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1. Anthropology has long studied the marginalized and remote segments of human society. Recently, a lot of research has begun to look at the upper segments of society, which can help us understand how the other marginalized groups come into being and exist at all. What is this process called? |
studying up |
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2. Archaeology, the study of cultures in the human past, focuses on what? |
any human material remains |
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3. Applying one’s own cultural standards of value, worth, and morality to another culture is called: |
Ethnocentrism. |
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4. Cultural anthropologists like to hang out with the people they are studying and ask lots of questions as the people work, celebrate, dance, or play games – sometimes joining in themselves. What is the term used for this research method? |
participant observation |
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5. What type of anthropologists explore all aspects of living human culture—from war and violence to love, sexuality, and child rearing—and look at the meanings that people from all over the world place on these things? |
cultural anthropologists |
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6. Human beings have long been migrant, moving themselves, their material goods, and even ideas from one part of the world to another. What makes this process, which is now called globalization, seem so different today than in the past? a. |
Intensification |
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7. What comprises all of the inherited genetic factors that provide the framework for an organism’s physical form? |
Genotype |
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8. Human beings are pretty much identical and share almost 99.9 percent of their DNA. Knowing this, we might understand the observable differences in body ratios—height versus width—that anthropologists have documented as a matter of ________. |
phenotype |
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9. The current argument over whether to build a wall between Mexico and the United States reflects, in part, what long-standing ideology that has informed how race is constructed and managed in the United States? |
Nativism |
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10. In terms of dominant cultural notions about what kinds of love is morally correct and natural, the recent changes in the United States around same-sex marriage are related to which earlier civil rights legal issue? |
miscegenation |
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11. Despite the initial racist attitudes directed toward Irish, Jewish, and Italian immigrants, these groups eventually "became white" through (quizlet) (also pg 137 of text) |
Intermarriage and upward mobility. |
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12. Patterns by which racial inequality is structured through key cultural institutions, policies, and systems are referred to as ________. |
institutional racism |
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13. When an individual acts on personal prejudiced beliefs and discriminates against someone based on imagined differences between them, this is referred to as what kind of racism? |
individual racism |
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14. A set of ideas about a group of people, such as: "Latina women are sexually promiscuous," or "All Arabs are terrorists," can make it seem natural and normal to discriminate against these groups. What type or aspect of racism is this? |
racist ideology |
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15. Some people from the Middle East have been considered "white" in the United States for some time, but since September 11, anyone with brown skin who seems foreign is now considered "different" and possibly an enemy. This is an example of ________. |
Racialization |
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16. In many countries, members of the dominant ethnic or racial group tend to favor other members of their own group, give them the benefit of any doubt, and take what they say more seriously. This is because the dominant group’s worldview and ways of talking, eating, worshipping, etc. are widely considered normal, natural, or ideal. In the United States, what do we call the invisible benefits of this normalization of the dominant racial group’s culture? |
white privilege |
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17. What do we call the British Empire’s military, economic, and political control over Malaysia? |
Colonialism |
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18. The story of Shellcracker Haven and how the local white residents were gradually disenfranchised from their lives and work because of their class status is a strong reflection of the tendency to do what to others? |
Stereotype |
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19. Sitting in your anthropology class helps you learn about culture through formal instruction. What informal learning process helps you learn culture from family, friends, and the media? |
Enculturation |
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20. Family gatherings that honor particular moments in our lives—weddings, special holidays, and so forth—are often sources of tension when different family members want to "change things up." As a facet of culture and how we learn it, this reminds us that culture is a shared experience. It also reminds us that culture is: |
constantly contested, negotiated, and changing. |
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21. When studying abroad, Shelby talks about the racial categories in the United States. Her new friends from Japan, Brazil, and Turkey all say her categories are incorrect. Each person has their own way of categorizing people by race. Shelby remembers from her anthropology class that racial categories are determined by: |
mental maps of reality |
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22. Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution (the notion that different cultures represent stages of development), instead suggesting that different cultures arise as the result of very different causes, and will vary widely. What do we call his approach? |
historical particularism |
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Norms are best described as: |
e. Ideas people in a society share about the way things ought to be done. |
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24. Margaret Mead’s (1901-1979) fieldwork in Samoa was controversial in part because she examined sexual freedom, and considered sex to be a matter of ________. |
Enculturation |
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25. Clifford Geertz argued that every cultural action is more than the action itself. It is also a symbol of deeper meaning, subject to interpretation. What key idea in anthropology did this important theoretical idea help promote? |
Symbols are a crucial means of understanding other cultures. |
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26. In his research conducted in the Trobriand Islands, Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) employed an early form of what type of anthropological theory? |
structural functionalism |
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27. What do anthropologists call the uneven distribution of resources and privileges, often along lines of gender, racial or ethnic group, class, age, family, religion, sexuality, or legal status? |
Stratification |
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28. Which of the following is defined as the ability to create consent and agreement within a population, sometimes unconsciously, by shaping what people think is normal, natural, and possible? |
Hegemony |
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29. Which of the following industries attempts to create a desire for goods and services? |
Advertising |
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30. What does Benjamin Whorf ‘s research with the Hopi, a Native American group in the southwestern United States, suggest about language? a. |
Language creates different ways of thinking. |
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31. Which component of any language refers to names, ideas, and events that offer a kind of catalogue of what is spoken and can be compiled into something accessible to others? |
Lexicon |
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32. A historical linguist would be most likely to study: |
the development of language over time, including its changes and variations. |
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33. What has the effort to preserve the Native American Lakota language, spoken by about 50,000 people in the United States, led to? |
There is a widespread integration of social media into the preservation effort. |
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34. Anthropologists have shown that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates are able to communicate about things not immediately present and events in the past or future. What aspect of human language does this describe? (pg 97 of textbook) |
Displacement |
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35. In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, signs posted in public view (such as for streets or restaurants) are required to show the words in French first, usually above English, and in larger type sizes. This reflects: |
the use of political power to control language use. |
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36. A group of people who share an idea of cultural and ancestral connection and who see themselves as distinct from people in other groups are described as a(n) ________. |
ethnic group. |
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37. What term is used to describe a political entity located within a geographic boundary with enforced borders whose population shares a sense of culture, ancestry, and destiny? |
Nation-state |
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38. Most ethnic groups establish traits that set them apart from others and identify members of their own group. Anthropologists call these ________. |
ethnic boundary markers |
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39. A story that is told about the founding and history of a particular group to reinforce a common sense of identity is called ________. |
origin myth |
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40. Carlos Murphy is from an Irish Mexican family, and he rides with pride on the Sons of Erin float in the St. Patrick’s Day parade and drinks horchata with his Mexican relatives the next day. In these two different ethnic activities, Carlos is: |
applying situational negotiation of identity. |
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41. Chinese immigrants began migrating to the US in the 1800s and despite the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (repealed in 1943), they and their descendants help compose the cultural, economic, and political fabric of the US. Many Chinese American communities continue to practice many aspects of traditional and contemporary Chinese culture. What concept does this illustrate? |
Multiculturalism |
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42. As European immigrant arrivals to the United States peaked in the mid-1900s, newcomers dispersed into cities and towns, often attempting to "blend in." This was in order to embrace their new lives, but it was also a way of trying to stay safe from prejudice and hatred. What term describes the result of this process of "blending in"? |
melting pot |
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43. What country only exists during the ninety minutes its team plays a soccer match? |
England |
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44. Babylon, Mesopotamia, and the "cradle of civilization" are all terms of historical importance we implicitly link to the nation of Iraq. Although this creates the sense that Iraq is an ancient nation-state, Iraq: |
has only existed since World War I. |
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45. Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent historical creations, our connection to people within these groups is relatively new, and our shared traditions are recently invented. In addition, most members will never meet each other. This allows us to observe that most nations today are ________. |
Imagined communities |
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46. Prior to 1800, the French were a scattered collection of groups that spoke different languages, celebrated different holidays and festivals, and practiced different religions. The development of schools, road systems, and a national language united them as French rather than as Gascons, Burgundians, and Parisians, which has resulted in what kind of social structure today? |
nation-state |
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47. The work of anthropologist Tone Bringa in Bosnia examines the underlying causes of the civil war in what was once called Yugoslavia. Similarly, scholar Mahmood Mamdami studied the Rwandan conflict. What characterized both cases? |
Genocide |
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48. In 2014, Scots voted in a referendum whether or not to make their nation an independent country, separate from the United Kingdom. Although the referendum was defeated, what particular sentiment were the Scots expressing by seeking independence? |
nationalism |
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49. As part of a territorial conflict in Bosnia, ethnic Croats expelled, imprisoned, or killed the Muslim people with whom they had lived peacefully for more than 500 years. What concept does this illustrate? |
Ethnic cleansing |
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50. What strategy did hunter-gatherer communities develop to enhance cooperation, generosity, and the sharing of resources? |
Egalitarianism |
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51. Small, kin-based groups that hunt and gather over a particular territory and constantly break up and reform in response to conflicts are referred to as what? |
Bands |
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52. Earlier anthropological analysis considered small-scale human groups in comparative isolation. We now understand that in the modern world, all bands, tribes, and chiefdoms must function how? |
within the influence of the state |
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53. The political structure of modern countries includes a central government that exercises complete political, military, and economic control of its territory. Modern countries are considered what kind of organization? |
State |
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54. In 1871, hundreds of principalities were united to form Germany. After defeat in World War I, Germany’s government was known as the Weimar Republic until the Nazis came to power in 1933. With the defeat of Nazi Germany, the country was divided into East and West during the Cold War, and finally reunited when the Soviet Union collapsed. Germany has existed in many forms, demonstrating what characteristic of states? |
They are uniquely constructed and constantly reshaped. |
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55. What can be accurately said about most of the states that exist in the world today? |
They did not exist prior to World War II. |
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56. In 1989, millions of Chinese stood up to their government in the Tiananmen Square protests. These protests, unfortunately, resulted in martial law and possibly the deaths of numerous Chinese citizens. What would an anthropologist suggest about what the Tiananmen Square protestors were doing? |
exercising their agency |
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57. Although the Nazi regime did use violence, the regime was also able to gain the cooperation of much of the populace who saw Nazi actions and programs as necessary and even reasonable. What is this kind of consensus an example of? |
Hegemony |
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58. When a civil society prepares for war, this preparation includes production of weapons and the glorification of war. What is this process called? |
Militarization |
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59. Even very powerful institutions do not completely dominate people’s lives and thinking. Individual and groups with relatively little power can contest powerful institutions, such as the state, because: |
systems of power, including the state, are never absolute. |
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60. What do we call the method by which social movements create shared meanings and definitions that motivate and justify collective action? |
framing process |
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61. In 2014, police in Ferguson, MO, shot and killed 18-year-old Michael Brown in an incident that evoked nationwide and international protest about issues of aggressive policing, police brutality, and anti-black racism. In the ensuing months, social media was employed to powerful effect using the hashtag #blacklivesmatter. The creation of the #blacklivesmatter hashtag helped galvanize support and is an example of what kind of action? |
framing process |
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62. The Occupy Wall Street movement was able to gain support by focusing on inequality with the motto "We are the 99 percent" and combining physical and digital elements of their protest. What is this is an example of? |
framing process |
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63. To resist the power of state institutions, some societies make use of different systems to settle issues that might normally go to the state court system. What are these systems known as? |
alternative legal structures |
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64. What surprising discovery did Carolyn Nordstrom make in her study of war and violence in Mozambique? |
c. The political violence of war can be resisted and defeated in the attending of daily matters. |
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65. What are we talking about when we refer to observable physical and biological differences between the male and female human reproduction systems? |
sex |
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66. The visible expression of sexual dimorphism between male-sexed and female-sexed individuals is referred to as what? |
phenotypical |
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67. Why are cross-cultural studies important for our understanding of sex and gender? |
They reinforce the idea that biology alone cannot predict the roles men and women play in a given culture. |
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68. What do we call the process through which certain understandings of gender (i.e., what it means to be a man or a woman) becomes normative and seems natural to us? |
cultural construction of gender |
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69. How do anthropologists describe the way individuals act out behaviors associated with masculine and feminine? |
gender performance |
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70. According to C. J. Pascoe, what is a primary component of the so-called fag discourse in U.S. high schools? |
the enforcement of masculinity |
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71. What does anthropologist Matthew Gutmann’s research in Mexico indicate? |
Masculine identity is in flux and negotiable. |
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72. Female bodybuilders go to a great deal of effort to shape their physiques in a manner that is highly similar to their male bodybuilder counterparts. What do these female bodybuilders demonstrate about sexual dimorphism? |
Male and female bodies are much more similar than different. |
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74. Anne Fausto-Sterling’s analysis of biological sexual identity identifies how many different sexes? |
five |
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75. In India, what are individuals who are identified as "neither man nor woman" called? |
Hijras |
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76. Home is often considered the domain of women, while men go to work. Although this idea has changed dramatically in many places in the past several decades, it remains a common theme. How does anthropologist Michele Rosaldo see male and female gender roles? |
Gender roles are often split between private and public spheres. |
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77. Who formed the group CO-MADRES during El Salvador’s civil war (1977-1992)? |
mothers and relatives demanding information about missing individuals |
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78. Which of these best describes sexuality? |
desires, beliefs, and behaviors related to erotic physical contact and cultural ideas about these desires, beliefs, and behaviors |
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79. How did Margaret Mead’s work contribute to a greater understanding of human sexuality? |
Her work challenged the assumption that U.S. attitudes toward sexuality were universal traits fixed in human nature. |
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80. Why do contemporary anthropologists study sexuality? |
They study sexuality in order to provide a better understanding of the diverse expressions of sexuality worldwide. |
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81. The stereotype that men have an excessive, sometimes abusive, sex drive is often blamed on testosterone. In light of this, what does physical anthropologist Helen Fisher believe is important to note about this neurochemical? |
Testosterone is found in both men and women. |
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82. According to contemporary cultural anthropologists, why do humans in most cultures seem to engage in sexual activity? |
They do it mostly for pleasure. |
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83. Which of the following statements about the mati of Suriname is correct? |
Mati regard sexuality as a flexible behavior rather than a fixed identity. |
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84. Mapping the global scope of diverse hum |
a reexamination of what seems "normal" |
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85. Human beings have a libido—a degree of sexual and erotic drive—that varies widely. Which term refers to individuals with no erotic interest in others? |
asexuals |
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86. The work of early sexologists such as Kinsey tended to reinforce the idea of heterosexuality. In spite of this, what was one of the surprising results that Kinsey and his research revealed about sexual behavior in the United States? |
Fantasies and same-sex attraction were much more common than expected. |
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87. Cultural and governmental institutions define the age of consent, how marriage and divorce can be obtained, and reproductive rights such as abortion. In regulating these things, what are cultural and government institutions attempting to do? |
control sexuality by regulating who can do what with whom and when they can do it |
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88. Some studies have found that 61 percent of men believe women give consent non-verbally through body language, though only 10 percent of women say they give consent through body language cues. To which issue are these finds related? |
d. the need for improved consent policies and social conventions advocating "only yes means yes" |
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89. Which of the following terms is defined as the system of meaning and power that cultures create to determine who is related to whom and to define their mutual expectations, rights, and responsibilities? a. |
kinship |
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90. The concept of kinship groups is often based on the idea that a nuclear family consists of a mother, a father, and their children. What kind of model is this? |
a Euro-American ideal |
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91. For most individuals in descent groups in the United States, their relationship is based on consanguinity. What is the basis of this consanguineal relationship? |
blood |
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92. What do anthropologists call descent groups based on a claim to a founding ancestor but lacking genealogical documentation? |
clans |
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93. Both matrilineal and patrilineal patterns of descent build kinship groups through either one genealogical line (the mother’s side) or the other (the father’s side). What anthropological concept does this reflect? |
Unilineality |
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94. The parents of an upper-class family in Connecticut (US) send their two children to a private boarding school and, later, to an elite college. Both children marry other members of the upper class, who they met at school. Their parents encouraged what kind of an arranged marriage? |
Endogamous |
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95. Although some kinship relationships are established through biology or common descent, others are established through marriage. What do anthropologists call relationships established through marriage and/or alliance? |
Affinal |
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96. Which of the following types of marriage specifically involves the marital union of one woman to two or more men? |
Polyandry |
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97. What is true about the incest taboo forbidding sexual relations with close relatives such as siblings and parents? |
It is universal across all cultures in the world. |
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98. While the notion of a romantic marriage predominates thinking in the United States, what is another common reason for marriage prevalent in other countries? |
to create a strategic alliance |
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99. All of us are born or adopted into a family. When we make a choice to leave this natal family and choose a mate in order to have children, what kind of family are we becoming part of? |
family of procreation |
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100. What is true about systems of class and inequality? |
They create an unequal distribution of a society’s resources. |
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101. The increasing concentration of wealth into the hands of a smaller number of persons, in part due to globalization, is part of which accelerating process? |
Stratification |
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102. Egalitarian societies depend on sharing which of the following in order to ensure group success? |
Resources |
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103. The advent of agriculture as a primary means of subsistence signaled a change in what aspect of human social structures? |
a decline in the number of egalitarian societies |
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104. In a ranked society, what two characteristics are stratified? |
prestige and status |
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105. Karl Marx examined social inequality by distinguishing between which two distinct classes of people? |
bourgeoisie and proletariat |
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106. According to Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie consisted of a capitalist class of individuals who owned what part of society? |
means of production |
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107. Your best friend, who has recently graduated with honors from Harvard University, arrives at a party you are hosting. Despite being a total stranger to all of the guests, your friend is surrounded almost constantly by others throughout the entire evening. How would a theorist like Max Weber analyze this situation? |
Your friend enjoys high prestige due primarily to the affiliation with a high-prestige university. |
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108. What do we call the movement, both upward and downward, of one’s class position in a society? |
social mobility |
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109. Pierre Bourdieu worked to understand the relationship between class, culture, and power by studying schools in France with the expectation of finding that social mobility was the result of meritocracy. What did he discover instead? |
Social relations and rates of mobility were reproduced across generations. |
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110. Carmen’s parents enroll her in AP Honors French, where the content of the class is more academically demanding than the general French class. They also provide Carmen with a comfortable home in a safe neighborhood. And, they spend their summer vacation in France and hire a tutor to help Carmen study for the AP Honors French test. Carmen receives high marks and praise from her teachers. What would Pierre Bourdieu say is a major factor in Carmen’s success? |
cultural capital |
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111. The work of anthropologist Leith Mullings has examined the connections between class, race, and gender, which contributed to the development of which useful analytical framework? |
intersectionality |
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112. Aside from access to financial resources, anthropological research suggests that the following most influences an individual’s life chances: |
access to social resources such as education |
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113. What do we call the total value of what someone owns, including stocks, bonds, and real estate, minus any debt? |
Wealth |
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114. The culture of poverty theory suggests that poverty is the result of an individual’s dysfunctional behaviors, attitudes, and values. Anthropologists have strongly challenged this idea, arguing that poverty is a structural problem. What do they say this results from? |
It results from dysfunctional aspects of the entire economic system. |
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115. According to the United Nations, what is the global distribution of wealth and income? |
Half of the planet’s wealth is held by 2 percent of the world population, and 75 percent of the world total income is received by 20 percent of the population. |
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116. Groups of humans adapt to their environment in order to use the available resources to satisfy their needs and flourish. What do anthropologists call this cultural adaptation? |
the economy |
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117. Which of the following has the greatest carrying capacity? |
industrial agriculture |
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118. Generalized reciprocity—the exchange of goods and services among those of relatively equal status—provides a means to share resources. What other significant function does it serve? |
It helps build social ties. |
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119. In the United States, what form of economic system is taxation? |
redistribution |
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120. As a result of the China-Europe trade imbalance, European nations sought to acquire needed resources in order to participate fully in the world economy of that time. The major advantage they had—advanced weaponry and strong military strategies—resulted in what lasting legacy? |
Colonialism |
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121. What major event set the stage for the end of European colonialism? |
World War II |
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122. Critics of modernization suggest that underdevelopment is the result of postcolonialism, and that poor countries today cannot participate in the global economy (and remain on the periphery) because the global economy is structured to extract and transfer___________ from them to developed nations? |
resources/ raw materials |
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123. Henry Ford is known for the introduction of the assembly line and the Model T. As his manufacturing effort expanded, however, he also adopted an attitude that came to be known as Fordism. What was one of the central tenets in his system? |
a. Workers should earn higher wages and work shorter hours, creating a new pool of consumers with the income and leisure to purchase a car. |
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124. What argument did Keynes advance about how capitalism works best? |
Government must reign in the excesses of capitalism. |
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125. The position that the free market and free trade, rather than the state, are the main mechanisms for ensuring economic growth is associated with which theorist? |
Adam Smith |
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126. Which of these are requirements faced by governments receiving structural adjustment loans (SAPs) under neoliberal economic policies? |
privatize state-owned enterprises |
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127. Which of the following does the text identify as a success the global economy has achieved in the past sixty years? |
Infant mortality rates have dropped by more than 60 percent. |
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128. Currently, the world is consuming natural resources at double the rate required to maintain sustainable levels. What problem does this illustrate about the sustainability of the current global economy? |
The human ecological footprint is too large. |
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129. In the past several decades, many companies have made effective use of flexible accumulation—the strategy used by transnational corporations to maximize profits. Following this, what is one of the reasons that a company like Wal-Mart has grown in both size and profit? |
It has more than 7,000 factories overseas that manufacture products for the company. |
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130. On what basis do people often make sense of the world, reach decisions, and organize their lives? |
their religious beliefs |
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131. Whether studying a small temple in a remote village or the most famous Catholic cathedral in Rome, anthropologists try to convey each religion’s sense of moral order, dynamic public expressions, and: |
interactions with other systems of meaning and power |
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132. The diversity of local religious expressions complicates anthropologists’ efforts to develop: |
a universal definition of religion |
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133. Which of the following is a person who sacrifices his or her life for the sake of his or her religion? |
Martyr |
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134. In Japan, the second Monday of January is a national Coming of Age Day. Young people who have turned 20 years old in the past year wear traditional clothing, attend ceremonies in local government offices, and celebrate at parties afterwards. Coming of Age Day is an example of: |
a rite of passage |
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135. French sociologist Emile Durkheim developed the notion of a fundamental dichotomy between which of the following sets of ideas that has been used by anthropologists in examining religion? |
sacred and profane |
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136. The upheaval brought about by the Industrial Revolution led to profound changes in the nature of production and labor as well as the displacement of people as they sought out ways to make a living in the face of these changes. When French sociologist Emile Durkheim observed all of this, what did he call it? |
anomie |
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137. In many cultures, the first menstruation in women is seen as a powerful marker of womanhood and is frequently marked by ritual. In some cases, the young woman is separated from the larger social cohort and left in a state of isolation that may provide a time for reflection. According to anthropologist Victor Turner, what is this stage in the ritual process called? |
liminality |
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138. Your college experience leads eventually to your graduation, a ritual process that ushers you into the "real world" where you are expected to find a job and be a productive member of the larger society. In the model of ritual that Victor Turner describes, what does this entirety of your experience, including the graduation ceremony itself, help to promote? |
Communitas |
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139. The text describes the Muslim saint shrine of Husain Tekri and how people of many different faiths come to the shrine for healing rituals. The people traveling to the shrine are: |
making a pilgrimage |
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28. Which of the following individuals believed that ideas can be just as powerful as economics in shaping society? |
Max Weber |
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30. When Max Weber envisioned an evolution of rationalization in religion, what did he suggest it might result in at the end? |
rational religion based on legal codes of conduct |
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140. Seo-yun is a mudang in South Korea. In her community, she acts as an intermediary between spirits or gods and the human world through rituals, songs, and ancestor worship. When she is not doing that, she lives a typical life. Which term best describes Seo-yun? |
Shaman |
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141. E. E. Evans-Pritchard conducted fieldwork among the Azande and rebuffed Max Weber’s earlier assertion that science and modernization would lead to the decline of magic. What was a key element of magic highlighted by Evans-Pritchard’s work? |
Magic is rational. |
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142. George Gmelch discovered that baseball players who use a particular ritual, such as touching the bill of their cap every time they are up to bat, believe what about good magic? |
Good magic is contagious. |
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143. According to Talal Asad, how did the cross, the Torah, and the cow gain their symbolic power? |
through complex historical and social developments |
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144. Football, a popular sport in the United States, has been linked to brain injuries. Why might anthropologists be interested in the study of brain injuries in football players? |
to better understand the relationship between health and culture |
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145. While conventional wisdom attributes good health to good nutrition, exercise, sleep, proper sanitation, and avoiding smoking, medical anthropologists consider many other factors when looking at health. What is one critical aspect of health that is often overlooked? |
inequality |
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146. What does the study of ethnomedicine focus on? |
the comparative study of local systems of health and healing |
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9. How do anthropologists define biomedicine? |
a practice that seeks to apply the principles of the natural sciences |
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12. How do medical anthropologists distinguish between disease and illness? |
as a natural entity versus personal experience |
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13. From the anthropological perspective, an individual patient’s experience of sickness is considered to be what? (pg 396 of textbook) |
culturally defined |
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147. In Tibet, there are about 200 traditional healers known as amchi who provide health care. What is their system of health care based on? |
achieving balance between body and spirit in the individual |
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148. What is one important part of medical treatment that the biomedical model overlooks? |
social experiences as a component of disease |
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149. Anthropologists have recognized that Western biomedicine draws heavily on: |
Enlightenment values |
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150. Anthropologist and physician Paul Farmer found rural Haitian residents experiencing very high rates of malnutrition, dysentery, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Many of these residents were water refugees due to the construction of a hydroelectric dam that had flooded their valley. This problem underlines the difficulty of providing adequate health care in the face of ________.
d. |
socioeconomic inequality |
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151. What are illness narratives? |
the personal stories that people tell to explain their illness |
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152. From the perspective of a medical anthropologist, all medical systems are based in a particular local cultural reality and therefore constitute a form of what? |
Ethnomedicine |
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153. We are taught that antibacterial soaps and cleaning products that completely eliminate germs on surfaces and food are essential to good health. Why is this approach now under scrutiny? |
We have begun to understand human microbiomes. |
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154. What is meant by a "health transition?" |
the significant, but uneven, improvements in human health made over the course of the twentieth century |
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155. The complete collection of microorganisms in the body’s ecosystem is referred to as what? |
microbiome |
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