zone between 15 and 50 kilometers (9 to 30 miles) above Earth’s surface |
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Passive solar energy systems |
Solar energy system that collects energy without the use of mechanical devices |
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Photochemical smog |
An atmospheric condition formed through a combination of weather conditions and pollution, especially from motor vehicle emissions |
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Photovoltaic cell |
Solar energy cells, usually made from silicon, that collect solar rays to generate electricity |
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Pollution |
Addition of more waste than a resource can accommodate |
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Potential reserve |
The amount of energy in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist |
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Preservation |
Maintenance of a resource in its present condition, with as little human impact as possible |
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Proven reserve |
The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits |
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Radioactive waste |
Particles from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal to people and must therefore be safely stored for thousands of years |
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Renewable energy |
A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans |
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Resource |
A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use |
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Sanitary landfill |
A place to deposit solid waste, where a layer of earth is bulldozed over garbage each day to reduce emissions of gases and odors from the decaying trash, to minimize fires, and to discourage vermin |
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Sustainable development |
The level of development that can be maintained in a country without depleting resources to the extent that future generations will be unable to achieve a comparable level of development |
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