Adolescent Psychology Chapter 8

All of the following are defining characteristics of agency, except:
A) feeling in control of one’s own decisions.
B) having confidence that obstacles can be overcome.
C) blaming other people for one’s problems.
D) taking responsibility for one’s self.

C) Blaming other people for one’s problems.

Researchers are particularly interested in the identity changes that occur in adolescence for all of the following reasons, except:
A) this is the first substantial reorganization and restructuring of the sense of self at a time when an individual can fully appreciate the significance of the changes.
B) the physical changes of puberty may prompt fluctuations in self-image.
C) adolescents are capable of thinking in systematic ways about hypothetical and future events.
D) adolescents are now capable of thinking in concrete terms about who they are and where they are going.

D) adolescents are now capable of thinking in concrete terms about who they are and where they are going.

Adolescents increase their ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of their decisions, which is one aspect of:
A) imagining their possible selves.
B) future orientation.
C) self-concept.
D) identity formation.

B) future orientation.

Identity formation is best seen as a:
A) series of interrelated developments.
B) single developmental issue.
C) discrete quantitative switch.
D) movement into a new and different person.

A) series of interrelated developments.

Researchers have identified all of the following factors as critical components of the development of identity during adolescence, except:
A) self-esteem.
B) sense of identity.
C) self-conception.
D) self-regulation.

D) self-regulation.

Maria sees herself as an only child, as a person who likes art and music, who is shy, and who likes to read. Maria’s description fits best with the idea of:
A) self-conception.
B) self-esteem.
C) self-attribution.
D) self-control.

A) self-conception.

Gwen has recently been preoccupied with trying to understand what kind of person she is. As an exercise, she writes out a list of 20 traits that she thinks best describe her. According to the text, Gwen is focusing on her:
A) identity.
B) self-conception.
C) self-esteem.
D) socialization.

B) self-conception.

As adolescents develop, their self-conceptions become more:
A) negative.
B) optimistic.
C) disorganized.
D) differentiated.

D) differentiated.

Which of the following statements about self-conception is most likely to be made by a child rather than by an adolescent?
A) "I am not a classifiable person."
B) "Most people think I’m very secure, but really I’m pretty shy."
C) "I am a girl; I have two brothers; I like to read."
D) "I am honest; I am helpful; I am friendly."

C) "I am a girl; I have two brothers; I like to read.

When asked to describe himself, Aaron stated, "Most of my friends think I don’t care about school, but I really study a lot at night because school is important to me." This is an example of how adolescent self-conceptions become more:
A) detailed.
B) logical.
C) differentiated.
D) intensified.

C) differentiated.

Which of the following is one of the characteristics that distinguish between the adolescent’s and the child’s self-concept?
A) Adolescents tend to view the self as involving more dimensions than do children.
B) Adolescents distinguish among actual, ideal, and feared selves.
C) The adolescent’s self varies over time and across situations.
D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Generally speaking, the parenting style that is associated with the healthiest identity development is:
A) warm but not excessively constraining.
B) the absence of parental warmth.
C) the absence of parental encouragement of individuality.
D) warm but discouraging of individuality.
Answer: A

A) warm but not excessively constraining.

Adolescents who have more complex self-conceptions are less likely:
A) to be depressed.
B) to achieve more in school.
C) to have lots of friends.
D) to be foreclosed.

A) to be depressed.

An important aspect of having a healthy self-concept and more socially appropriate behavior is to be able to balance one’s ______ self with one’s ______ self.
A) actual; ideal
B) actual; feared
C) ideal; feared
D) ideal; other

C) ideal; feared

Amy, a 16-year-old girl, is shy around boys though she would really like to be more outgoing. This reflects:
A) the drive toward positive self-esteem.
B) the discrepancy between her ideal and actual selves.
C) a false sense of self-concept.
D) all of the above

B) the discrepancy between her ideal and actual selves.

Adolescents are most likely to exhibit false-self behavior with their:
A) friends.
B) parents.
C) dates.
D) siblings.

C) dates.

Adolescents are most likely to behave __________ in romantic situations and with a classmate, and they are least likely to engage in ___________ with parents.
A) falsely; inauthentic behavior
B) authentically; inauthentic behavior
C) inauthentically; false-self behavior
D) authentically; true-self behavior

C) inauthentically; false-self behavior

Which of the following adolescents is least likely to engage in false-self behavior?
A) Kassim, who has low self-esteem
B) Emily, who has high support from her parents
C) Joy, who has problems with depression
D) Eddie, who has a sense of hopelessness

B) Emily, who has high support from her parents

Someone who engages in false-self behavior most likely:
A) reports less emotional support from parents and peers.
B) has low self-esteem.
C) is depressed.
D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Kikko hates country music but told Keith, who is a big Garth Brooks fan and her latest love interest, that she adored country music and would love to go with him to see Garth in concert. This type of behavior is called:
A) the negative identity.
B) code switching.
C) identity confusion.
D) the false-self.

D) the false-self.

Which of the following is not one of the personality dimensions of the Five-Factor Model?
A) Neuroticism
B) Openness to Experience
C) Agreeableness
D) Gender Intensification

D) Gender Intensification

What does the Five-Factor Model describe?
A) research methodology
B) personality dimensions
C) false-self behavior
D) self-esteem dimensions

B) personality dimensions

Which dimension of the Five-Factor Model measures how organized someone is?
A) Extroversion
B) Agreeableness
C) Neuroticism
D) Conscientiousness

D) Conscientiousness

Studies of ethnic identity development have shown that, relative to ethnic minorities, Whites are more likely to:
A) identify their specific heritage (e.g., German, Irish).
B) have a stronger sense of ethnic identity.
C) avoid using "panethnic" labels to describe themselves.
D) identify themselves as "American" rather than a specific heritage label.

D) identify themselves as "American" rather than a specific heritage label.

Racial socialization, the process by which parents teach children about their ethnic identity and the experiences they may encounter within society as a result of this identity, is thought to focus on three major themes. Which of the following is not one of these themes?
A) getting along in mainstream society
B) dealing with racism
C) intolerance of the majority culture
D) understanding one’s own culture

C) intolerance of the majority culture

How much do people’s personalities differ before and after adolescence?
A) They are much different.
B) There are a few major changes.
C) They remain about the same.
D) It’s different for everyone.

C) They remain about the same.

Mei was an impulsive preschooler. It is likely that, as an adolescent, she will be:
A) impulsive.
B) shy.
C) anxious.
D) well-adjusted.

A) impulsive.

Temperament and personality tend to become _________ as we __________.
A) stable; take more classes
B) unstable; get older
C) stable; get older
D) unstable; take more classes

C) stable; get older

How positively or negatively people feel about themselves defines:
A) self-regulation
B) self-esteem
C) self-attribution
D) self-idealization

B) self-esteem

Larry is an adolescent who frequently engages in false-self behavior and also has low self-esteem. One explanation for these two characteristics is that:
A) Larry might be low in self-esteem because he knowingly puts on a false front
B) Larry might engage in false-self behavior because he is low in self-esteem
C) There is no relation between false-self behavior and low self-esteem
D) Both A and B are correct

D) Both A and B are correct

According to personality research presented in the textbook, there is evidence that, between adolescence and young adulthood, individuals become:
A) more extraverted and less conscientious
B) less extraverted and more agreeable
C) more emotionally stable and more extraverted
D) less agreeable and more emotionally stable

C) more emotionally stable and more extraverted

During childhood, Cathy had high self-esteem. As she enters adolescence, Cathy’s self-esteem is most likely to:
A) increase.
B) remain the same or increase.
C) remain the same or decrease.
D) decrease.

B) remain the same or increase.

Based on the research findings of Simmons and her colleagues, compared to older adolescents (15 years and older) and preadolescents (8-11 year olds), which of the following statements about young adolescents’ self-esteem, self-consciousness, and self-image is false?
A) Early adolescents’ self-esteem remains stable.
B) Early adolescents have lower self-esteem.
C) Early adolescents are more self-conscious.
D) Early adolescents have a more unstable self-image.

A) Early adolescents’ self-esteem remains stable.

Simmons and her colleagues found that the most marked fluctuations in self-image occur:
A) during the transition into adolescence.
B) during middle adolescence.
C) over the course of adolescence.
D) during the transition from adolescence to adulthood.

A) during the transition into adolescence.

Rose is transitioning from elementary into junior high school and Sally is transitioning into high school. According to research presented in the textbook, who is more likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem?
A) Rose
B) Sally
C) Rose and Sally are equally likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem
D) neither Sally nor Rose is likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem

A) Rose

According to the textbook, young adolescents with __________ also report high levels of anxiety, tension, psychosomatic symptoms and irritability.
A) a volatile self-image
B) an aggressive parent
C) extremely low self-esteem
D) very few close peers

A) a volatile self-image

Which of the following is not a reason that early adolescents might experience fluctuations in self-image?
A) egocentrism
B) they are learning that it is not always possible to tell what people are thinking on the basis of how they act or what they say
C) because of the increased importance of peers in early adolescence
D) because early adolescents spend most of their time engaging in false-self behavior

D) because early adolescents spend most of their time engaging in false-self behavior

According to the textbook, which of the following might make individuals especially vulnerable to the effects of stress?
A) volatile self-image
B) low sense of self-worth
C) egocentrism
D) impression management

A) volatile self-image

According to the chapter in the textbook, most researchers today believe that adolescents evaluate themselves:
A) globally
B) along several distinct dimensions
C) in constant comparison to their peers and their ideal self
D) both A and B are correct

D) both A and B are correct

Jenny has high academic self esteem while Cory has high physical self-esteem. According to the textbook, who will probably have higher overall self-esteem?
A) Cory
B) Jenny
C) Cory and Jenny will most likely have equally high self-esteem
D) There is not enough information to answer this question

A) Cory

Tabatha’s parents are worried that as she enters adolescence, her self-esteem will greatly decrease. During what time should Tabatha’s parents expect the most fluctuations in her self-image?
A) When she is 8-11 years old.
B) When she is 12-14 years old.
C) When she is 15-18 years old.
D) When she is 19-21 years old.

B) When she is 12-14 years old.

Which of the following statements regarding sex differences in self-esteem is accurate?
A) early adolescent girls’ self-esteem is higher than same-age boys
B) early adolescent girls have lower self-consciousness than same-age boys
C) early adolescent boys have a shakier self-image than same-age girls
D) early adolescent girls are more likely to say negative things about themselves than same-aged boys

D) early adolescent girls are more likely to say negative things about themselves than same-aged boys

According to the textbook, because _____girls do not feel as _____ about their appearances as girls of other racial backgrounds, these individuals typically have _____ overall self-esteem.
A) White; negatively; higher
B) White; insecure; lower
C) Black; negatively; higher
D) Black; positively; lower

C) Black; negatively; higher

Although research presented in the textbook indicates that physical self-esteem is the best predictor of adolescents’ self-esteem:
A) adolescents, when asked, say that their physical appearance is one of the least important contributors to how they feel about themselves
B) adolescents may be unaware of the degree to which their self-worth is based on their feelings about their appearance
C) physical self-esteem is a more important influence on overall self-esteem among girls than among boys and girls’ physical self-esteem is on average lower than boys’
D) all of the above

D) all of the above

Which of the following factors is the most important predictor of overall self-esteem?
A) athletic ability
B) academic ability
C) physical self-esteem
D) moral conduct

C) physical self-esteem

Which adolescent is most vulnerable to disturbances in self-image?
A) Carol, a 13-year-old female
B) Catherine, an 18-year-old female
C) Carl, a 13-year-old male
D) Carlton, an 18-year-old male

A) Carol, a 13-year-old female

Overall, which group of adolescents feels least positive about themselves?
A) White females
B) White males
C) Black females
D) Black males

A) White females

Susan, a White adolescent, is more likely to be vulnerable to disturbances in ________ than any other group of youngsters.
A) self-concept
B) self-image
C) false-self behavior
D) family relationships

B) self-image

According to the textbook, research indicates which of the following is not a correlate of high self-esteem:
A) approval of parents
B) approval of peers
C) succeeding in school
D) involvement in many extracurricular activities

D) involvement in many extracurricular activities

Which of the following is not one of the explanations researchers have presented to answer the question, "Given the prevalence of prejudice in American society and the generally disadvantaged position of Blacks, why do Black adolescents have high self-esteem?"
A) Black teenagers benefit from the support and positive feedback of adults in their communities.
B) Blacks have learned not to recognize the extent to which American society discriminates against them.
C) Adolescents protect their self-esteem by focusing on areas of strength instead of areas of weakness.
D) A strong sense of ethnic identity among Black adolescents enhances their self-esteem.

B) Blacks have learned not to recognize the extent to which American society discriminates against them

Tony, a Black adolescent, and Vicki, a White adolescent, both attend a predominantly Black school. Studies predict that:
A) Tony will have higher self-esteem than Vicki.
B) Tony will have lower self-esteem than Vicki.
C) both Tony and Vicki will have high self-esteem.
D) both Tony and Vicki will have low self-esteem

A) Tony will have higher self-esteem than Vicki

Research has shown that racial socialization that results in having positive attitudes about one’s ethnic group is associated with:
A) having negative attitudes about other ethnic groups.
B) faster identity development among adolescents.
C) problematic interracial relations.
D) positive attitudes about other ethnic groups.

D) positive attitudes about other ethnic groups.

Adolescents whose parents are not both from the same ethnic or racial group are known as ________ adolescents.
A) multilingual
B) culture brokering
C) maternal-race
D) biracial

D) biracial

Among biracial adolescents asked to describe their own ethnic identity, those with one Black parent and one nonBlack parent are more likely to:
A) identify themselves as a member of the nonBlack parent’s ethnic group.
B) identify themselves as Black.
C) refuse to answer questions about their own ethnic identity.
D) identify themselves as half-Black.

B) identify themselves as Black.

Which of the following is not generally a predictor of self-esteem?
A) academic achievement
B) parental love
C) supportive friends
D) religious affiliation

D) religious affiliation

Which of the following adolescents’ self-esteem is most likely affected by their academic success?
A) Stacey, a White adolescent
B) Bill, an Asian-American adolescent
C) Henry, a Mexican-American adolescent
D) Cathy, a Black adolescent

B) Bill, an Asian-American adolescent

Which of the following statements about self-esteem in children is true?
A) Having high self-esteem boosts achievement.
B) High achievement boosts self-esteem.
C) High achievement and high self-esteem each boost the other characteristic.
D) For the most part, self-esteem and achievement are unrelated characteristics.

B) High achievement boosts self-esteem.

Involvement in delinquent activity may lead to ________ in self-esteem.
A) an increase
B) a decrease
C) stability
D) no relationship

A) an increase

Erik Erikson believed that ________ is the primary psychosocial crisis of adolescence.
A) balancing a sense of trust with a sense of mistrust
B) developing a sense of autonomy and the ability to do things for oneself
C) establishing a coherent sense of identity
D) developing intimate personal relationships

C) establishing a coherent sense of identity

According to Erikson, the major crisis of adolescence is called:
A) basic trust versus mistrust.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) identity versus identity diffusion.

D) identity versus identity diffusion.

Kurt is 15 and spends most of his energy wondering who he is and what kind of person he will become. Erikson would describe him as facing the crisis called:
A) basic trust versus mistrust.
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
C) industry versus inferiority.
D) identity versus identity diffusion.

D) identity versus identity diffusion.

The key to resolving the crisis of identity versus identity diffusion, according to Erikson, is:
A) identity achievement.
B) family relationships.
C) interactions with others.
D) peer relationships.

C) interactions with others.

Which adolescent would be expected to have the greatest difficulty establishing a sense of identity?
A) Jerome, who has many alternatives available to him in many different arenas
B) Gerald, who has a moderate number of alternatives available to him in a few different arenas
C) Guillermo, who has few alternatives available to him and is expected to follow in his father’s footsteps
D) All of these adolescents are likely to have difficulty establishing a sense of identity.

A) Jerome, who has many alternatives available to him in many different arenas

According to Erikson, a necessary "time out" for adolescents is called:
A) psychosocial moratorium.
B) a period of crystallization.
C) deindividuation.
D) a period of separation.

A) psychosocial moratorium.

Bruce, a 2nd-year college student, has switched majors three times. He is still undecided about what he wants to do with his life. Bruce is in:
A) a state of psychological confusion.
B) a period of crystallization.
C) a state of deindividuation.
D) a state of psychosocial moratorium.

D) a state of psychosocial moratorium.

Dr. Smith argues that adolescence is such a demanding time that adolescents need several years with as few responsibilities as possible so they can sort out their identities. His argument focuses on the idea of:
A) indivi
B) separation.
C) crystallization.
D) psychosocial moratorium.

D) psychosocial moratorium.

Since Jerry became an adolescent, he has experimented with different roles and personalities. Jerry’s parents are telling all their friends that this is just a "phase" that he’s going through. According to Erikson, this "phase" is called:
A) identity foreclosure.
B) psychosocial moratorium.
C) identity confusion.
D) negative identity.

B) psychosocial moratorium.

Problems in identity development can result when:
A) earlier crises have not been resolved.
B) an adolescent’s environment does not allow for a period of foreclosure.
C) the adolescent has many alternatives from which to choose.
D) the adolescent has not yet experienced the crisis of generativity.

A) earlier crises have not been resolved.

Identity that is incoherent, disjointed, and characterized by an incomplete sense of self is called:
A) false-self behavior.
B) moratorium.
C) identity diffusion.
D) marginal identity

C) identity diffusion.

Alex suffers from identity diffusion. In addition to problems with identity development, problems with identity diffusion are likely to be reflected in the area(s) of:
A) autonomy
B) intimacy
C) sexuality
D) all of the above

D) all of the above

James has flunked out of high school, has severed all of his ties with family and friends, and has no sense of where he is headed. He also seems to have significant disruptions in his sense of time (some things seem to happen much faster than they really do). According to Erikson, James is experiencing:
A) identity diffusion.
B) negative identity.
C) identity foreclosure.
D) psychosocial moratorium.

A) identity diffusion.

Sixteen-year-old Mercedes believes that the death penalty is wrong because her parents, friends, and church say so. She has never really thought about the issue, but has accepted this view as her own. What is her identity status?
A) achievement
B) foreclosure
C) diffusion
D) moratorium

B) foreclosure

Identities that are undesirable to parents and community members are referred to by Erikson as:
A) negative identities.
B) marginal identities.
C) false identities.
D) offensive identities.

A) negative identities.

Jane, the adolescent daughter of the local police chief, has recently been hanging out with a rowdy group of youth who have vandalized a number of public buildings. Jane has most likely adopted a:
A) false-self behavior.
B) negative peer culture.
C) negative identity.
D) all of the above

C) negative identity.

Whose research supports Erikson’s theory on identity development?
A) Phinney
B) Harter
C) Marcia
D) Gilligan

C) Marcia

According to Marcia’s research, which identity status is associated with healthy development?
A) achievement
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) diffusion

A) achievement

Generalizing from Marcia’s research on identity, who is most likely to become an authoritarian parent?
A) Sanjay, identity achieved
B) Ann, identity diffusion
C) Michele, psychosocial moratorium
D) Tara, identity foreclosed

D) Tara, identity foreclosed

Specific to the ways of resolving an identity crisis, in which category would you classify Robin, an adolescent who approaches identity related decisions with an open mind and actively seeks information:
A) informational orientation
B) normative orientation
C) diffuse/ avoidant orientation
D) rational orientation

A) informational orientation

Identity typically is crystallized:
A) in early adolescence.
B) throughout the adolescent period.
C) in late adolescence.
D) in late adolescence to the early 20s.

D) in late adolescence to the early 20s.

According to the textbook, some adolescents might forge some sense of self-definition in an environment that has made it difficult to establish an acceptable identity by:
A) selecting a negative identity
B) using drugs and alcohol
C) engaging in identity moratorium
D) engaging in identity foreclosure

A) selecting a negative identity

Identity status:
A) is stable across time.
B) proceeds from uncommitted to committed patterns.
C) shifts across the life span.
D) proceeds from diffused, to foreclosed, to moratorium, to achieved

C) shifts across the life span

Ethnic identity may be sped up if parents teach their children:
A) to ignore society’s conflicting messages about race.
B) to respect their elders.
C) to attend church regularly.
D) about racism.

D) about racism.

Robert Sellers and colleagues have presented a model to help make sense of the complicated relations among perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mental health among Blacks. This model is called:
A) the racial centrality model of identity (RCMI).
B) the multicultural model of discrimination (MMOD).
C) the multidimensional model of racial identity (MMRI).
D) the multitrait multimethod model of discrimination (MMMD).

C) the multidimensional model of racial identity (MMRI).

Being aware of potential racism and mistrusting others are not the same thing. Awareness of racism is associated with _________, while mistrust is associated with _________.
A) better achievement; doing poorly in school
B) doing poorly in school; better achievement
C) disengagement from school; better achievement
D) reductions in self-esteem; increases in self-esteem

A) better achievement; doing poorly in school

Among ethnic minority youth, academic achievement is highest when adolescents experience all of the following except:
A) feel connected to their ethnic group
B) are aware of racism
C) believe it is important to the people in their life to be academically successful within mainstream society
D) are not aware of racism

D) are not aware of racism

A recent study of ethnic identity and academic achievement illustrated how racial centrality, private regard, and public regard work together to influence Black adolescents’ school performance and motivation. The researchers identified four distinct clusters within their sample of 600 students. Which cluster of students was most likely to drop out and which cluster of students was most likely to hold positive beliefs about the school?
A) alienated students were the most likely to drop out; idealized students were most likely to hold positive beliefs about the school.
B) buffering/ defensive students were the most likely to drop out; idealized students were most likely to hold positive beliefs about the school.
C) alienated students were the most likely to drop out; buffering/ defensive students were most likely to hold positive beliefs about the school.
D) idealized students were the most likely to drop out; alienated students were most likely to hold positive beliefs about the school.

A) alienated students were the most likely to drop out; idealized students were most likely to hold positive beliefs about the school.

Compared to minority adolescents with families that have been in the U.S. for a long time, foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents tend to perform:
A) better in school, but are more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior
B) worse in school, but are less likely to have emotional and behavioral problems
C) better in school, and are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior
D) worse in school, and are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems.

D) worse in school, and are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems.

According to the textbook, feeling discriminated against is predictive of all of the following except:
A) conduct problems
B) depression
C) lower achievement in school
D) all of the above

D) all of the above

According to the textbook, one of the pathways by which adolescents who feel discriminated against experience negative mental health outcomes is:
A) adolescents who feel discriminated against in school report feeling less control over their academic achievement, which leads to feelings of depression
B) adolescents who feel discriminated against put less effort into their school work, which leads to feelings of worthlessness
C) adolescents who feel discriminated against isolate themselves from their peers
D) adolescents who feel discriminated against are afraid to present their "true self"

A) adolescents who feel discriminated against in school report feeling less control over their academic achievement, which leads to feelings of depression

According to the textbook, having race as a central part of one’s identity has the following impact(s) on adolescent development:
A) it makes adolescents more sensitive to discrimination
B) it allows adolescents to be more able to cope with discrimination
C) A and B are both true
D) none of the above are true

C) A and B are both true

According to Sellers’s Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI), three different aspects of racial identity are important to consider in understanding discrimination and its effects. These three components are:
A) private regard, public regard, and racial centrality.
B) private regard, external regard, and familial regard.
C) racial centrality, external regard, and code switching.
D) public regard, private regard, and perceived discrimination.

A) private regard, public regard, and racial centrality.

According to the textbook, Black individuals who believe that the public has low regard for African Americans typically:
A) are more sensitive to racial cues
B) are less sensitive to racial cues
C) have low private regard
D) have high private regard

A) are more sensitive to racial cues

Compared to parents who emphasize having pride in one’s ethnic group, parents who emphasize the need to be wary about potential racism tend to have children:
A) who fare better in the face of discrimination
B) who fare worse in the face of discrimination
C) who are more prepared for the "real world"
D) who are more accepting of discrimination

B) who fare worse in the face of discrimination

Positive mental health is associated with:
A) having strong positive feelings about one’s own ethnic heritage and feeling separate from the mainstream culture.
B) separating from one’s own ethnic heritage but having strong positive feelings about mainstream culture.
C) having strong positive feelings about one’s own ethnic heritage and about mainstream culture.
D) separating from both one’s own ethnic heritage and mainstream culture.

C) having strong positive feelings about one’s own ethnic heritage and about mainstream culture.

Which of the following statements concerning ethnic identity is false?
A) Proficiency in one’s ethnic language and interacting with peers from the same ethnic group are associated with having a strong ethnic identity.
B) Foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents express more negative feelings about mainstream American ideals than their more acculturated peers.
C) Foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents perform better in school than their more acculturated peers.
D) Foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior than their more acculturated peers.

B) Foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents express more negative feelings about mainstream American ideals than their more acculturated peers

Possessing both highly masculine and highly feminine traits is called:
A) marginality.
B) virile.
C) androgyny.
D) code switching.

C) androgyny.

The idea that pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways increases during adolescence, especially for girls, is called the _______ hypothesis.
A) gender intensification
B) self-image stability
C) sex-role stereotyping
D) androgyny

A) gender intensification

Based on information from the textbook, among both males and females, many traits traditionally labeled as _____ are associated in adolescence with __________.
A) masculine; better adjustment and greater peer acceptance
B) androgynous; better adjustment and greater peer acceptance
C) masculine; worse adjustment and poorer peer acceptance
D) androgynous; worse adjustment and poorer peer acceptance

A) masculine; better adjustment and greater peer acceptance

In general and according to the textbook, which girl is most likely to become less confident as she becomes an adolescent?
A) Ginny, who has developed a strong feminine gender role identity
B) Robin, who has always been a "tomboy"
C) Alyson, who has become increasingly androgynous
D) All of these girls are likely to lose confidence in themselves as they enter adolescence.

A) Ginny, who has developed a strong feminine gender role identity

Being androgynous may have _____ effects for girls and _____ effects for boys.
A) positive; positive
B) positive; negative
C) negative; positive
D) negative; negative

B) positive; negative

Which adolescent male would be expected to have the highest self-esteem?
A)Paul, who is extremely masculine
B) David, who is extremely feminine
C) Roger, who is androgynous
D) Donald, who is both masculine and feminine

A) Paul, who is extremely masculine

Which of the following statements is not true regarding the gender intensification hypothesis in adolescence?
A) during adolescence, girls can be highly pressured to behave in feminine ways without necessarily being punished or labeled deviant for exhibiting some masculine traits at the same time
B) during adolescence, boys can be highly pressured to behave in masculine ways without necessarily being punished or labeled deviant for exhibiting some feminine traits at the same time.
C) boys’ gender-role socialization does not intensify during adolescence as much as it does for girls because boys’ gender-role socialization is very intense from childhood
D) girls may feel increasingly pressured to dress nicely and to wear makeup when they reach adolescence, but they are not pressured to give up athletics

B) during adolescence, boys can be highly pressured to behave in masculine ways without necessarily being punished or labeled deviant for exhibiting some feminine traits at the same time.