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The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is a A) population. B) species. C) genus. D) hybrid. E) phylum. |
B) species. |
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Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon’s warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification? A) The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction. B) The two forms live in similar habitats. C) The two forms have many genes in common. D) The two forms have similar food requirements. E) The two forms are very similar in coloration. |
A) The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction. |
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Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals that involve fighting other males and stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent? A) habitat isolation B) temporal isolation C) behavioral isolation D) gametic isolation E) postzygotic barriers |
C) behavioral isolation |
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Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation? A) A population becomes geographically isolated from the parent population. B) The separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs. C) The isolated population is exposed to different selection pressures than the ancestral population. D) Different mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools of the separated populations. E) Gene flow between the two populations is extensive. |
E) Gene flow between the two populations is extensive. |
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Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be A) 12 B) 14 C) 16 D) 28 E) 56 |
D) 28 |
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According to the punctuated equilibria model, A) natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution. B) given enough time, most existing species will branch gradually into new species. C) most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species. D) most evolution occurs in sympatric populations. E) speciation is usually due to a single mutation. |
C) most new species accumulate their unique features relatively rapidly as they come into existence, then change little for the rest of their duration as a species. |
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Feathers either play a role, or may have played a role, in _____. A) courtship B) gliding C) flight D) extended hops E) all of these |
E) all of these courtship gliding flight extended hops |
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_____ is rapid speciation under conditions in which there is little competition. A) Microevolution B) Paedomorphosis C)Gene flow D) Genetic drift E) Adaptive radiation |
E) Adaptive radiation |
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Mass extinctions create conditions that promote _____. A) microevolution B) paedomorphosis C) gene flow D) genetic drift E) adaptive radiation |
E) adaptive radiation |
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The appearance of an evolutionary novelty promotes _____. A) gene flow B) mutation C) mass extinction D) paedomorphosis E) adaptive radiation |
E) adaptive radiation |
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The different finch species found on the Galápagos Islands probably arose as a result of _____. A) artificial selection B) adaptive radiation C) mass extinction D) gene flow E) paedomorphosis |
B) adaptive radiation |
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When gene flow between two populations ceases, the potential for _____ exists. A) speciation B) hybridization C) sexual reproduction D) sexual selection E) fusion |
A) speciation |
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Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon’s warbler as distinct species that lived side by side in parts of their ranges. However, recent books show them as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Apparently, the myrtle warbler and Audubon’s warbler _____. A) live in the same areas B) successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring C) are almost identical in appearance D) are merging to form a single species E) have undergone coevolution |
B) successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring |
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Imagine that part of a population of South American finches is blown by a storm onto an island far offshore and manages to survive and reproduce there for a period of 10,000 years. After that period, a climate change results in lower sea levels and the reconnection of the island with the mainland. Members of the formerly isolated island finch population can now interact freely with members of the original mainland population. Which of the following observations would, by itself, lead you to conclude unequivocally that the island finch population had evolved into a distinct species? A) The island birds all have red feathers, but the mainland birds have green feathers. B) Individuals from the different populations sometimes mate with each other, but all of the resulting eggs are sterile. C) The preferred food of the island birds is quite different from the diet of mainland birds. D) Individuals from the different populations frequently direct courtship behavior toward members of the other population. E) Hybrid offspring of matings between individuals from the two populations do not look like either parent. |
B) Individuals from the different populations sometimes mate with each other, but all of the resulting eggs are sterile. |
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Which one of the following conditions is necessary for speciation to occur? A) reproductive isolation B) sympatric speciation C) adaptive radiation D) mass extinction E) interbreeding among neighboring populations |
A) reproductive isolation |
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At which point in the adaptation of a population is it clear that speciation has occurred? A) Gene pool changes adapt a population to a local environment. B) Gene pool changes establish reproductive barriers between two populations. C) An allopatric separation occurs. D) Viable, fertile hybrids occur. E) all of the above |
B) Gene pool changes establish reproductive barriers between two populations. |
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Prezygotic barriers _____. A) prevent fertilization of gametes from members of closely related species B) prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult C) prevent fertilization from occurring between members of the same species with incompatible genes D) prevent donkeys and horses from mating E) only occur in asexual organisms |
A) prevent fertilization of gametes from members of closely related species |
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Three species of frogs, Rana pipiens, Rana clamitans, and Rana sylvatica, all mate in the same ponds, but they pair off correctly because they have different calls. This is a specific example of a _____ barrier, called _____. A) prezygotic barrier; behavioral isolation B) postzygotic; hybrid breakdown C) prezygotic; temporal isolation D) postzygotic; mechanical isolation E) prezygotic; gametic isolation |
A) prezygotic barrier; behavioral isolation |
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Which of the following reproductive barriers actually prevents individuals of closely related species from copulating successfully? A) hybrid inviability B) hybrid sterility C) gametic isolation D) hybrid breakdown E) mechanical isolation |
E) mechanical isolation |
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Two species of water lilies in the same pond do not interbreed because one blooms at night and the other during the day. The reproductive barrier between them is an example of _____. A) temporal isolation B) gametic isolation C) mechanical isolation D) hybrid breakdown E) ecological isolation |
A) temporal isolation |
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Which of the following is an example of a postzygotic reproductive barrier? A) One species of frog mates in April, but another mates in May. B) Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring. C) The sperm of a marine worm can only penetrate eggs of the same species. D) One species of flower grows in forested areas, another in meadows. E) Two pheasant species perform different courtship dances. |
B) Two fruit flies of different species produce sterile offspring. |
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There are two groups of pine trees that appear to be very similar phenotypically and genotypically. However, one releases pollen in January, when the female structures of that group are receptive, and one in March. What kind of reproductive barrier is this? A) temporal isolation B) gametic isolation C) mechanical isolation D) hybrid inviability E) a geographic barrier |
A) temporal isolation |
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The biological species concept emphasizes _____. A) molecular differences B) ecological niches C) the evolution of reproductive isolation D) morphological and structural features E) common ancestry |
C) the evolution of reproductive isolation |
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Lake Victoria, in Africa, is home to a group of related fishes known as cichlids. Many of these fishes are similar in appearance but have different feeding habits. What is the best method for scientists to determine conclusively whether the fish are members of a population that has a lot of variation or members of entirely different species? A) Observe the fish in their natural environment for possible instances of interbreeding leading to several generations of fertile offspring. B) Study the fossil record. C) Compare DNA sequences, because the DNA of members of the same species should be identical. D) Do studies on comparative anatomy, especially looking for homologous structures. E) All of these must be done to determine whether a single population or different species are present. |
A) Observe the fish in their natural environment for possible instances of interbreeding leading to several generations of fertile offspring. |
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In practice, how do scientists distinguish most species? A) by using the morphological species concept B) by using the paleontological species concept C) by using the ecological species concept D) by using the phylogenetic species concept E) by using the biological species concept |
A) by using the morphological species concept |
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Which species concept defines a species as a set of organisms with a unique genetic history? A) morphological species concept B) paleontological species concept C) ecological species concept D) phylogenetic species concept E) biological species concept |
D) phylogenetic species concept |
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Sometimes two phenotypically different populations interbreed to a limited extent, so that it is difficult to determine whether they are clearly separate species. This is not a concern to scientists because this _____. A) is quite rare B) is true for almost every species C) supports the theory of punctuated equilibrium D) may indicate that the formation of a new species is in progress E) happens only among plants, not among animals |
D) may indicate that the formation of a new species is in progress |
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Which of the following organisms are most likely to be subject to allopatric speciation? A) whale populations of the same species located on opposite sides of the Atlantic Ocean B) pine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascar C) mountain lions in the canyons of Wyoming and in the canyons of Utah D) fruit flies on bananas and fruit flies on oranges E) bacteria in a hospital and bacteria in a nursery |
B) pine trees in Alaska and pine trees on the island of Madagascar |
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According to the experiment of Diane Dodd, can adaptive divergence of allopatric fruit fly populations lead to reproductive isolation? A) After several generations, the reproductive barrier (behavioral isolation) between the starch- and maltose-fed populations was complete. B) After several generations, the formation of a reproductive barrier (behavioral isolation) was evident, but not absolute. C) After several generations, the reproductive barrier (mechanical isolation) between the starch- and maltose-fed populations was complete. D) After several generations, the formation of a reproductive barrier (mechanical isolation) was evident, but not absolute. E) Even after several generations, there was no evidence of a reproductive barrier forming between the populations. |
B) After several generations, the formation of a reproductive barrier (behavioral isolation) was evident, but not absolute. |
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In which of the following groups has sympatric speciation been most important? A) animals B) plants C) bacteria D) fungi E) protozoa |
B) plants |
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If a new species of plant is to be produced by means of allopolyploidy from two parental species that are 2n = 4 and 2n = 8, how many chromosomes would you expect in the somatic cells of the new species? A) 6 B) 12 C) 24 D) 48 E) none of the above |
B) 12 |
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A new species can arise in a single generation _____. A) through geographic isolation B) in a very large population spread over a large area C) if a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier D) if allopatric speciation occurs E) if adaptive radiation occurs |
C) if a change in chromosome number creates a reproductive barrier |
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The Galápagos finches collected by Darwin are thought to have descended from a very small parent population. Different species of finches that are confined to only one or two islands most likely arose by _____. A) sympatric speciation B) gene flow C) allopatric speciation D) polyploidy E) hybridization |
C) allopatric speciation |
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In the case of the Lake Victoria cichlids, sympatric speciation has been shown to be driven by ______. A) polyploidy B) habitat differentiation C) mechanical isolation D) sexual selection E) post-zygotic barriers |
D) sexual selection |
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In a hybrid zone which of the following would tend to lead to reinforcement? A) reduced hybrid viability B) hybrid breakdown C)reduced hybrid fertility D)sexual selection E) all of the above |
E) all of the above reduced hybrid viability hybrid breakdown reduced hybrid fertility sexual selection |
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In the Lake Victoria cichlids, what appears to be contributing to fusion of different species? A) Murky, polluted water is causing reduced hybrid viability. B) overfishing C) Murky, polluted water is making it difficult for females to visually select for males of the same species. D) Extinctions are being caused by the Nile perch, an introduced predator. E) Murky, polluted water is reducing the viability of cichlid eggs. |
C) Murky, polluted water is making it difficult for females to visually select for males of the same species. |
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According to the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution _____. A) the tempo of evolution consists of abrupt episodes of speciation among long periods of equilibrium B) isolated species changing over a few thousand generations represent graduated equilibrium, not punctuated equilibrium C) polyploidy is not a mechanism of punctuated equilibrium D) Fossils of organisms that existed during periods of stasis should be as abundant as those of organisms that existed during periods of rapid change. E) none of the above |
A) the tempo of evolution consists of abrupt episodes of speciation among long periods of equilibrium |
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Comparison of human fossils with living humans seems to show that there have been no significant physical changes in Homo sapiens in 30,000 to 50,000 years. What might an advocate of punctuated equilibrium say about this? A) It is about time for humans to undergo a burst of change. B) That is about how long we have been reproductively isolated. C) It is impossible to see major internal changes by looking at fossils. D) You would expect lots of changes in the skeleton in that time period. E) Lack of change is consistent with the punctuated equilibrium model. |
E) Lack of change is consistent with the punctuated equilibrium model. |
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What is the first thing that must happen in order for speciation to occur? A) Gene flow between populations must be interrupted. B) A catastrophic event must cause geographic separation of two populations. C) A hybrid zone must be established. D) The populations must become reproductively isolated. E) One of the populations must become polyploid. |
A) Gene flow between populations must be interrupted. |
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How many genes must change in order to form a new species? A) 1 B) 26 C) 4 D) 14 E) There is no set number of genes or loci that produces a new species. Genetic and environmental factors interact. |
E) There is no set number of genes or loci that produces a new species. Genetic and environmental factors interact. |
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The time interval between speciation events is typically _____ A) 6.5 million years B) 4,000 years C) 40 million years D) 500,000 years E) Times between speciation events vary widely and depend on generation times, causes of speciation, environmental factors, and chance. |
E) Times between speciation events vary widely and depend on generation times, causes of speciation, environmental factors, and chance. |
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