Anatomy Chapter 25

spermatogonia

Identify the spematogenic cells found in the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule. a) secondary spermatocyte b) spermatogonia c) primary spermatocyte d) spermatid

haploid

Oogenesis and spermatogenesis both involve the chromosomal-reduction divisions of meiosis, which takes the gametes from the full complement of chromosomes to the__________ number of chromosomes.

accumulation of fat in breasts

Breast enlargement at puberty is due to __________. a)development of the glandular structure of the breasts b) accumulation of fat in the breasts c) reactivation of the embryonic milk lines d) development of the sebaceous glands located close to the areola

an enzyme that turns off the mother’s T lymphocytes, which prevents her immune system from rejecting the fetus

The syncytiotrophoblast secretes which of these substances during pregnancy? a) androgens b) oxytocin c) an enzyme that turns off the mother’s T lymphocytes, which prevents her immune system from rejecting the fetus d) luteinizing hormone (LH)

cervical cancer

A cancer that is often caused by a human papilloma virus is __________. prostate cancer testicular cancer ovarian cancer breast cancer cervical cancer endometrial cancer

spermatogonia divide by mitosis; each division produces two daughter cells

During stage 1 of spermatogenesis __________. a) spermatocytes gain motility b) spermatozoa differentiate into spermatids c) newly formed sperm detach from the epithelium of the seminiferous tubule and enter the lumen of the tubule d) spermatogonia divide by mitosis; each division produces two daughter cells e) spermatocytes undergo meiosis

cremaster

The__________ muscles are responsible for elevating the testes.

It prevents escape of membrane antigens of differentiating sperm through the basal lamina and into the blood, where they would activate the immune system.

What is the importance of the blood-testis barrier? a) It ensures that sperm remain isolated from ova until a mature ovum has reached an appropriate fertilization location in the female reproductive tract. b) It forms a continuous barrier between sustentocytes and developing spermatocytes to prevent cross-contamination of genetic material. c) It prevents escape of membrane antigens of differentiating sperm through the basal lamina and into the blood, where they would activate the immune system. d) It prevents spermatids from being released from the seminiferous tubule in an immature state.

clitoris

The__________ is homologous to the penis, having both a glans and a body.

a surge of luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary gland

The primary hormonal stimulus for ovulation is ______. a) shedding of the endometrium b) the formation of the corpus luteum c) a surge of luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary gland d) growth of the follicle stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone

testes cords

In male embryos, the__________ , or the future seminiferous tubules, grow from the gonadal surface into the inner part of the gonad beginning week 7.

is excess serous fluid in the scrotum.

A hydrocele a) occurs in females only. b) is excess serous fluid in the scrotum. c) is a series of varicosities of the pampiniform plexus. d) is a sac filled with intestines that have pushed through the abdominal wall.

corpora cavernosa

dorsally located columns of erectile tissue that comprise most of the mass of the penis a) corpus spongiosum b) ejaculation c) corpora cavernosa d) glans penis

corpus spongiosum

midventral erectile tissue of the penis that surrounds the spongy urethra a) erection b) glans penis c) corpus spongiosum d) crura of the penis

ejaculation

under sympathetic control a) glans penis b) crura of the penis c) ejaculation d) corpus spongiosum

erection

under parasympathetic control a) erection b) ejactulation c) corpus spongiosum d) corpora cavernosa

glans penis

enlarged distal end of the corpus spongiosum a) crura of the penis b) corpora cavernosa c) glans penis d) erection

crura of the penis

proximal ends of the corpora cavernosa; anchored to the pubic arch of the bony pelvis a) glans penis b) erection c) corpus spongiosum d) crura of the penis

they are the site of sperm manufacture

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules? a) They assist in transferring heat from arterial blood, cooling it before the blood enters the testes. b) They secrete the fluid that cleanses the urethra just before ejaculation. c) They are the site of sperm manufacture. d) They are the location where sperm gain motility and the ability to fertilize an ovum.

They are both compound tubuloalveolar glands.

In what way are the prostate and the bulbourethral glands similar? a) Their secretions contain substances that enhance sperm motility and enzymes that clot semen. b) Their secretions are important in screening men for cancer. c) They are both compound tubuloalveolar glands. d) They have a honeycomb pattern in cross section and their epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

All these cells participate in spermatogenesis.

What is true of all spermatogenic cells? a) All these cells participate in spermatogenesis. b) They are haploid (n). c) They secrete testosterone. d) They are diploid (2n).

secreting testosterone

Which of the following is NOT a function of sustentocytes? a) secreting testosterone b) phagocytizing cytoplasm shed by spermatids c) conveying nutrients to spermatogenic cells d) secreting testicular fluid e) secreting inhibin

60 / fructose, prostaglandins, substances that enhance sperm motility

The secretion of the seminal vesicles makes up about __________% of the volume of semen, and the secretion contains __________. a) 25â€"30 / substances that clot and then liquefy semen b) 20 / substances that allow a sperm to fertilize an egg c) less than 5 / mucus that neutralizes traces of urine from the urethra d) 60 / fructose, prostaglandins, substances that enhance sperm motility

5 – 2 – 8 – 6 – 4 – 1 – 10 – 7 – 9 – 3

Identify the correct list of reproductive organs that spermatozoa pass through after they are produced in seminiferous tubules, ending just before they exit the body at the external urethral orifice. Use this numbered key to make your choice. 1. ampulla of ductus deferens 2. testis 3. spongy urethra 4. ductus deferens 5. straight tubule 6. duct of the epididymis 7. prostatic urethra 8. efferent ductile 9. membranous urethra 10. ejaculatory duct a) 2 – 5 – 6 – 8 – 1 – 4 – 10 – 9 – 7 – 3 b) 4 – 2 – 5 – 8 – 1 – 6 – 7 – 10 – 9 – 3 c) 1 – 2 – 8 – 4 – 1 – 10 – 6 – 7 – 9 – 3 d) 5 – 2 – 8 – 6 – 4 – 1 – 10 – 7 – 9 – 3

tunica albuginea

The fibrous capsule of the testis, also referred to as "white coat," is referred to as the __________.

stereocilia

The luminal surface of the epithelium in the duct of the epididymis bears long microvilli called .

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Production and secretion of testosterone by interstitial cells is hormonally regulated by __________. a) androgen-binding protein b) inhibin c) luteinizing hormone (LH) d) the interstitial cells themselves e) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

20 days / they can swim and fertilize anovum through the acrosomal reaction

The journey through the epididymis takes sperm about __________ and by the end of that process, __________. a) 75 days / one primary spermatocyte has developed into four spermatids b )20 days / they can swim and fertilize anovum through the acrosomal reaction c) 30 seconds / sperm are ejaculated with semen d) 15 minutes / they have been nourished by the secretions of the seminal vesicles and prostate gland

foreskin

Circumcision of male babies involves removal of the__________ .

prostaglandins

__________ , secreted by the seminal vesicles, stimulate contraction of the uterus and help propel sperm through the male reproductive tract. prostaglandins

spermiogenesis

The process in which spermatids differentiate into sperm is called__________ .

transversus abdominis

The deep inguinal ring is an opening in the fascia deep to which abdominal muscle? rectus abdominis internal oblique external oblique transversus abdominis

ductus deferens

Tubular organ that is transected during a vasectomy. ductus deferens epididymis rete testis pampiniform plexus spermatic cord

dartos muscle

Involuntary contraction of this smooth muscle layer wrinkles and thickens the walls of the scrotum to prevent heat loss. cremaster muscle dartos muscle tunica albuginea internal spermatic fascia tunica vaginalis

rete testis

Tubules that connect testicular lobules with the efferent ductules of the epididymis. rete testis straight tubules pampiniform plexus ductus deferens seminiferous tubules

interstitial

Type of cell in the testes that produces testosterone. interstitial spermatogonium primary spermatocyte spermatid sustentocytes

epididymis

Sperm become motile in the epididymis. ductus deferens. seminiferous tubules. prostate

the testis

Which of the following is the primary sex organ in the male? the prostate the epididymis the testis the penis

seminiferous tubule to straight tubule to rete testis to efferent ductule.

The correct sequence of sperm-transporting tubules that transport spermatozoa to the epididymis is the a) seminiferous tubule to rete testis to straight tubule to efferent ductule. b) seminiferous tubule to straight tubule to rete testis to efferent ductule. c) seminiferous tubule to efferent ductule to straight tubule to rete testis. d) seminiferous tubule to rete testis to efferent ductule to straight tubule.

help cool blood

The function of the pampiniform plexus of veins is to a) form the outer wall of the spermatic cord. b) help prevent hernias. c) form hydroceles. d) help cool blood.

testicular artery

All of the following are adaptations for keeping the testes cool except the a) cremaster and dartos. b) testicular artery. c) pampiniform plexus of veins. d) descent of the testes into the scrotum before birth.

are glands that secrete most of the volume of the semen.

The seminal vesicles a) are glands that secrete most of the volume of the semen. b) empty into the epididymis. c) store sperm. d) secrete digestive enzymes when cancerous.

myoid

Which testicular cells help deliver sperm to the epididymis by contracting rhythmically? sustentocytes type A spermatocytes interstitial myoid

always enter the inguinal canal.

Inguinal hernias a) are signs of old age and almost never congenital. b) always reach the scrotum. c) always enter the inguinal canal. d) occur with equal frequency in males and females.

alter the position of the testes in the scrotal sac with increases in ambient temperature

The function of the cremaster muscle is to a) maintain erection in both sexes. b) increase intra-abdominal pressure during childbirth. c) squeeze semen from the urethra during ejaculation. d) alter the position of the testes in the scrotal sac with increases in ambient temperature.

four

By undergoing meiosis, each primary spermatocyte ultimately gives rise to how many sperm cells? two eight four billions

efferent ductile

Of the following tubes, which is the only one that lies partly outside the testis? rete testis efferent ductule seminiferous tubule tubulus rectus

corpus cavernosum

Which of the following organs does not contribute secretion(s) during the male sexual response? bulbourethral glands seminal vesicles prostate corpus cavernosum

erectile bodies filling with blood

Erection is caused by a) erectile bodies filling with blood. b) a jointed bone in the penis that unfolds. c) impulses from the sympathetic nervous system. d) the penis filling up with semen that is about to be ejaculated

testicular fluid moved by cilia and smooth muscle cells.

Sperm are moved into the epididymis from the testis by a) suction. b) gravity. c) testicular fluid moved by cilia and smooth muscle cells. d) swimming under their own power.

fascia layer deep to the transversus abdominis muscle.

The deep inguinal ring is formed by a) cremaster muscle. b) fascia layer deep to the transversus abdominis muscle. c) extension of the external oblique muscle. d) extension of the internal oblique muscle.

the tight junctions between sustentocytes.

The structural basis of the blood-testis barrier is a) the basal lamina around the seminiferous tubules. b) the endothelial cells of the continuous (nonfenestrated) capillaries that supply the seminiferous tubules. c) the thick basal lamina around the capillaries that supply the seminiferous tubules. d) the tight junctions between sustentocytes.

secretion of testosterone.

All of the following are functions of the sustentocytes in the seminiferous tubules except a) secretion of testosterone. b) secretion of testicular fluid. c) phagocytosis of excess cytoplasm from spermatids during spermiogenesis. d) secretion of androgen-binding protein.

23

The typical (diploid) cells of the body have 46 chromosomes; how many chromosomes does each gamete have? 46 46 pairs 184 23

superficial inguinal ring

All of the following are located within the spermatic cord except the testicular artery. pampiniform plexus. superficial inguinal ring. ductus deferens.

false

The spermatic cord is another name for the ductus deferens. True False

true

Sustentocytes support developing sperm and form a blood-testis barrier. True False

false

Spermatogonia are located near the lumen of seminiferous tubules. True False

false

The ejaculatory ducts are formed by the union of the ductus deferens and urethra. True False

false

Seminiferous tubules are the site of sperm storage. True False

It is a network of enlarged veins that exert pressure on the arterial flow to the scrotum.

A varicocele is a varicose vein in the venous plexus of the scrotum, the pampiniform plexus. What are the clinical implications of a varicocele? a) It is an enlarged vein that promotes the flow of venous blood to the superior vena cava. b) It is a network of enlarged veins that exert pressure on the arterial flow to the scrotum. c) It is a varicose vein that disrupts venous return from the penis. d) It is an enlarged vein that inhibits the flow of venous blood to the penis.

Microsurgical techniques make it possible to reverse vasectomies in some cases.

Which of the following statements regarding a vasectomy is correct? a) The ductus deferens is usually severed along with the testicular vein in a routine vasectomy. b) The sperm are no longer produced and fertilization of the female egg is prevented. c) A vasectomy involves an incision in the scrotum and transection of the testicular vein. d) Microsurgical techniques make it possible to reverse vasectomies in some cases.

He has an inguinal hernia; there is a weakening in the abdominal wall and abdominal contents such as coils of intestine protrude into the inguinal canal.

John Frances works for the Acme Moving company. Recently he complained of a sharp pain in groin region especially when lifting heavy objects. What clinical condition does he have? a) He has varicose veins, and the increased pressure causes pain in the groin region. b) He has a hiatal hernia; abdominal contents are forced thru a wreaking in the abdominal wall. c) He has angina; there is reduced blood flow to the heart resulting in ischemic pain. d) He has an inguinal hernia; there is a weakening in the abdominal wall and abdominal contents such as coils of intestine protrude into the inguinal canal.

It can lead to urinary retention, continual dribbling of urine, and urinary tract infections.

What is benign prostatic hyperplasia? a) It is uncontrolled cancerous growth of cells in the prostate gland? b) It can lead to urinary retention, continual dribbling of urine, and urinary tract infections. c) A digital exam can be used to determine if the prostate is enlarged by inserting a finger into the anal canal, and palpating the scrotum. d) It is associated with enlargement, due to the prostate gland and constriction of the prostatic ureter.

It is a controversial procedure.

Circumcision is surgical removal of the foreskin. Which of the following statements about circumcision is correct? a) It reduces the risk of ovarian cancer. b) It is a controversial procedure. c) It is performed to reduce infection of the root of the penis. d) It is typically performed at puberty.

corpus luteum

granulosa and theca cells that remain after ovulation; secretes estrogens and progesterone a) secondary follicle b) thecca folliculi c) corpus luteum d) zona pellucida

secondary follicle

first follicle to have a well-defined antrum; comprised of stratified epithelium a) Graafian follicle b) primordial follicles c) corpus luteum d) secondary follicle

Graafian follicle

contains a secondary oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida and corona radiata a) Graafian follicle b) zona pellucida c) primordial follicles d) corpus luteum

theca folliculi

connective tissue layer that condenses around a primary follicle; outer layer cells resemble smooth muscle cells and inner layer secretes hormones a) primordial follicles b) secondary follicles c) theca folliculi d) Graafian follicle

zona pellucida

a glycoprotein layer that a sperm must ultimately penetrate to fertilize the oocyte a) zona pellucida b) theca folliculli c) Graafian follicle d) zona pellucida

primordial follicles

present before birth; all subsequent follicle stages arise from this structure a) primordial follicles b) zona pellucida c) secondary follicle d) corpus luteum

fundus

rounded region of the uterus, superior to the entry of the uterine tubes a) round ligaments b) fundus c) stratum functionalis d) cervical canal

mesometrium

region of the broad ligament proximal to the uterus; encompasses greatest surface area a) endometrium b) cervical canal c) mesometrium d) fundus

stratum functionalis

undergoes cyclical changes in response to varying levels of hormones in the blood; shed during menstruation a) stratum functionalis b) fundus c) round ligaments d) endometrium

endometrium

contains uterine glands that change in length as the endometrium thins and thickens a) fundus b) endometrium c) cervical canal d) mesometrium

cervical canal

contains glands that secrete mucus, which can block bacteria from vagina or block entry of sperm a) cervical canal b) round ligaments c) fundus d) endometrium

round ligaments

anchor the uterus to the anterior body wall a) fundus b) endometrium c) round ligaments d) mesometrium

the infundibulum covers the ovary and the fimbriae cilia, generate currents in the pelvic cavity fluid that move the oocyte into the uterine tube.

How is an ovulated oocyte directed into the uterine tube? a) The oocyte moves straight through the ovary and then along the path of the uterine tubes in much the same way a sperm "swims" through the male reproductive ducts. b) The most mature oocyte moves around within the ovary in a counterclockwise fashion, allowing the fimbriae to coax the oocyte along the uterine tube. c) the infundibulum covers the ovary and the fimbriae cilia, generate currents in the pelvic cavity fluid that move the oocyte into the uterine tube. d) The ovary has a small region at its medial surface that connects to the uterine tube, so the oocyte is carried directly from the ovary into the infundibulum of the uterine tube.

The cervical mucus is the thickest at the midpoint of the menstrual cycle (Day 14).

Which of these statements concerning the cervix is FALSE? a) The cervical mucus is the thickest at the midpoint of the menstrual cycle (Day 14). b) The cervix is inferior to the uterine cavity. c) The internal os and external os of the cervix define the boundaries of the cervical canal. d) The cervix is superior to the vagina.

estrogen

Once secreted into the bloodstream,__________ stimulates the growth and activity of female sex organs and also helps repair the uterine lining after each menstrual period.

menstrual phase (days 1-5); proliferative phase (days 6-14); secretory phase (days 15-28)

The phases of the uterine cycle occur in the following order. a) follicular phase (days 1-5); luteal phase (days 6-14); ovulatory phase (days 15-28) b) menstrual phase (days 1-5); proliferative phase (days 6-14); secretory phase (days 15-28) c) luteal phase (days 1-14); ovulation (day 14); secretory phase (days 15-28) d) follicular phase (days 1-14); ovulation (day 14); luteal phase (days 15-28) e) proliferative phase (days 1-5); menstrual phase (days 6-14); secretory phase (days 15-28)

oogenesis

ova are produced in a process called__________ .

ampulla

The__________ of the uterine tube is the usual site of fertilization.

myometrium

The wall of the uterus is composed of three basic layers: an outer perimetrium, a middle__________ , and an inner endometrium.

one

For each oogonium that undergoes meiosis, how many eggs result? three four two one

FSH from the pituitary

Which hormone stimulates the growth and development of the ovarian follicles a) estrogen from the follicle cells b) FSH from the pituitary c) LH from the pituitary d) progesterone from the corpus luteum

estrogen

Which hormone stimulates the development of the endometrium during the proliferative phase of the uterine? FSH estrogen progesterone androgens

antrum

The fluid-filled cavity in a mature ovarian follicle is known as zona pellucidum. granulaosa cells. antrum. corona radiate. theca folliculi.

fimbriae

The opening of the oviduct is surrounded by these structures. cardinal ligaments isthmus external os fimbriae internal os

ampulla

Fertilization of the ovum normally occurs in this region of the oviduct. isthmus infundibulum fimbriae intrauterine portion ampulla

smooth muscle contraction

A factor that propels an oocyte through the uterine tube is a) pressure exerted by ovarian fluid. b) moeboid motion of the oocyte. c) secretions of the nonciliated cells. d) smooth muscle contraction (peristalsis).

labia majora

The female homologue of the male scrotum is the bulb of the vestibule. ovary. penile urethra. labia majora.

Cows’ mammary glands arise from a different part of the milk line.

In cows, the nipples (teats) are in the groin region, not in the midthorax as in humans. What is the most logical reason for this difference between cows and people? a) Cows are more likely to develop inguinal hernias, and their mammary glands protect against that. b) Cows’ mammary glands have entirely different embryonic origins from human ones. c) Male cows do not produce milk. d) Cows’ mammary glands arise from a different part of the milk line.

suspensory ligaments of the breast

A woman has developed a cancerous lump in each breast, and the skin of the breasts is dimpled. What structure(s) is (are) causing the dimpling? a) suspensory ligaments of the breast b) pectoralis major muscle c) smooth muscle cells around the ducts of the large glands in the breast d) pectoralis minor muscle

round ligament

Which of the following anchors the uterus into an anteverted position in the pelvis? broad ligament ovarian ligament suspensory ligament round ligament

follicles and connective tissue.

The ovarian cortex consists of the largest blood vessels of the ovary. the mesovarium. the hilus of the ovary. follicles and connective tissue.

on the first day of menstruation

The female uterine cycle begins at ovulation. every six weeks. at the end of menstruation. on the first day of menstruation.

theca cells

In addition to remaining granulosa cells, which of the following cell types make up the corpus luteum? cells of the corona radiata theca cells oocyte interstitial cells

body

The largest macroscopic region of the uterus is its fornix. body. fundus. cervix.

is a protective shell around the oocyte that sperm must penetrate for fertilization to occur.

The zona pellucida a) is a protective shell around the oocyte that sperm must penetrate for fertilization to occur. b) is the portion of the placenta in which maternal blood contacts fetal tissues. c) is the remnant of the vesicular follicle that becomes the corpus luteum. d) is the region of the uterine tube where fertilization occurs.

the labia minora

The prepuce of the clitoris is formed by the fourchette. the hymen of the vagina. the labia minora. the mons pubis.

simple cuboidal epithelial cells in alveoli.

The milk-producing cells in the breast are a) simple cuboidal epithelial cells in alveoli. b) adipose cells (because milk contains 4% fat). c) columnar epithelial cells in lobules. d) endocrine cells.

stratified squamous

The epithelium lining the vagina is stratified squamous. simple columnar. simple squamous. pseudostratified columnar

uterine tube

The most common site of ectopic pregnancy is the uterus. vagina. uterine tube. peritoneal cavity.

spiral arteries

During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle, these vessels grow and proliferate. spiral arteries straight arteries radial arteries arcuate arteries

bulb of the vestibule

Which female structure is homologous to the corpus spongiosum of the penis? crura clitoris labia minora bulb of the vestibule

the primordial follicle has only a single layer of flat follicular cells, whereas the primary follicle is comprised of cuboidal follicle cells.

A difference between a primary follicle and a primordial follicle is that a) the oocyte is larger in the primordial follicle. b) the primary follicle is an earlier stage than the primordial follicle. c) one has an antrum and the other does not. d) the primordial follicle has only a single layer of flat follicular cells, whereas the primary follicle is comprised of cuboidal follicle cells.

it inhibits ovulation

Which of the following statements about pelvic inflammatory disease is incorrect? It includes salpingitis. It can lead to sterility. It inhibits ovulation. It is usually caused by chlamydia or gonorrhea.

granulosa cells

The cells that secrete estrogens in females are oocytes. germinal epithelium of the ovary. cells in the pituitary gland. granulosa cells.

connective tissue that fills the area between follicles.

Technically, the theca folliculi is not part of the ovarian follicle, although it is associated with it. Instead, the theca folliculi arises from the a) connective tissue that fills the area between follicles. b) zona pellucida. c) ovarian medulla. d) basal lamina around the follicle.

ampulla

In which part of the uterine tube does fertilization usually occur? ampulla infundibulum isthmus It doesn’t occur in the uterine tubes.

muscles of the pelvic floor

Most support of the uterus is provided by the round ligament. mesometrium. muscles of the pelvic floor. cardinal ligament.

surrounds the tip of the cervix.

The vaginal fornix a) surrounds the tip of the cervix. b) is in the middle layer of the vaginal wall. c) surrounds the external vaginal orifice. d) is in the superior part of the vestibule.

lobules of acini/alveoli.

In an adult woman who has never been pregnant, the breasts have poorly developed or no suspensory ligaments. lobules of acini/alveoli. lactiferous sinuses. areolar glands.

true

Breast milk collects in the lactiferous sinus when a woman breastfeeds her infant. True False

false

Primordial follicles develop into primary oocytes within the germinal epithelium of the ovary. True False

true

Although the ovaries and uterine tubes are retroperitoneal, oocytes are ovulated into the peritoneal cavity. True False

true

Granulosa cells of a maturing ovarian follicle convert androgens to estrogens that will stimulate proliferation of the endometrium. True False

false

Breast milk production and secretion follows the following sequence: lactiferous sinus, alveoli, lactiferous ducts, nipple. True False

true

Oogenesis takes years to complete. True False

false

Lobules and alveoli of the breast develop during puberty. True False

all of the listed responses are correct

Which of the following statements about pelvic inflammatory disease is correct? a) It involves spread of infection, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, that originates in the vagina and spreads to the uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries and eventually to the pelvic peritoneum. b) A single episode of this condition can result in infertility due to scarring of the uterine tubes. c) Symptoms include tenderness of the lower abdomen, fever and vaginal discharge. d) All of the listed responses are correct

Endometrial cysts in the pelvic cavity lead to severe pain during menstruation.

Which of the following statements regarding endometriosis is correct? a) Treatment involves antibiotics to reduce the inflammation. b) Endometrial cysts in the pelvic cavity lead to severe pain during menstruation. c) During menstruation, fragments of the myometrium reflux into the uterine tubes, cover the parts of the ovaries, and end up in the pelvic peritoneum. d) It leads to estrogen deficiency.

The endometrial cells enter the pelvic cavity because the uterine tubes open into the pelvic cavity near the ovary.

During menstruation, fragments of endometrium can reflux into the uterine tubes and eventually end up in the pelvic cavity. How do the endometrial cells move from the uterine tubes into the pelvic cavity? a) The endometrial cells enter the pelvic cavity because the uterine tubes open into the pelvic cavity near the ovary. b) The endometrial cells spread into the uterus and form there; when they enter, they are exposed to the peritoneum. c) The displaced endometrial cells enter the ovaries and are expelled from the wall of the ovary during ovulation. d) The endometrial cells undergo exocytosis from the lumen of the uterine tube through the uterine wall.

Damage to the central tendon can result in wreaking of the pelvic floor muscles, allowing the pelvic organs to sink inferiorly and the uterus to prolapse.

The central tendon or perineal body of the female perineum is the insertion point of most muscles that support the pelvic floor. During childbirth, this structure is sometimes torn by the infant’s head. Which of the following statements is correct? a) Damage to the central tendon can result in wreaking of the pelvic floor muscles, allowing the pelvic organs to sink inferiorly and the uterus to prolapse. b) Recent studies have shown that an episiotomy is necessary during all cases of child delivery. c) After the birth, an episiotomy is usually left in place. d) Tearing of the central tendon can be avoided by performing an episiotomy, where an anterior incision is made near the pubic symphysis.

chorion

The fetal portion of the placenta is called the __________. decidua basalis decidua capsularis extraembryonic mesoderm chorion

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

The presence of this hormone in the urine of a pregnant woman serves as a confirmation of implantation in home pregnancy tests. luteinizing hormone (LH) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) progesterone estrogen

the baby’s head extends at the neck as it reaches the perineum

During the expulsion stage of labor, __________. a) the baby’s head extends at the neck as it reaches the perineum b) the baby’s head rotates so that its greatest dimension is in the anteroposterior pelvic axis c) the widest dimension of the baby’s head is along the left-right axis of the pelvis d) the placenta detaches

cortical

Fusion of a single sperm with the plasma membrane of the oocyte induces the__________ reaction, in which granules in the oocyte secrete enzymes that prevent any other sperm from binding to and entering the egg.

chorion

Which extraembryonic membrane contributes to the placenta? amnion decidua basalis chorion yolk sac

myometrium

This layer of the uterus contracts during parturition to expel the baby. myometrium stratum basalis stratum functionalis endometrium perimetrium

syncytiotrophoblast

This multinucleate embryonic structure invades the uterus, digesting cells and maternal blood vessels to make way for development of the placenta. inner cell mass morula decidua basalis syncytiotrophoblast decidua capsularis

chorionic villi

Fingerlike placental structures where oxygen and nutrients from the maternal blood supply diffuse into the embryonic blood. extraembryonic membrane syncytiotrophoblast allantois amnion chorionic villi

uterus

The usual site of embryo implantation is the peritoneal cavity. uterus. uterine tube. vagina

the start of the fourth month

At what point during fetal development is the decidua basalis/chorionic villi collectively referred to as the placenta? the ninth month the end of second month the first month the start of fourth month

decidua

In the early fetus, all of the following are parts of the chorionic villi except the cytotrophoblast. extraembryonic mesoderm. syncytiotrophoblast. decidua.

just before fertilization

The acrosomal reaction occurs during placentation. during spermiogenesis. just before fertilization. during meiosis of the sperm.

body stalk

Which structure develops into the umbilical cord? placenta body stalk chorionic villi decidua capsularis

chorionic villi and decidua basalis

The placenta consists of which two structures? a) cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast b) decidua basalis and decidua capsularis c) chorionic villi and decidua basalis d) chorionic villi and amnion

syncytiotrophoblast and capillary endothelium

In the late stages of pregnancy, the placental barrier of the chorionic villi consists only of which two layers? a) decidua capsularis and decidua basalis b) cytotrophoblast and extraembryonic mesoderm c) syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast d) syncytiotrophoblast and capillary endothelium

minimize tearing of the central tendon and muscles of the pelvic floor.

An episiotomy during childbirth is performed to a) prevent the anal canal from being crushed. b) minimize tearing of the central tendon and muscles of the pelvic floor. c) eliminate the pain to the mother. d) save the baby’s life.

from the fetus

The capillaries within a chorionic villus of the placenta contain blood from the fetus. from the mother. from both the fetus and the mother. that doesn’t belong to the fetus or the mother.

all of the listed responses are correct

Which of the following statements regarding an ectopic pregnancy is correct? a) It can occur anywhere in the intraperitoneal region if the zygote does not enter the uterine tube. b) If it occurs in a uterine tube, it can rupture and lead to internal bleeding that may be life threatening. c) It usually occurs in a uterine tube. d) All of the listed responses are correct.

Development of the placenta on the posterior part of the uterine wall can cover the internal os of the cervix; this is known as placenta abruption.

The placement of the placenta on the uterine wall can have a serious impact on the progress of a pregnancy. Which of the following statements is incorrect? a) Placenta abruption can cause vaginal bleeding and interfere with fetal development. b) Placenta abruption occurs when the placenta develops in the normal position and part of it pulls away from the uterus. c) Development of the placenta on the posterior part of the uterine wall can cover the internal os of the cervix; this is known as placenta abruption. d) Placenta previa can lead to bleeding during the last 3 months of pregnancy, as some of the placenta pulls away from the uterus.

Abnormal bleeding from the vagina

What is the most conclusive sign for diagnosing endometrial cancer? Unexplained weight gain. A distinct change in bowel or bladder habits Abnormal bleeding from the vagina A feeling of pressure in the pelvis

duct system

In which part of breast tissue does breast cancer typically arise? areola duct system glandular alveoli suspensory ligament

lactiferous ductules

In breast cancer, the cancer cells usually originate from the a) lactiferous ductules. b) fat cells in the breast. c) cuboidal acinar cells. d) endothelium of the lymph vessels in the breasts.

embryo is at a sexually indifferent stage

During week 5 of embryogenesis, the __________. a) gender of the embryo can be distinguished by ultrasound b) embryo is at a sexually indifferent stage c) embryo has only paramesonephric ducts d) embryo has only mesonephric ducts

the embryo will develop into a male

What does the presence of the SRY protein indicate? The embryo will develop into a male. A female has cervical cancer. A woman is pregnant. A man has prostate cancer.

spongy urethra; labia minora

What do the urethral folds form in a male? In a female? spongy urethra; labia minora corpora cavernosa; glans clitoris ductus deferens; vaginal canal scrotum; labia majora

from yolk sac endoderm

A woman’s sex cells (germ cells) originate embryologically a) from the follicular cells of the follicles. b) from the germinal epithelium of the ovary. c) in the innermost part of the gonad. d) from yolk sac endoderm

never occurs in females

Hypospadias a) cannot be detected through an examination of the outside of a baby’s body. b) has no effects until puberty, when males start producing sperm. c) never occurs in females. d) is characterized by the absence of a urethra.

the uterine tubes and uterus.

In females, the paramesonephric ducts give rise to a) the corpora cavernosa (erectile bodies). the vestibule in the vulva. the uterine tubes and uterus. the ovaries.

Viable sperm will not be produced.

Which of the following events occurs when the testes do not descend before birth? a) Sperm will have no route of exit from the body. b) Viable sperm will not be produced. c) Male sex hormones will not circulate in the body. d) Inadequate blood supply will retard the development of the testes.

ductus deferens, uterine tube

Which of the following pairs of structures is not derived from the same embryonic tissues? spongy urethra, labia minora ductus deferens, uterine tube penis, clitoris testes, ovaries

clitoris

Which structure is not derived from the embryonic paramesonephric ducts? clitoris upper vagina uterine tube cervix

labia minora

The embryonic urethral folds develop into the female labia majora. labia minora. urethra. bulb of the vestibule.

degenerate and don’t form any structures in males

In males, the paramesonephric (Müllerian) ducts a) give rise to the vas deferens. b) give rise to the prostate gland. c) give rise to the penile urethra. d) degenerate and don’t form any structures in males

false

The ductus deferens and uterine tube are homologous structures, each deriving from the same embryonic duct. true false

true

Cryptorchidism is a congenital condition in which one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum. True False

true

The epididymis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicles are all derived from mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts. True False

It is a condition that develops mainly in the elderly

Which of the following statements regarding hypospadias is incorrect? a) It involves incomplete fusion of the male urethral folds. b) It is a condition that develops mainly in the elderly. c) It involves leakage of urine from the ventral surface of the penis. d) It is a congenital abnormality of the male urethra.

all of the listed responses are correct

Which of the following statements regarding cryptorchidism is correct? a) An undescended testicle maybe located in the inguinal canal or the pelvic cavity. b) Surgical correction within 6-18 months after birth is recommended to prevent damage to sperm producing cells and increased likelihood of developing testicular cancer. c) An undescended testicle is sterile because viable sperm cannot be produced at the higher temperature there. d) All of the listed responses are correct