anthro101 smiley robinson exam 2

Deep time

A framework for considering the span of human history within the much larger age of the universe and planet Earth.

Fossils

The remains of an organism that have been preserved by a natural chemical process that turns them partially or wholly into rock. (page 158)

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; the feature of a cell that provides the genetic code for the organism. (page 162)

Paleogeneticist

Scientist who studies the past through the examination of preserved genetic material. (page 162)

Theory of evolution

The theory that biological adaptations in organisms occur in response to changes in the natural environment and develop in populations over generations. (page 162)

Creationism

A belief that God created Earth and all living creatures in their present form as recently as six thousand years ago. (page 164)

Intelligent design

An updated version of creationism that claims to propose an evidence-based argument to contradict the theory of evolution.

Mutation

A deviation from the standard DNA code.

Mutagen

Any agent that increases the frequency or extent of mutations.

Natural selection

The evolutionary process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those features in the population.

Gene migration

The movement of genetic material within a population and among diverse populations. (page 169)

Genetic drift

The process whereby one segment of a population is removed from the larger pool, thereby limiting the flow of genetic material between the two groups.

Species

A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring.

Bipedalism

The ability to habitually walk on two legs; one of the key distinguishing characteristics of humans and our immediate ancestors.

Oldowan tools

Stone tools shaped for chopping and cutting found in the Olduvai Gorge and associated with Australopithecus garhi.

Acheulian stone tools

Stone tools associated with Homo erectus, including specialized hand axes for cutting, pounding, and scraping

Neandertal

A late variety of archaic Homo sapien prevalent in Europe.

Multiregional continuity thesis

The theory that modern Homo sapiens evolved directly from archaic Homo sapiens living in regions across the world.

Out of Africa" theory

The theory that modern Homo sapiens evolved first in Africa, migrated outward, and eventually replaced the archaic Homo sapiens. Also called replacement theory.

Genetic adaptation

Changes in genetics that occur at a population level in response to certain features of the environment.

Developmental adaptation

The way in which human growth and development can be influenced by factors other than genetics, such as nutrition, disease, and stress.

Acclimatization

The process of the body temporarily adjusting to the environment.

Cultural adaptation

A complex innovation, such as fans, furnaces, and lights, that allows humans to cope with their environment.

Melanin

The pigment that gives human skin its color.

Race

A flawed system of classification, with no biological basis, that uses certain physical characteristics to divide the human population into supposedly discrete groups.

Racism

Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups. (page 197)

Genotype

The inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism’s physical form.

Phenotype

The way genes are expressed in an organism’s physical form as a result of genotype interaction with environmental factors. (page 200)

Colonialism

A system of economic, military, and political control of one country over another.

Miscegenation

A demeaning historical term for interracial marriage.

White supremacy

The belief that whites are biologically different and superior to people of other races. (page 215)

Jim Crow

Laws implemented after the U.S. Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery. (page 215)

Hypodescent

Sometimes called the ‘one drop of blood rule’; the assignment of children of racially ‘mixed’ unions to the subordinate group. (page 216)

Nativism

Favoring native inhabitants over new immigrants.

Eugenics

A pseudoscience attempting to scientifically prove the existence of separate human races to improve the population’s genetic composition by favoring some races over others.

Racialization

To categorize, differentiate, and attribute a particular racial character to a person or group of people.

Individual racism

Personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminatory actions based on race.

Institutional racism

Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems

Racial ideology

A set of popular ideas about race that allows the discriminatory behaviors of individuals and institutions to seem reasonable, rational, and normal. (page 225)

Ethnicity

A sense of historical, cultural, and sometimes ancestral connection to a group of people who are imagined to be distinct from those outside the group. (page 240)

Origin myth

A story told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a sense of common identity. (page 241)

Ethnic boundary marker

A practice or belief, such as food, clothing, language, shared name, or religion, used to signify who is in a group and who is not. (page 242)

Genocide

The deliberate and systematic destruction of an ethnic or religious group. (page 242)

Situational negotiation of identity

An individual’s self-identification with a particular group that can shift according to social location. (page 242)

Ethnic cleansing

Efforts by representatives of one ethnic or religious group to remove or destroy another group in a particular geographic area. (page 248)

Melting pot

A metaphor used to describe the process of immigrant assimilation into U.S. dominant culture. (page 253)

Assimilation

The process through which minorities accept the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups. (page 253)

Multiculturalism

A pattern of ethnic relations in which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture and yet retain an ethnic culture. (page 254)

State

A regional structure of political, economic, and military rule. (page 254)

Nation-state

A political entity, located within a geographic territory with enforced borders, where the population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny as a people. (page 254)

Nationalism

The desire of an ethnic community to create and/or maintain a nation-state. (page 255)

Imagined community

The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet. (page 255)

Gender studies

Research into the cultural construction of masculinity and femininity across cultures as flexible, complex, and historically and culturally constructed categories. (page 270)

Sex

The observable physical differences between male and female, especially biological expressions related to human reproduction. (page 271)

Gender

The expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes. (page 271)

Sexual dimorphism

The phenotypic differences between males and females of the same species. (page 271)

Cultural construction of gender

The ways humans learn to behave as a man or woman and to recognize behaviors as masculine or feminine within their cultural context. (page 273)

Gender performance

The way gender identity is expressed through action. (page 279)

Intersexual

An individual who is born with a combination of male and female genitalia, gonads, and/or chromosomes. (page 282)

Transgender

A gender identity or performance that does not fit with cultural norms related to one’s assigned sex at birth. (page 284)

Gender stratification

An unequal distribution of power and access to a group’s resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges based on gender. (page 292)

Gender stereotype

A preconceived notion about the attributes of, differences between, and proper roles for men and women in a culture. (page 293)

Gender ideology

A set of cultural ideas, usually stereotypical, about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification. (page 293)

Gender violence

Forms of violence shaped by the gender identities of the people involved. (page 297)

Structural gender violence

gendered societal patterns of unequal access to wealth, power, and basic resources such as food, shelter, and health care that differentially affect women in particular. (page 298)

Sexuality

The complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact and the cultural arena within which people debate about what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are right, appropriate, and natural. (page 311)

Heterosexuality

Attraction to and sexual relations between individuals of the same sex. (page 320)

Bisexuality

Attraction to and sexual relations with members of both sexes. (page 320)

Asexuality

A lack of erotic attraction to others. (page 320)

Sexual violence

Violence perpetuated through sexually related physical assaults such as rape. (page 335)

Sex tourism

Travel, usually organized through the tourism sector, to facilitate commercial sexual relations between tourists and local residents. (page 338)

Sex work

Labor through which one provides sexual services for money. (page 339)

Kinship

The system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities. (page 350)

Nuclear family

The kinship unit of mother, father, and children. (page 350)

Descent group

A kinship group in which primary relationships are traced through consanguine (‘blood’) relatives. (page 352)

Lineage

A type of descent group that traces genealogical connection through generations by linking persons to a founding ancestor. (page 352)

Clan

A type of descent group based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacking genealogical documentation. (page 352)

Affinal relationship

A kinship relationship established through marriage and/or alliance, not through biology or common descent. (page 360)

Marriage

A socially recognized relationship that may involve physical and emotional intimacy as well as legal rights to property and inheritance. (page 360)

Arranged marriage

Marriage orchestrated by the families of the involved parties. (page 361)

Companionate marriage

Marriage built on love, intimacy, and personal choice rather than social obligation. (page 362)

Polygyny

Marriage between one man and two or more women. (page 362)

Polyandry

Marriage between one woman and two or more men. (page 362)

Monogamy

A relationship between only two partners. (page 362)

Incest taboo

Cultural rules that forbid sexual relations with certain close relatives. (page 363)

Exogamy

Marriage to someone outside the kinship group. (page 364)

Endogamy

Marriage to someone within the kinship group. (page 364)

Bridewealth

The gift of goods or money from the groom’s family to the bride’s family as part of the marriage process. (page 365)

Dowry

The gift of goods or money from the bride’s family to the groom’s family as part of the marriage process. (page 365)

Family of orientation

The family group in which one is born, grows up, and develops life skills. (page 378)

Family of procreation

The family group created when one reproduces and within which one rears children. (page 378)

Class

A system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society’s resources. (page 395)

Egalitarian society

A group based on the sharing of resources to ensure success with a relative absence of hierarchy and violence. (page 396)

Reciprocity

The exchange of resources, goods, and services among people of relatively equal status; meant to create and reinforce social ties. (page 396)

Ranked society

A group in which wealth is not stratified but prestige and status are. (page 397)

Redistribution

A form of exchange in which goods are collected from the members of the group and reallocated in a different pattern. (page 398)

Potlach

Elaborate redistribution ceremony practiced among the Kwakiutl of the Pacific Northwest. (page 398)

Bourgeoisie

Marxist term for the capitalist class that owns the means of production. (page 400)

Means of production

The factories, machines, tools, raw materials, land, and financial capital needed to make things. (page 400)

Proletariat

Marxist term for the class of laborers who own only their labor. (page 400)

Prestige

The reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups. (page 402)

Life chances

An individual’s opportunities to improve quality of life and achieve life goals. (page 402)

Social mobility

The movement of one’s class position, upward or downward, in stratified societies. (page 402)

Social reproduction

The -phenomenon whereby social and class relations of prestige or lack or prestige are passed from one -generation to the next. (page 404)

Habitus

Bourdieu’s term to describe the self-perceptions and beliefs that develop as part of one’s social identity and shape one’s -conceptions of the world and where one fits in it. (page 404)

Cultural capital

The knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals can use to gain access to scarce and valuable resources in society. (page 404)

Intersectionality

An analytic framework for assessing how factors such as race, gender, and class interact to shape individual life chances and societal patterns of stratification. (page 406)

Income

What people earn from work, plus dividends and interest on investments, along with rents and royalties. (page 411)

Wealth

The total value of what someone owns, minus any debt. (page 413)

Caste

A closed system of stratification in a society. (page 430)

Achieved status

Social position established and changeable during a person’s lifetime. (page 430)

Ascribed status

Social position inherited, assigned at birth, and passed down from generation to generation with enforced boundaries. (page 430)

Dalits

Members of India’s ‘lowest’ caste; literally, ‘broken people.’ Also called ‘Untouchables.’ (page 431)

Leith Mullings argues that class cannot be studied in isolation but rather must be considered together with race and gender as interlocking systems of:

power

Which of the following individuals is among four key theorists of class and inequality who wrote in the nineteenth century and is likely the most widely read theorist of class?

karl marx

Karl Marx examined social inequality by distinguishing between which two distinct classes of people?

bourgeoisie and proletariat

Pierre Bourdieu worked to understand the relationship between class, culture, and power by examining which of the following phenomenon in schools?

social reproduction

For Bourdieu, which of the following concepts is defined as a set of common perceptions that shape expectations and aspirations and guide an individual in assessing his or her life chances and the potential for social mobility?

habitus

Given the poverty rates reported in the 2009 U.S. Census Bureau report, it is important to recognize that most of the nation’s poor are:

white and live in rural and suburban areas.

According to Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie consisted of a capitalist class of individuals who owned the means of:

production

In India’s caste system, the population is divided into how many different castes, or varna?

four

In ranked societies, positions of high prestige such as that of a chief are largely:

hereditary

Globalization has produced unprecedented opportunities for the creation of wealth:

but it has also produced widespread poverty worldwide.

Which of the following is defined as a closed system of social stratification in which members are organized into hierarchically ranked groups with unequal access to rewards and privileges based on ascribed status?

caste

India’s recent economic transformations are resulting in:

the development of new occupations and social mobility that are challenging the power of caste boundaries to maintain a system of stratification.

Archaeological evidence suggests that hierarchy, violence, and aggression:

emerged relatively recently in human history

Which of the following is a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of a society’s resources?

class

The unequal distribution of a society’s resources within a class system typically:

involves moving surpluses steadily upward into the hands of the elite.

According to Max Weber, the reputation, influence, and deference bestowed on certain people because of their membership in certain groups are called:

prestige

For a chief in a ranked society, his or her rank and status are reinforced through reciprocity and

generosity

Which of the following is a theory of poverty that considers poverty as pathology in that it is a result of an individual’s personal failings stemming from a combination of dysfunctional behaviors, attitudes, and values that make and keep the poor person poor?

culture of poverty

Anthropologists such as Setha Low have demonstrated that class is largely invisible in the United States due to which of the following actions carried out by portions of the population?

voluntary isolation

Patterns of reciprocity:

still exist, even in contemporary societies that base economic relations on the exchange of money for services.

Societies in which prestige and status are stratified but wealth is not are considered:

ranked

Karl Marx argued that capitalists increased their wealth by extracting the surplus labor value from which of the following?

workers

The movement of one’s class position-whether upward or downward-in stratified societies is called:

social mobility

Systems of stratification and power such as class:

are not intrinsic to human culture

Countries such as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark are among those that have explicitly worked to narrow stratification through high taxation of wealth and which of the following efforts?

generous social benefits

The work of which of the following more recent theorists has led anthropologists to reexamine class by analyzing the deep connections between class, race, and gender?

leith mullings

Theorist Pierre Bourdieu found that which of the following systems did not provide opportunities for social class mobility, but instead helped reproduce the social class relations that already existed?

educational

Efforts to establish more egalitarian systems of economic and social relations within highly stratified societies include which of the following communities?

hutterite

The income gaps between the highest earners and the lowest earners in the United States have:

increased substantially during the past five decades due to changes in the tax code and stagnating salaries.

Of all the systems of stratification and power in a society, which of the following is commonly the most difficult to see clearly and to discuss openly?

class

Proponents of poverty as a structural problem trace its roots to dysfunctional aspects of the:

economic systems

Hunger reflects growing global inequality and is a result of

the uneven distribution of food despite the sufficient amount of food available to feed the world’s poor.

Egalitarian societies depend on sharing which of the following in order to ensure group success?

resources

In the United States, an individual’s life chances are:

stratified by class as well as race and gender

Which of the following statements is true?

Wealth in the United States is even more unevenly distributed than income, and the gap continues to widen.

In ranked societies, the social rank of each member of the society is determined by:

heredity

For a chief in a ranked society, his or her rank and status are reinforced through reciprocity and:

generosity

Anthropologists trace the roots of which of the following patterns of social stratification to the rise of intensive agriculture and populous market

extreme stratification

Theorist Max Weber argued that analyzing emerging structures of stratification required an examination of which of the following?

power and prestige

Which of the following reveal the way power is distributed in a society?

income patterns

Stratification and inequality became:

more pronounced in industrialized capitalist economies over recent centuries, resulting in the concentration of wealth in the hands of fewer people.

Which of the following statements is true?

Class is rarely discussed in the United States and consequently is largely off the radar screen regarding public discourse.

anthropologists gregory mantsios contends that the media play a significant role in hiding class stratification in the united states by largely

ignoring class

As a ritual ceremony, the potlatch serves to establish social status not by wealth and power but by the prestige earned via a person’s capacity for which of the following?

generosity

Which of the following is a pattern of relationship in which group members equally share resources and responsibilities over time based on mutual exchange?

reciprocity

A historical term meant to belittle and vilify "mixed" marriages is:

miscegenation.

Individual thoughts and actions and institutional patterns and policies that create unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups are referred to as:

racism

What is described in the text as "an invisible package of unearned assets" that are the legacy of generations of racial discrimination?
Correct

white privilege

The way people actually look is the result of their genetic traits and the environment they live in. This is known as their:

phenotype

What is another name for the "one drop rule" that is used for determining race?

hypodescent

Which term refers to laws implemented after the US Civil War to legally enforce segregation, particularly in the South, after the end of slavery?

jim crow

The process that preserves an organism through a chemical process that turns it partially or wholly into rock is called:

fossilization

Around 15,000 yBP, modern Homo sapiens had left Asia and migrated to:

north and south america

Complex innovations that allow humans to cope with the environment are called:

cultural adaptations

A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offspring are called a:
Incorrect

species

Gene migration is defined as:

exchange of genes between populations.

A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups is described as a(n):

ethnicity

How long has the Iraqi ethnicity existed in the Middle East?

never

The process though which new immigrants and their children enculturate into the dominant national culture but retain a distinct ethnic culture is referred to as:

multiculturalism

What term was used in the past to describe a group of people but now refers to a country?

nation

The invented sense of connection and shared traditions that underlies identification with a particular ethnic group or nation whose members likely will never meet refers to the concept of:

imagined community

The process by which minorities adopt the patterns and norms of the dominant culture and cease to exist as separate groups is known as:

assimilation

Among the eight UN Millennial Goals, one that highlights gender issues specifically is to:

promote gender equality and empower women.

By studying the "fag discourse" in US schools, anthropologists have learned that:

girls can increase their status by performing masculine behavior.

Improved conditions across the globe indicate that the Millennial goal of achieving gender equality:

is in fact far from complete, even though conditions have improved somewhat.

Matthew Gutmann’s research in Mexico indicates that:

masculine identity is in flux and negotiable.

Ida Susser’s initial research focused on:

social change in Brooklyn (New York City).

Cross-cultural studies indicate that biology predicts:

the roles men and women play in a given culture.

More than 80 percent of victims of domestic violence in the United States:

are female

Which of the following does not factor into biological differences between men and women?

hair length

Sex tourists in the Dominican Republic are typically:

white European men.

Harvard-trained biologist and zoologist Alfred Kinsey’s study on human sexuality revealed which of the following?

a continuum of sexual behavior

Mati may engage in sexual relationships with:

men and women

________________ is a social scientist who wrote about the link between sexuality and power, describing the ways that sexuality is an arena in which appropriate behavior is defined, relations of power are worked out, and inequality and stratification are created, enforced, and contested.

Michel Foucault

DOMA, the Defense of Marriage Act, stated which of the following about marriage?

Marriage is the legal union between one man and one woman.

Heterosexuality in the United States:

is a relatively new invention, and not the historical norm.

The lives of European women living in the colonies were restricted in all EXCEPT which of the following gender-specific ways?

religious

The restudy of women’s role in the Trobriand Island exchanges indicated that:

women and men played complementary roles in the exchange of foods.

Anne Fausto-Sterling’s analysis of biological sexual identity identifies:

five sexes, including intersexuals

In the United States, ________ are those most subject to nonfatal intimate partner violence

women between the ages of 20 and 24

Gender ideology is defined as:

a set of cultural ideas about the essential character of different genders that functions to promote and justify gender stratification

The process through which a sense of gender becomes normative and seems natural is called

enculturation

Ida Susser’s approach to research on HIV prevention in South Africa exemplifies:

engaged anthropology

Early feminist anthropological studies focused on identifying:

the underlying roots of universal male dominance.

Through the Zar Cult of Sudan, women:

resisted subordination by speaking out while in a trance state.

Individuals whose culture identifies them as "neither man nor women" in India are called:

hijras.

Studies of physical differences indicate that:

human male and female bodies are more similar than different.

The "wedding industry" is which of the following?

the network of commercial activities and social institutions that market weddings in the United States

All of the women in Patty Kelly’s research in a brothel in Chiapas, Mexico, used the brothel as a way to do all of the following, EXCEPT:

work out unresolved childhood issues.

Which of the following is NOT a motivation that cultural anthropologist Denise Brennan lists for young, rural, poor Dominican women to migrate to towns like Sosua?

to have a vacation

Which of the following does NOT fit in the definition of sexuality in the text?

the public display of wealth to gain community status

Under the rules of machismo, the machista is considered:

a manly man

________is a gift exchange practice that helps stabilize a marriage by establishing a vested interest for both the groom’s and bride’s extended families in the success of the marriage.

bridewealth

Which of the following statements about kinship is true?

Kinship is the system that determines who is related to whom in a given society.

Looking cross-culturally, anthropologists argue that:

definitions of marriage vary across cultures and over time.

Which of the following refers broadly to actions and/or policies that use imagined differences between human groups to justify unequal access to power, resources, and opportunities? Choose the single best answer.

racism

The belief that whites are genetically different from, and intellectually superior to, other races is known as ____________.

white supremecy

President Barack Obama has a white mother from Kansas and a black father from Kenya. His race is commonly described as African American, or black. This is most closely an example of which term from Chapter 6?

hypodescent

________________ laws seek to prevent interracial marriage.
Incorrect

miscegenation

Early European settlers to North America believed themselves to be intellectually superior to Native Americans, and thus destined to rule them. This is an example of ______________.

racial ideology

Which of the following is an example of nativism?

policies providing more social services to native-born citizens than to immigrants

Which of the following can be seen by the naked eye?

phenotype

Biologically, we can categorize humans based on which of the following?

all of the above (skin color, hair texture, earwax type)

Which of the following is an example of colonialism?

the control of one country over another

Eugenics is a pseudoscience that arose in the late 1800s and maintained popularity in the early 1900s. It was an attempt to "measure" attributes such as intelligence in a way that proved the superiority of some races over others. What event was an outcome of eugenic practice?

the holocaust

"Middle Easterners" is a categorization that arose in popular American discourse after 9/11/2001. The creation of this categorization is known as _______________.
Correct

racialization

What percentage of DNA do all humans share in common?

99.9%

In which of the following areas do we see whiteness privileged in the United States?

all of the above (employment rate, criminal sentencing patterns, infant mortality, college enrollments)

The "invisible knapsack" refers to ________________.

a set of unearned advantages that white people retain in contemporary society

Which of the following are reasons why there is no biological basis for race?

all of these.. Racial categories existed in human societies before we had knowledge of genetics, and thus are based on cultural observation as opposed to genotypic reality.Because of rates of human interbreeding over the past 200,000 years, attempts to divide humans into biologically distinct categories require the creation of arbitrary, or "fuzzy," boundaries.Racial categories vary tremendously from one culture to the next.If we line up all humans and divide them into groups based on skin color, those groups would not align with existing racial categories.

Since there is no biological basis for race, we can argue which of the following?

Race must be based on ideas and observations separate from biology.

Which of the following pairs demonstrate the smallest amount of genetic difference?

two humans

According to the text, increased participation in the global economy means that many women who migrate from the global South find work as ________ in industrialized nations.

nannies

Rape of men and women was one of the most brutal and powerful ways that gender stratification was performed in:

the civil war of el salvador

Women who form intimate spiritual, emotional, and sexual relationships with other women in Paramaribo, Suriname, are called:

mati

________________ is a social scientist who wrote about the link between sexuality and power, describing the ways that sexuality is an arena in which appropriate behavior is defined, relations of power are worked out, and inequality and stratification are created, enforced, and contested.

micheal foucault

Sociologist Mignon Moore found that the intersection of ________ and ________ most impacted the identities of the women in her book Invisible Families (2011

race ; sexuality

Similar to membership in a family, citizenship in a nation-state derives mostly from:

birth and biology.

Which type of assisted reproductive technology involves the implantation of a woman’s egg that has been fertilized in a laboratory?

in vitro fertilization

Which type of marriage between two individuals is negotiated in order to form economic and political alliances between larger kinship groups?

arranged

Families and kinship networks have the power to provide support and to nurture, as well as to ensure reproduction of which of the following?

the next generation

Which of the following builds kinship ties between two people who are not typically immediate biological kin?

marriage

Which of the following types of marriage consists of one individual married to one other individual only (most commonly one man married to one woman)?

monogamy

Enculturation that takes place within a family shapes individuals’ lives:

outside of the household, including ways they think about gender roles, the division of labor, religious practices, warfare, politics, migration, and nationalism.

Clans that do not permit marriages within the group are considered:

exogamous

By collecting kinship data from cultures worldwide, early anthropologists found that:

there were only six different ways of organizing relatives.

Which of the following are the two primary forms of gift exchange that formalize and legalize marriages, while establishing a relationship tie or alliance between kinship groups?

bridewealth and dowry

The concept of kinship groups based chiefly on biological assumptions and the nuclear family consisting of solely a mother, a father, and their children is:

a euro-american ideal

Which of the following cultures has generally NOT constructed large social networks based on descent and kinship connections?

united states

The form of reproductive technology that involves the creation of genetically identical copies of cells or whole organisms is called:

cloning

Kinship includes:

biological descent and marriage alliances, but also practices such as fostering and fictive kin.

Which type of marriage between two individuals is negotiated in order to form economic and political alliances between larger kinship groups?

arranged

Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and the father?

ambilineal

Individuals learn basic patterns of human behavior from their families in a process termed:

enculturation

Ambilineal descent groups such as Samoans, Maori, and Hawaiians are sometimes referred to as:

cognatic descent groups.

Improved conditions across the globe indicate that the Millennial goal of achieving gender equality:

is in fact far from complete, even though conditions have improved somewhat.

The United States requires that individuals identify legally as:

either male or female

During the El Salvador civil war (1977-1992), the group Co-Madres emerged as a political force that initially formed as a group of:

mothers and relatives who demanded information about the missing.

An uneven distribution of power and access to resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges in which gender shapes who has access to a group’s resources, opportunities, rights, and privileges is known as gender:

stratification

In Kano, Nigeria, Rudolf Gaudio found that the code term for men who have sex with other men is:

masu harka.

Masu harka and yan daudu see homosexual behavior as:

compatible with marrying women and having families, and as compatible with their Muslim faith.

All of the women in Patty Kelly’s research in a brothel in Chiapas, Mexico, used the brothel as a way to do all of the following, EXCEPT

work out unresolved childhood issues

Which of the following commonly creates socially recognized relationships that may involve physical and emotional intimacy, sexual pleasure, reproduction and raising of children, mutual support and companionship, and shared legal rights to property and inheritance?

marriage

The incest taboo universally prohibits sexual relations:

between parents children and siblings

Which of the following statements about marriage is true?

Marriage occurs in every culture in some form, but its exact characteristics vary widely.

A patrilineal descent group traces kinships through which side of the family?

father’s

Cousins who are children of a mother’s brother or father’s sister are considered which type of cousins?

cross-cousins

Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the union of one man to two or more women?

polygyny

One way in which humans construct kinship groups is by tracking genealogical:

descent

Early anthropologists considered which of the following groups as key to understanding each culture’s economic, political, and religious dynamics?

descent groups

Which of the following forms of reproductive technologies involves a woman whose uterus has been implanted with a fertilized egg in which the egg has come from another woman?

surrogacy

When did life on Earth emerge?

3.5 billion years ago

If we imagine that each second represents one year, how long would it take us to count 4.5 billion seconds, representing the origin of Earth?

over 139 years

"The remains of an organism that have been preserved through a natural chemical process that turns them partially or wholly into rock" (page 158) is known as which of the following?

fossilization

Ernie studies rates of DNA mutations in order to determine the evolutionary history of specific organisms. Which of the following best describes his job title?

paleogeneticists

How old is the planet itself?

4.6 billion years old

deep time

an enormous timescale with which geologists and scholars of evolution must deal.

homo sapiens first emerged as a separate species

between 100 and 200 thousand years ago

The earliest identifiable human ancestor appeared

between 7 and 6 million years ago.

the earliest primates occurred between

65 and 55 million years ago

A deviation from the standard DNA code results in a squirrel being born with a longer, flatter tail that provides greater stability for climbing trees. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this example?

mutation

Individuals within a species of bird can have two possible types of head plumage: dull gray or bright red. A new predator moves into the birds? habitat, and finds it easier to spot and kill birds with the bright head plumage. A greater percentage of birds with dull gray head plumage emerge in subsequent generations. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this situation?

natural selection

Eric, who lives in Ohio, falls madly in love with Eva, who lives in Nairobi, Kenya. Eric moves to Kenya, marries Eva, has two kids, and lives happily ever after. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes the influence Eric?s genes have on the existing gene pool in Kenya?

gene migration

Citizens of Anytown wake up one morning to find their entire town encased in a large dome. They can still grow food, access water, and do all of the things that they need to do to survive, but their dating pool becomes newly restricted to only those inside the dome. Which of the following mechanisms of evolution best describes this situation as it applies to future generations of Anytowners?

genetic drift

Numerous fossil discoveries in the Awash River Valley have led the location to become known as the place "where it all began." In what country is this area located?

ethiopia

The argument that that modern Homo sapiens evolved first in Africa, migrated outward, and eventually replaced archaic Homo sapiens is known as:

the out of africa theory

__________ helps us achieve the proper amount of UV radiation, which is essential for the synthesis of __________, which we need to help us absorb __________.
A.vitamin D, melanin, calcium

melanin, vitamin D, calcium

Which of the following is the pigment that gives our skin color?

melanin

Physical evidence of human ancestors (and other forms of prehistoric life)

comes primarily from the fossil record.

Fossils consist of the remains of once-living organisms that have been preserved through

through a natural process whereby the organic tissue is replaced with minerals from the surrounding environment

Only a small fraction of living organisms

become fossilized

conditions that lead to fossilization

are rare and often not the whole creature becomes fossilized

larger and denser bones of the body

are more often found to be fossilized such as teeth, skulls, long bones, and pelvises

soft tissue, ribs, and bones of the hand

are not fossilized as often as denser parts of the body because these bones are too small and fragile to withstand the fossilization process

mtDNA is found only in your

mitochondria

four principle forces of evolution

mutation, natural selection, gene drift, gene flow

genus homo’s four principle traits

bipedalism, expanded brain complexity, global migration

global migration

Human beings, largely through their use of culture (particularly material culture) have expanded to all corners of the globe. No other species has been able to do that

what has made modern human successful at survival?

genetic adaption, developmental adaption, acclimization, cultural adaptation

lack of vitamin D can lead to

rickets in children and other diseases in adults, all of which can be fatal.

Over exposure to UV light

destroys folic acid, which is particularly important during fetal development

wealth =

income + asset -debt

The "man the hunter, woman the gatherer" debate is based on the idea that:

During the evolutionary process, male aggression became imprinted in human DNA

Inequalities of wealth, power, privilege, and access to resources, coupled with poor health

Structured gender violence

________ are key cultural institutions through which we learn what it means to be heterosexual.

weddings

In the gender-based violence against nonheterosexuals, ________ are especially vulnerable.

transgenders

Through the 1960s, the American Academy of Pediatrics attempted to manage the

Hormone therapy, surgery, and counseling

Which of the following statements about the mati of Suriname is true?

Mati regard sexuality as a flexible behavior rather than a fixed identity

Victims of gender-based violence are most likely to be assaulted:

in a residence

On average, human men weight ________ more than women.

15%

Mapping the global scope of diverse human sexual beliefs and behaviors is called the:

Ethnocartography of human sexuality

Anthropologist Patty Kelly found that men who visited the brothel in Chiapas were mostly:

local working class men

Which of the following factors would a cultural constructionist consider studying when investigating human sexuality?

a christian dating forum

The preferred term for individuals of an alternate gender in Native American cultures is:

two-spirits

The learned behaviors perceived as masculine or feminine are called:

cultural constructions

The discussion of machismo in Latin America in the text indicates that:

Conceptions of machismo and masculinity are variable and shifting

Sociologist Mignon Moore found that the intersection of _____ and _____most impacted the identities of the women in her book Invisible Families (2011).

race; sexuality

Nigerians do not regard homosexuality as:

an authentically african lifestyle

Which of the following is a descent group that is constructed through the mother’s side of the family?

matrilineal

Which of the following phenomenon is currently placing stress on kinship systems worldwide?

globalization

Discussions regarding same-sex marriage in the United States are a clear example of changing patterns of:

kinship

Changing patterns over time demonstrate that marriage, family, and kinship are cultural:

constructs

Both matrilineal and patrilineal patterns of descent build kinship groups through either one genealogical line (the mother’s side) or the other (the father’s side), which reflects which type of descent?

unilineal

Which of the following types of descent groups traces kinship through both the mother and father?

ambilineal

Most people in the world practice which type of descent as their primary strategy to track kin group membership?

patrilineal

First cousin marriages (between the children of two siblings) are legally prohibited:

in some states in the united states of america

Individuals in descent groups whose primary relationships are determined in the United States via "blood" relations are generally called which of the following types of relatives?

consanguineal

Which of the following is considered a general rule that forbids sexual relations with close relatives?

incest taboo

The Defense of Marriage Act passed by the U.S. Congress in 2004 forbids the federal government from recognizing which of the following?

same-sex marriages

Nation-states draw heavily on ideas of which of the following in order to create a sense of connection among very different people found within their national borders?

kinship and family

The incest taboo-rules that forbid sexual relations with close relatives such as siblings and parents is:

universal across all culture in the world

Artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, surrogacy, and cloning are four forms of which of the following types of technologies?

reproductive

The process by which an individual, whose marriage has ended due to divorce or death, remarries another individual is commonly called:

serial monogamy

__________ helps us achieve the proper amount of UV radiation, which is essential for the synthesis of __________, which we need to help us absorb __________.

melanin, vitamin D, calcium