Abnormal Psychology Final

In sciences, the perspectives used are to explain phenomena are known as:
A. Facts
B. Theories
C. Models
D. Hypotheses

C. Models

The paradigm or model adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior would have been:
A. Sociocultural
B. Biological
C. Cognitive
D. Demonological

D. Demonological

The model of abnormality that cites physical processes as being the key to behavior is the:
A. Biological model
B. Sociocultural model
C. Psychodynamic model
D. Humanistic-exisential model

A. Biological model

The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the:
A. Behavioral model
B. Sociocultural model
C. Psychodynamic model
D. Humanistic- existential model

B. Sociocultural Model

The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the:
A. Cognitive model
B. Behavior model
C. Sociocultural model
D. Psychodynamic model

D. Psychodynamic Model

"Understanding a person’s unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality." Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent?
A. Behavior
B. Psychodynamic
C. Cognitive
D. Humanistic-existentail

B. Psychodynamic

The model of abnormality that concentrates on thought processes is the:
A. Cognitive model
B. Behavioral model
C. Sociocultural model
D. Psychodynamic model

A. Cognitive model

Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which of the following would be a part of your paradigm?
A. The humanistic-existential model
B. The family-social perspective
C. The cognitive model
D. The psychodynamic model

B. The family- social perspective

Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called:
A. Dendrites
B. Axons
C. Neurotransmitters.
D. Synapses.

D. Synapses

Current research suggests that schizophrenia may be related to:
A)
bacterial infections at the time of puberty.
B)
a resistance to antibiotics.
C)
viral infection in utero.
D)
hormonal imbalances.

C. Viral infection in utero

If you were receiving medications to control hallucinations and delusions, you would MOST likely be receiving:
A)
antidepressants.
B)
antipsychotics.
C)
antibipolar drugs.
D)
minor tranquilizers

B. Antipsychotics

Neurosurgery is believed to have its roots in:
A)
the psychodynamic movement.
B)
learning theory.
C)
trephining from the demonological era.
D)
the humanistic viewpoint.

C. Trephining from the demonological era.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of:
A)
schizophrenia.
B)
anxiety disorders.
C)
depression.
D)
bipolar disorder.

C. Depression

The ______ operates in accord with the pleasure principle.
A)
id
B)
superego
C)
erogenous zone
D)
ego

A. Id

Barney’s mother is taking cookies out of the oven. Which of the following would suggest MOST strongly that the id is firmly in control of Barney’s behavior?
A)
Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs.
B)
Barney wants the cookies desperately but asks his mother for a couple.
C)
Barney waits for his mother to leave the room, takes a few cookies, and runs away.
D)
Barney asks for some cookies in a whiny voice and throws a tantrum when he is denied.

A. Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs.

Keeping one’s id under control causes anxiety. How does one attempt to alleviate that anxiety, according to Freud?
A)
by becoming fixated at an early stage of development
B)
by ignoring the superego
C)
by giving in to the id impulses
D)
by using defense mechanisms

D. By using defense mechanisms

What we call "conscience" is closest to what Freud called the:
A)
defense mechanism.
B)
superego.
C)
ego.
D)
erogenous zone.

B. Superego

A patient’s initial reaction to being told she has an STI is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is:
A)
regression.
B)
sublimation.
C)
denial.
D)
rationalization.

C. Denial

You blame your poor performance on a test you didn’t study for on all the other work you had to do. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is:
A)
denial.
B)
rationalization.
C)
intellectualization.
D)
sublimation.

B. Rationalization

According to Freud’s psychodynamic theory, at birth the child is in the:
A)
oral stage.
B)
anal stage.
C)
phallic stage.
D)
latency stage.

A. Oral stage

A general term used for theories such as Freud’s, Adler’s, and Jung’s is:
A)
psychiatric.
B)
biological.
C)
psychodynamic.
D)
psychophysical.

C. Psychodynamic

Which one of the following statements would a Freudian be MOST likely to agree with?
A)
Parents are the key figures during childhood and are seen as the cause of improper development.
B)
Regardless of each person’s history, everyone is ultimately responsible for their own behavior.
C)
What you have learned from your parents is how you behave as an adult.
D)
Past history doesn’t matter. It is what is happening here and now that is important.

A. Parents are the key figures during childhood and are seen as the cause of improper development.

Colin is asked to "free associate" about his mother’s new husband and he responds by changing the subject. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of:
A)
catharsis.
B)
resistance.
C)
transference.
D)
countertransference.

B. Resistance

According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following is true regarding dreams?
A)
They are without real importance.
B)
They reflect our unconscious desires and needs.
C)
They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival.
D)
They are the brain’s attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity.

B. The reflects our unconscious desires and needs.

When a young child yells and throws toys ("temper tantrum"), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. As time goes on, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from:
A)
unresolved intrapsychic conflict.
B)
operant conditioning.
C)
unconditional positive regard.
D)
neurotransmitter imbalances.

B. Operant conditioning

Animals and humans learn without reinforcement. They learn just by watching. This form of learning is called:
A)
shaping.
B)
modeling.
C)
operant conditioning.
D)
classical conditioning.

B. Modeling

jamal observed his parents’ generous behavior throughout his childhood. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. According to the behavioral model, Jamal has acquired his lifestyle through the process of:
A)
modeling.
B)
self-actualization.
C)
operant conditioning.
D)
classical conditioning.

A. Modeling

A child is bitten by a vicious dog in front of a park. The child is subsequently very afraid of the park. According to classical conditioning, the park is a(n):
A)
conditioned stimulus.
B)
unconditioned stimulus.
C)
unconditioned response.
D)
conditioned response.

A. Conditioned stimulus

The first step in using the treatment called "systematic desensitization" is to:
A)
construct a fear hierarchy.
B)
construct a list of useful reinforcers.
C)
confront the client with the feared stimulus or thought.
D)
teach the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions.

D. Teach the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions.

Systematic desensitization has been shown to be especially effective in the treatment of:
A)
bipolar disorders.
B)
schizophrenia.
C)
phobias.
D)
substance abuse disorders.

C. Phobias

"Thoughts, as well as overt actions, are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning." The orientation of the author of this quote MOST likely would be:
A)
cognitive-behavioral.
B)
humanistic-existential.
C)
psychodynamic-gestalt.
D)
self-efficacious.

A. Cognitive-behavior

Today, ______ clinical psychology is the MOST popular theoretical orientation among professional psychologists.
A)
cognitive
B)
psychodynamic
C)
eclectic
D)
interpersonal

C. eclectic

An athlete who is actually well-prepared nevertheless thinks just before a contest, "I can’t do this! I need to be perfect, and I know I’m going to fail!" The theorist who would emphasize the illogical thinking process of this athlete as a source of poor performance MOST likely would support which model of abnormality?
A)
psychodynamic
B)
behavioral
C)
existential
D)
cognitive

D. cognitive

When José did not get the job he thought he deserved, he was convinced that everything was going wrong and he would never find another job. This thought is an example of:
A)
depression.
B)
selective perception.
C)
overgeneralization.
D)
unconditional negative regard.

C. overgeneralization.

If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel, and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving:
A)
humanistic therapy.
B)
existential therapy.
C)
cognitive therapy.
D)
psychoanalytic therapy.

C. cognitive therapy.

"When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life, and with the value they find in living." A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement?
A)
cognitive-behavioral
B)
humanistic-existential
C)
psychodynamic
D)
cognitive

B. humanistic-existential

According to ______, the drive to self-actualize plays an important part in human functioning.
A)
cognitive theorists
B)
behaviorists
C)
psychoanalysts
D)
humanists

D. humanists

The model that proposes that humans strive to self-actualize is the:
A)
psychodynamic model.
B)
cognitive model.
C)
humanistic-existential model.
D)
behavioral model.

C. Humanistic- existential model

Humanists would say that an individual who cares about others, is spontaneous, courageous, and independent, is:
A)
authentic.
B)
self-actualizing.
C)
role playing.
D)
experiencing catharsis.

B. Self- actualizing

If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed:
A)
spontaneity.
B)
unconditional self-regard.
C)
unconditional positive regard.
D)
conditions of worth.

B. Unconditional self-regard

The term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by Carl Rogers is:
A)
client-centered.
B)
insight.
C)
gestalt.
D)
existential.

A. Client centered.

"That’s all right. You are doing your best, don’t worry. I am here for you." A therapist who would say this as a primary part of the therapy process would MOST likely follow the:
A)
cognitive tradition.
B)
humanistic tradition.
C)
psychodynamic tradition.
D)
rational-emotive tradition.

B. Humanistic tradition

The model of abnormality that pays particular attention to a client’s family structure, societal norms, and a client’s roles in society is:
A)
existential.
B)
cognitive-behavioral.
C)
sociocultural.
D)
humanistic.

C. Sociocultural

Which model of abnormality would MOST focus on factors such as norms, family structure, and support systems?
A)
behavioral
B)
cognitive-behavioral
C)
gestalt
D)
sociocultural

D. Gestalt

David Rosenhan sent "pseudopatients" to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The results led him to conclude that ______ greatly impacts mental illness.
A)
an actual symptom
B)
the community mental health system
C)
social labeling
D)
communication

c. Social labeling

Which of the following statements would one be MOST likely to hear in a self-help group?
A)
"I don’t have any idea what you should do."
B)
"The therapist will tell us what to do."
C)
"Try this. It worked for me."
D)
"Let’s talk about our dreams."

C. "Try this. It worked for me."

In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on:
A)
the biological differences between men and women.
B)
the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women.
C)
prejudice and discrimination faced by women.
D)
the level of rationality in the thought patterns of women.

C. Prejudice and discrimination faced by women.

Culturally sensitive therapists would be expected to do all of the following EXCEPT:
A)
recognize that children of immigrants have special challenges.
B)
help clients express anger and pain related to their life situation.
C)
encourage clients to become fully acculturated into the dominant culture.
D)
focus on raising the client’s self-esteem.

C. encourage clients to become fully acculturated into the dominant culture.

Which of the following statements is the BEST example of the biopsychosocial perspective?
A)
There is one legitimate approach to understanding mental disorders.
B)
Abnormality is best explained by sociocultural stresses a person experiences.
C)
Eclectic approaches fail to take interactions of various models into account.
D)
Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences.

D. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences.

The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that:
A)
stress is the primary factor leading to abnormality.
B)
a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality.
C)
abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition.
D)
only one factor—stress or predisposition—is necessary for abnormality to occur.

C. Abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition

Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of abnormality?
A)
a genetic history of mental illness in one’s family
B)
growing up in an unhealthy, enmeshed family
C)
experiencing a severe psychological trauma
D)
living in a high-crime, impoverished area

C. Experiencing a servers psychological trauma.

Clinical interviews are the preferred assessment technique of many practitioners. One particular strength of the interview process is:
A. validity.
B. the reliability of the technique.
C. the chance to get a general sense of the client.
D. that it asks only open-ended questions.

c. the chance to get a general sense of the client.

Which of the following is the BEST conclusion you could draw about the effectiveness of the various assessment techniques?
A)
There is one standard assessment battery used by all clinicians.
B)
When all is said and done, no technique stands out as superior.
C)
Clinicians have abandoned the use of assessment.
D)
Assessment is used at the beginning of therapy but not thereafter.

B. When all is said and done, no technique stands out as superior.

If a clinician focused on where you placed your drawing on the page, the size of the drawing, and the parts you omitted, you MOST likely took which of the following tests?
A)
Rorschach
B)
TAT
C)
MMPI
D)
Draw-a-Person

d. Draw- a- person

Symptoms such as sadness, loss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a:
A)
treatment.
B)
classification system.
C)
syndrome.
D)
medical condition.

C. Syndrome

A therapist’s preferred method of assessing abnormal behavior is to watch clients in their everyday environments and record their activities and behaviors. This approach is known as:
A. self-monitoring.
B. battery observation.
C. structured observation.
D. naturalistic observation.

D. Naturalistic observation

Patients receiving therapy for a psychological problem, on average, experience improvement greater than ______ of people with similar problems who do not receive treatment.
A)
25 percent
B)
75 percent
C)
100 percent
D)
0 percent

B. 75 present

When a person has organic brain impairment, that person would MOST likely have difficulty completing:
A)
a CAT scan.
B)
an EEG.
C)
the Bender-Gestalt test.
D)
an MRI.

C. the Bender- Gestalt test

If a clinician is particularly interested in a client’s family background and community influences, that clinician is MOST likely from which orientation?
A)
biological
B)
behavioral
C)
sociocultural
D)
Cognitive

C. Sociocultural

An adult frequently displays symptoms of depression at home, but seldom does so at work. In this case, clinical observations of this person at home would lack:
A)
observer bias.
B)
observer drift.
C)
structure.
D)
cross-situational validity.

D. cross- situational validity

Which category of clinical tests tends to have the BEST standardization, reliability, and validity?
A)
projective tests
B)
intelligence tests
C)
response inventories
D)
personality inventories

B. Intelligence test

Therapies that have received clear research support are called:
A)
meta-analyses.
B)
idiographic.
C)
evidence-based.
D)
outcome complex.

C. Evidence- based

If a clinician is particularly interested in a client’s family medical history, that clinician is MOST likely from which orientation?
A)
behavioral
B)
biological
C)
sociocultural
D)
cognitive

B. Biological

Personality assessment using projective tests is designed to:
A)
perform a functional analysis of the client.
B)
learn about unconscious conflicts in the client.
C)
obtain detailed information about specific dysfunctional behaviors.
D)
obtain detailed information about specific dysfunctional cognitions.

B. Learn about unconscious conflicts in the client.

A test is constructed to identify people who will develop schizophrenia. Of the 100 people the test identifies, 93 show signs of schizophrenia within five years. The test may be said to have high:
A)
internal reliability.
B)
predictive validity.
C)
concurrent validity.
D)
test-retest reliability.

B. Predictive validity