Abnormal Psychology Chapter 14

What percentage of the world population is estimated to have schizophrenia?
A)
0.05 percent
B)
1 percent
C)
5 percent
D)
10 percent

B) 1 percent

Psychosis means:
A)
split personality.
B)
loss of contact with reality.
C)
brain seizures.
D)
drug abuse.

B) loss of contact with reality

The term "schizophrenia" is derived from the Greek for:
A)
split mind.
B)
frantic mind.
C)
multiple personality.
D)
hysterical demeanor.

A) split mind.

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the most common pattern of schizophrenia?
A)
Women develop the disorder earlier and more severely than men.
B)
There is a significant risk of suicide attempt—about 25 percent.
C)
There is a higher incidence in lower than upper socioeconomic groups.
D)
There is about a 1 percent risk of developing schizophrenia in a lifetime, worldwide.

A) Women develop the disorder earlier and more severely than men.

Downward drift is BEST reflected in which of the following statements?
A)
Poverty and social disruption cause schizophrenia.
B)
Schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruption.
C)
Genetic factors cause both schizophrenia and poverty.
D)
Schizophrenia causes marital disruption, which causes poverty.

B) Schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruption.

Schizophrenia is found in all socioeconomic classes. However, it is MOST likely to be found in someone from a:
A)
lower socioeconomic level.
B)
middle socioeconomic level.
C)
professional socioeconomic level.
D)
privileged (wealthy) socioeconomic level.

A) lower socioeconomic level.

Armond does not feel much emotion and does not really want to do anything. He has also completely withdrawn from his friends and family. The presence of these behaviors illustrates ______ schizophrenia.
A)
active
B)
positive
C)
negative
D)
psychomotor

C) negative

Delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, heightened perceptions and hallucinations, and inappropriate affect are examples of ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.
A)
positive
B)
negative
C)
cognitive
D)
ineffective

A) positive

Millie sees pretty colored butterflies on all the walls. She also hears gentle music, which is not actually there. The presence of these behaviors illustrates ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.
A)
active
B)
positive
C)
negative
D)
psychomotor

B) positive

Rosa is sure that her family is planning to kidnap her and take her inheritance. She has found her husband talking on the phone in whispers and seen her children looking at her strangely. Rosa is MOST likely suffering from:
A)
delusions of grandeur.
B)
delusions of reference.
C)
delusions of control.
D)
delusions of persecution.

D) delusions of persecution.

Antonio believes that the anchor on the evening television news is speaking directly and personally to him. He even goes to the television studio to talk to the anchor. Antonio is suffering from:
A)
delusions of persecution.
B)
delusions of grandeur.
C)
delusions of reference.
D)
delusions of control.

C) delusions of reference.

The MAIN difference between hallucinations and delusions is that:
A)
hallucinations are more serious than delusions.
B)
hallucinations involve perception and delusions involve belief.
C)
hallucinations are more common early in the disorder and delusions more common later.
D)
hallucinations are auditory and delusions are visual.

B) hallucinations involve perception and delusions involve belief.

All of the following statements are true of mentally ill chemical abusers (MICAs) EXCEPT:
A)
MICA is overdiagnosed because the drug abuse is often overemphasized.
B)
MICAs tend to remain homeless longer than other homeless people without this diagnosis.
C)
traditional forms of therapy often don’t work for this complex problem.
D)
MICAs are most often young and male.

A) MICA is overdiagnosed because the drug abuse is often overemphasized.

What treatment programs seem to work best for mentally ill chemical abusers (MICAs)?
A)
short-term, individualized, comprehensive therapy
B)
short-term, individualized, more traditional forms of therapy
C)
long-term, individualized, comprehensive therapy
D)
long-term, individualized, more traditional forms of therapy

C) long-term, individualized, comprehensive therapy

Researchers estimate that about what percent of homeless individuals are identifiable as MICAs (mentally ill chemical abusers)?
A)
less than 5 percent
B)
10 to 20 percent
C)
about one-third (33 percent)
D)
almost half (50 percent)

B) 10 to 20 percent

In general, the problems that mentally ill chemical abusers (MICAs) face in terms of diagnosis and treatment are:
A)
about equal to the problems faced by people with severe mental illnesses.
B)
about equal to the problems faced by people with chemical abuse disorders.
C)
less than those faced by either by people with severe mental disorders or chemical abuse disorders.
D)
more than those faced by either people with severe mental disorders or chemical abuse disorders.

D) more than those faced by either people with severe mental disorders or chemical abuse disorders.

"I am the Virgin Mary, and I’ve come to give birth to a new savior," says someone experiencing:
A)
delusions of reference.
B)
delusions of persecution.
C)
delusions of grandeur.
D)
delusions of control.

C) delusions of grandeur.

A person with schizophrenia who said, "It’s cold today. My cold is better but I got it from the nurse. She is a big blonde who lives in Manhattan. I live in Manhattan with Jimmy Carter," is experiencing:
A)
loose associations.
B)
neologisms.
C)
perseveration.
D)
clang.

A) loose associations.

"Insects make me itch. My brother collects them; he is 5 feet 10 inches tall. That’s my favorite number. I dance and draw." Such speech illustrates which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia?
A)
positive
B)
negative
C)
delusional
D)
hallucinatory

A) positive

"Insects make me itch. My brother collects them; he is 5 feet 10 inches tall. That’s my favorite number. I dance and draw." Such speech illustrates which of the following symptoms of schizophrenia?
A)
loose associations
B)
catatonia
C)
avolition
D)
restricted affect

A) loose associations

If someone had the delusion of being an animal, the person MOST likely would be experiencing:
A)
negative symptoms.
B)
lycanthropy.
C)
loose associations.
D)
loss of avolition.

B) lycanthropy.

A person with schizophrenia who hears all the animals around her making plans to get her ready for the ball, and comes to think she is Cinderella is experiencing a(n) ______ hallucination and a delusion of ______
A)
auditory; grandeur
B)
tactile; control
C)
olfactory; reference
D)
gustatory, persecution

A) auditory; grandeur

Which of the following would be the MOST common type of hallucination?
A)
That dog is singing to me and asking me to sing along.
B)
That butterfly is growing so much it is as big as the house.
C)
There are invisible bugs crawling under my skin.
D)
My intestines are a mass of wiggling worms.

A) That dog is singing to me and asking me to sing along.

The MOST common type of hallucination in schizophrenia is:
A)
visual.
B)
tactile.
C)
auditory.
D)
olfactory.

C) auditory.

If you could "get inside the head" of a person experiencing auditory hallucinations, you would MOST likely find that:
A)
the person actually produces nerve signals of sound in his brain.
B)
the person knows that the hallucinations are fictional.
C)
hallucinations and delusions are coded in the same place in the person’s brain.
D)
the person is aware of auditory hallucinations but not aware of other types of hallucinations.

A) the person actually produces nerve signals of sound in his brain.

Research with those experiencing auditory hallucinations has demonstrated all of the following EXCEPT:
A)
increased blood flow in Broca’s area.
B)
increased activity in the brain’s hearing center.
C)
movement of the oval window of the cochlea.
D)
increased activity near the brain’s surface.

C) movement of the oval window of the cochlea.

Which of the following is a somatic hallucination?
A)
That dog is singing to me and asking me to sing along.
B)
That butterfly is growing so much it is as big as the house.
C)
There are invisible bugs crawling under my skin.
D)
My intestines are a mass of wiggling worms.

D) My intestines are a mass of wiggling worms.

Which of the following is a tactile hallucination?
A)
That dog is singing to me and asking me to sing along.
B)
That butterfly is growing so much it is as big as the house.
C)
There are invisible bugs crawling under my tingling skin.
D)
My intestines are a mass of wriggling worms.

C) There are invisible bugs crawling under my tingling skin.

When Janice drinks her milk, she is sure from the taste that someone put salt in it. Janice is most likely experiencing a(n) _______ hallucination.
A)
somatic
B)
auditory
C)
olfactory
D)
gustatory

D) gustatory

A person with schizophrenia who laughs when told sad news and screams in situations that most people see as warm and tender is experiencing:
A)
cognitive distortion.
B)
delusions of control.
C)
inappropriate affect.
D)
olfactory hallucination

C) inappropriate affect.

Poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal, are all examples of ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.
A)
positive
B)
negative
C)
hallucinatory
D)
psychomotor

B) negative

In the middle of a normal, calm conversation, a person with Tourette’s syndrome might suddenly begin shouting, and then follow that with a string of obscenities. This is similar to the symptom of schizophrenia called:
A)
blunted and flat affect.
B)
inappropriate affect.
C)
poverty of speech.
D)
loss of volition.

B) inappropriate affect.

A person with schizophrenia who is experiencing alogia is displaying:
A)
poverty of speech.
B)
blunted or flat affect.
C)
loss of volition.
D)
social withdrawal.

A) poverty of speech.

The decrease in the fluency and productivity of speech that is seen in schizophrenia is specifically termed:
A)
alogia.
B)
blocking.
C)
avolition.
D)
catatonia.

A) alogia.

An emergency medical technician (EMT) arrives at the scene of a bad car accident, and calmly prepares a severely injured passenger for transport to a hospital while others at the scene are screaming and crying with fear and grief. The EMT’s training has resulted in behavior similar to the symptom of schizophrenia called:
A)
ahedonia.
B)
poverty of speech.
C)
blunted affect.
D)
flat affect.

C) blunted affect.

I sit staring at a blank page, unable to make myself write a new multiple-choice test item; I just don’t seem to care. My behavior is like that of people with schizophrenia displaying the symptom called:
A)
avolition.
B)
ahedonia.
C)
inappropriate affect.
D)
flat affect.

A) avolition.

Martin is a person with schizophrenia who feels ambivalent about most issues. He has no goals and does not seem to have the energy or interest to think about them. He certainly cannot make decisions. He is MOST likely suffering from:
A)
disturbances in affect.
B)
disturbances in volition.
C)
a disturbed sense of self.
D)
a disturbed relationship with the outside world.

B) disturbances in volition.

A person with schizophrenia who is experiencing anhedonia is displaying:
A)
poverty of speech.
B)
blunted or flat affect.
C)
loss of volition.
D)
social withdrawal.

B) blunted or flat affect.

A person with schizophrenia who is feeling apathetic, drained, and unable to start or follow through on any projects is displaying:
A)
poverty of speech.
B)
blunted or flat affect.
C)
loss of volition.
D)
social withdrawal.

C) loss of volition.

Those with with schizophrenia who are unable to recognize other people’s needs and emotions and who also distance themselves from reality are displaying:
A)
poverty of speech.
B)
blunted or flat affect.
C)
loss of volition.
D)
social withdrawal.

D) social withdrawal.

The inability to move limbs in catatonic schizophrenia illustrates ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.
A)
active
B)
positive
C)
negative
D)
psychomotor

D) psychomotor

Those with schizophrenia who stop responding to their environment and remain motionless and silent for long periods of time are experiencing:
A)
catatonic stupor.
B)
catatonic excitement.
C)
catatonic rigidity.
D)
catatonic posturing.

A) catatonic stupor.

Noreen has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. She is totally unresponsive to her environment. She does not move for hours on end and never responds to contacts from others. This is an example of:
A)
catatonic stupor.
B)
general dysphoria.
C)
inappropriate affect.
D)
catatonic excitement.

A) catatonic stupor.

Those with schizophrenia who hold awkward and bizarre positions for long periods of time are experiencing:
A)
catatonic stupor.
B)
catatonic excitement.
C)
catatonic rigidity.
D)
catatonic posturing.

D) catatonic posturing.

Those with schizophrenia who remain standing for hours and resist efforts to be moved are experiencing:
A)
catatonic stupor.
B)
catatonic excitement.
C)
catatonic rigidity.
D)
catatonic posturing.

C) catatonic rigidity.

Which of the following two pairs MOST closely represent opposites in terms of the behavior you would observe in people with schizophrenia?
A)
catatonic stupor and catatonic excitement
B)
catatonic rigidity and catatonic stupor
C)
catatonic posturing and catatonic rigidity
D)
catatonic excitement and catatonic posturing

A) catatonic stupor and catatonic excitement

People with schizophrenia who wave their arms around in wild motions and make kicking motions with their legs are experiencing:
A)
catatonic stupor.
B)
catatonic excitement.
C)
catatonic rigidity.
D)
catatonic posturing.

B) catatonic excitement.

The stage of the development of schizophrenia marked by deterioration of functioning and the display of some mild symptoms is called the:
A)
active phase.
B)
residual phase.
C)
prodromal phase.
D)
premorbid phase.

C) prodromal phase.

A person is socially withdrawn, speaks in odd ways, has strange ideas, and expresses little emotion, but she is not displaying full-blown schizophrenic symptoms. What phase of schizophrenia is this person in?
A)
prodromal
B)
active
C)
residual
D)
either prodromal or residual

D) either prodromal or residual

Patients are MORE likely to recover from schizophrenia if they:
A)
had hallucinations but no delusions.
B)
showed delusions but no hallucinations.
C)
demonstrated good premorbid functioning.
D)
had primarily negative rather than positive signs.

C) demonstrated good premorbid functioning

Delia does not display all the full-blown schizophrenia symptoms anymore. Occasionally, a shadow of a symptom appears. She is a bit withdrawn and not entirely clear all the time, but she can marginally function in the world. This is an example of:
A)
residual schizophrenia.
B)
catatonic schizophrenia.
C)
paranoid schizophrenia.
D)
undifferentiated schizophrenia.

A) residual schizophrenia.

Which of the following is NOT related to a fuller recovery from schizophrenia?
A)
good prodromal functioning
B)
schizophrenia initially triggered by stress
C)
schizophrenia developing in early life
D)
an abrupt beginning to the disorder

C) schizophrenia developing in early life

A person with schizophrenia who is mute, statuelike, and fails to participate in the hospital routine is MOST likely experiencing _______ schizophrenia.
A)
disorganized
B)
catatonic
C)
paranoid
D)
undifferentiated

B) catatonic

A person with schizophrenia demonstrates poverty of speech, and experiences auditory hallucinations. According to the "Type I-Type II" evaluation categorization, this person would be:
A)
Type I.
B)
Type II.
C)
a mix of Type I and Type II
D)
neither Type I nor Type II, because these types apply only to the prodromal phase.

C) a mix of Type I and Type II

Regarding likelihood of recovery and types of symptoms exhibited, which of the following would be the WORST disorder to have?
A)
Type I schizophrenia
B)
Type II schizophrenia
C)
Type III schizophrenia
D)
Type IV schizophrenia

B) Type II schizophrenia

While Type I schizophrenia is dominated by ______ symptoms, Type II schizophrenia is dominated by ______ symptoms.
A)
alogia; avolition
B)
negative; positive
C)
positive; negative
D)
negative; catatonia

C) positive; negative

According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia:
A)
people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present.
B)
people with certain psychosocial stressors will develop schizophrenia in the absence of a biological predisposition.
C)
biological predispositions for schizophrenia override any evidence for the importance of psychosocial stressors.
D)
people with certain biological predispositions will develop schizophrenia in the absence of psychosocial stressors.

A) people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present.

Based on family pedigree studies, which relative of an individual with a diagnosis of schizophrenia would be MOST at risk for developing the disorder?
A)
niece
B)
sister
C)
father
D)
grandson

B) sister

What is the rate of concordance for schizophrenia in identical twins?
A)
2-5 percent
B)
15-18 percent
C)
40-60 percent
D)
70-80 percent

C) 40-60 percent

In general, the closer people are genetically related to someone with schizophrenia, the MORE likely they are to be diagnosed with schizophrenia as well. This is evidence of:
A)
a positive correlation between a schizophrenia diagnosis and closeness of relationship.
B)
a negative correlation between a schizophrenia diagnosis and closeness of relationship.
C)
a causal relationship between a schizophrenia diagnosis and closeness of relationship.
D)
no clear relationship between a schizophrenia diagnosis and closeness of relationship.

A) a positive correlation between a schizophrenia diagnosis and closeness of relationship.

Which of the following groups of relatives of someone diagnosed with schizophrenia shows the correct sequence from having the highest concordance rate for schizophrenia to having the lowest concordance rate for schizophrenia?
A)
parent, sibling, first cousin
B)
parent, first cousin, sibling
C)
sibling, parent, first cousin
D)
sibling, first cousin, parent

C) sibling, parent, first cousin

Which of the following statements about genetic factors in schizophrenia is accurate?
A)
Close relatives of those with schizophrenia are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than distant relatives of those with schizophrenia.
B)
Fraternal twins have a higher concordance rate for schizophrenia than do identical twins.
C)
Those with schizophrenia who have been adopted are more like their adoptive parents than like their biological parents.
D)
Recent family studies eliminate the confounding of environment and genetics.

A) Close relatives of those with schizophrenia are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than distant relatives of those with schizophrenia.

Recent research shows that if one identical twin develops schizophrenia, there is about a 50 percent chance the other twin will develop schizophrenia. If future research confirms this finding, we will have evidence of:
A)
a strong genetic component of schizophrenia.
B)
a strong environmental component of schizophrenia.
C)
strong environmental and strong genetic components of schizophrenia.
D)
a single, strong "schizophrenia gene."

C) strong environmental and strong genetic components of schizophrenia.

If schizophrenia depended solely on genetic make-up, then compared to rates of schizophrenia in siblings in general, "fraternal" twins should have:
A)
four times the concordance rate for schizophrenia.
B)
twice the concordance rate for schizophrenia.
C)
the same concordance rate for schizophrenia.
D)
half the concordance rate for schizophrenia.

C) the same concordance rate for schizophrenia.

The data from studies of the biological and adoptive parents of children who receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia as adults show that the concordance rate of schizophrenia with biological relatives is:
A)
lower than with adoptive relatives.
B)
higher than with adoptive relatives.
C)
a direct function of the age at adoption.
D)
equally low with both biological and adoptive relatives.

B) higher than with adoptive relatives.

Which of the following statements BEST fits the evidence for the biological basis of schizophrenia?
A)
The gene that causes schizophrenia has been identified in position 21, and it is recessive.
B)
Schizophrenia is a polygenetic disorder, probably impacting brain structure and chemical activity.
C)
If someone inherits defects on chromosomes 1-11 and 15-19, that person is likely to experience schizophrenia.
D)
Genetic studies have revealed no gene involvement in schizophrenia.

B) Schizophrenia is a polygenetic disorder, probably impacting brain structure and chemical activity.

For the first two weeks after starting college, a student can’t seem to talk coherently and is generally unresponsive to the moods of other students in the same dorm. Soon, the student resumes normal patterns of speaking and social interaction. This is an example of:
A)
schizoaffective disorder.
B)
catatonic schizophrenia.
C)
schizophreniform disorder.
D)
brief psychotic disorder.

D) brief psychotic disorder.

A middle-aged individual shows many of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and at the same time often appears profoundly depressed. The symptoms have lasted almost a year. This is an example of:
A)
shared psychotic disorder.
B)
undifferentiated type of schizophrenia.
C)
schizophreniform disorder.
D)
schizoaffective disorder.

D) schizoaffective disorder.

A person acts extremely jealous all the time, and complains bitterly whenever other people appear to be getting more attention. This has been going on for a couple of months, and the person shows no other substantial symptoms. The BEST diagnosis, assuming the extreme jealousy has no basis in fact, is:
A)
delusional disorder.
B)
schizophreniform disorder.
C)
paranoid schizophrenia.
D)
brief psychotic disorder.

A) delusional disorder.

A young adult who still lives at home has a parent who frequently exhibits delusions of grandeur, so much so that the young adult eventually develops delusions of grandeur, as well. The young adult’s psychotic disorder is called:
A)
codependent disorder.
B)
shared psychotic disorder.
C)
second-degree schizophreniform disorder.
D)
paranoid schizophrenia.

B) shared psychotic disorder.

A mother experiences "baby blues" shortly after delivering a child. The chances that she later will develop postpartum psychosis are closest to:
A)
1 in 2.
B)
1 in 10.
C)
1 in 100.
D)
1 in 1,000.

D) 1 in 1,000.

A woman has just been diagnosed with postpartum depression. MOST likely, she will:
A)
neither progress to postpartum psychosis, nor physically harm her child.
B)
progress to postpartum psychosis, but will not physically harm her child.
C)
not progress to postpartum psychosis, but will physically harm her child.
D)
progress to postpartum psychosis, and will physically harm her child.

A) neither progress to postpartum psychosis, nor physically harm her child.

Postpartum psychosis occurs:
A)
in 1-2 percent of women, beginning soon after childbirth.
B)
in about 5 percent of women, beginning soon after childbirth.
C)
in 1-2 percent of women beginning 1-2 years after childbirth.
D)
in about 5 percent of women, beginning 1-2 years after childbirth

A) in 1-2 percent of women, beginning soon after childbirth.

Symptoms of postpartum psychosis appear to be triggered by:
A)
the sudden loss of social status a woman experiences immediately after giving birth.
B)
maternal diabetes, which is at its worst during and after birth.
C)
feelings of diminished worth, combined with anxiety related to child care.
D)
a large shift in hormones occurring just after childbirth

D) a large shift in hormones occurring just after childbirth

Andrea Yates, showing symptoms of postpartum psychosis, drowned her five children in 2001. Assuming she was suffering from postpartum psychosis, her actions were:
A)
typical; almost all of women with postpartum psychosis harm their offspring.
B)
typical; at least 75 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm their offspring.
C)
somewhat typical; about 50 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm their offspring.
D)
atypical; less than 10 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm or attempt to harm their offspring.

D) atypical; less than 10 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm or attempt to harm their offspring.

Which of the following is the BEST example of a finding from genetic linkage and molecular biology studies?
A)
The brains of those with schizophrenia are structured differently from the brains of those without schizophrenia.
B)
Those with schizophrenia process certain neurotransmitters differently from those without schizophrenia.
C)
Gene defects on certain chromosomes predispose one to schizophrenia.
D)
Biological relatives of those with schizophrenia are at greatest risk for schizophrenia.

C) Gene defects on certain chromosomes predispose one to schizophrenia.

Does research support the thinking that there is a "schizophrenia gene"?
A)
No: schizophrenia is probably a polygenic disorder, and researchers have not pinpointed the exact gene yet.
B)
No: schizophrenia is a polygenic disorder, and we know the exact genes.
C)
Yes: schizophrenia is a monogenic disorder, although we don’t know the exact gene yet.
D)
Yes: schizophrenia is a monogenic disorder, and we know the exact gene.

A) No: schizophrenia is probably a polygenic disorder, and researchers have not pinpointed the exact gene yet.

Why are people taking medication for schizophrenia often given medication that helps control shaking and tremors?
A)
Schizophrenia often leads to the development of Parkinsonism.
B)
Medication used to treat schizophrenia leads to Parkinson-like symptoms.
C)
Dopamine is used to treat both schizophrenia and Parkinsonism.
D)
Too little or too much dopamine (an imbalance) leads to Parkinsonism and schizophrenia.

B) Medication used to treat schizophrenia leads to Parkinson-like symptoms.

Which of the following best supports the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia?
A)
Like those with Parkinsonism, those with schizophrenia have unusually low levels of dopamine.
B)
Antipsychotic drugs often produce Parkinson-like symptoms.
C)
Antipsychotic drugs increase the rate of firing at dopamine receptor sites.
D)
Dopamine levels vary across the different kinds of schizophrenia.

B) Antipsychotic drugs often produce Parkinson-like symptoms.

Researchers found that phenothiazines reduced psychotic symptoms but also caused Parkinsonian symptoms, like tremors. This discovery suggests that:
A)
schizophrenia masks Parkinson’s disease.
B)
schizophrenia is tied to excessive dopamine.
C)
excessive dopamine is tied to Parkinson’s disease.
D)
schizophrenia causes the synthesis of excessive amounts of dopamine.

B) schizophrenia is tied to excessive dopamine.

If a person receives the chemical L-dopa, a precursor of dopamine, it reduces the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. However, L-dopa may increase symptoms of schizophrenia. What might one reasonably conclude from this?
A)
L-dopa causes schizophrenia.
B)
Excessive dopamine produces schizophrenic symptoms.
C)
Antipsychotic medication decreases the amount of L-dopa in the brain.
D)
Antipsychotic medication increases the amount of dopamine in the brain.

B) Excessive dopamine produces schizophrenic symptoms.

The link between dopamine and schizophrenia is supported by the finding that:
A)
lower dopamine activity helps remove schizophrenic symptoms.
B)
the use of L-dopa can reduce schizophrenic symptoms.
C)
antipsychotic drugs can block Parkinsonian symptoms.
D)
dopamine-receiving synapses in persons with schizophrenia are apparently inactive.

A) lower dopamine activity helps remove schizophrenic symptoms.

A new medication for schizophrenia appears to work because it blocks dopamine from binding to a receptor. The new medication functions as:
A)
a dopamine production inhibitor.
B)
a dopamine antagonist.
C)
D-1 enhancer.
D)
D-2 enhancer.

B) a dopamine antagonist.

Recently the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia has been challenged because it has been discovered that:
A)
effective new drugs suggest abnormal neurotransmitter activity of serotonin as well as dopamine.
B)
excessive dopamine activity contributes to only some kinds of schizophrenia.
C)
atypical antipsychotic drugs work exclusively on dopamine receptors.
D)
those with catatonic schizophrenia respond better to atypical than to traditional antipsychotic drugs.

A) effective new drugs suggest abnormal neurotransmitter activity of serotonin as well as dopamine.

You have found enlarged ventricles during a postmortem analysis on a sample of brain tissue. This is MOST likely to be evidence of:
A)
conversion disorder.
B)
schizophrenia involving mainly positive symptoms.
C)
schizophrenia involving mainly negative symptoms.
D)
schizophreniform disorder.

C) schizophrenia involving mainly negative symptoms.

Chemically speaking, why do people who are methamphetamine addicts sometimes display schizophrenic-like behavior?
A)
Amphetamines are chemically similar to the medications used to treat schizophrenia.
B)
Amphetamines increase dopamine in the brain, leading to a schizophrenic-like response.
C)
Amphetamines decrease dopamine in the brain, leading to a schizophrenic-like response.
D)
Amphetamines are used to treat the unpleasant side-effects of schizophrenia.

B) Amphetamines increase dopamine in the brain, leading to a schizophrenic-like response.

Regarding brain structure, those with schizophrenia have been found to have all of the following EXCEPT:
A)
reduced blood flow to the brain.
B)
smaller frontal lobes than nonschizophrenics.
C)
larger amounts of cortical gray matter.
D)
enlarged ventricles.

C) larger amounts of cortical gray matter.

The finding that the HIGHEST rates of schizophrenia are found among people who are born during the winter supports which theory of schizophrenia?
A)
viral theory
B)
genetic theory
C)
dopamine theory
D)
biochemical theory

A) viral theory

The viral explanation for schizophrenia suggests that brain abnormalities, and therefore schizophrenia, result from viral exposure:
A)
before birth.
B)
between birth and two years old.
C)
during puberty.
D)
during the two years just after puberty.

A) before birth.

Since 1950, interest in psychological explanations for schizophrenia, as opposed to genetic and biological explanations have:
A)
decreased, then increased.
B)
increased, then decreased.
C)
decreased steadily.
D)
stayed the same.

A) decreased, then increased.

According to Freud, people with schizophrenia:
A)
regress to the anal period.
B)
are the victims of double-bind communication.
C)
regress to a pre-ego state of primary narcissism.
D)
receive a label that influences them to behave in a schizophrenic manner.

C) regress to a pre-ego state of primary narcissism.

According to Freudian psychodynamic interpretation, people who develop schizophrenia regress to a state of:
A)
secondary denial.
B)
primary narcissism.
C)
primary process thought.
D)
secondary thought processing.

B) primary narcissism.

According to Frieda Fromm-Reichmann (1948), schizophrenia is caused by:
A)
an excess of dopamine.
B)
a schizophrenogenic mother.
C)
regression to a stage of primary narcissism.
D)
brain abnormalities.

B) a schizophrenogenic mother.

A psychodynamic theorist of the twenty-first century is MOST likely to say:
A)
"Fromm-Reichmann was right; schizophrenogenic mothers cause most cases of schizophrenia."
B)
"Fromm-Reichmann was wrong; schizophrenogenic teachers cause most cases of schizophrenia."
C)
"Extreme regression can lead to biological abnormalities."
D)
"Biological abnormalities can lead to extreme regression."

D) "Biological abnormalities can lead to extreme regression."

Most contemporary psychodynamic theorists would agree with which of the following statements?
A)
Schizophrenogenic mothers confuse their children, resulting in their children becoming schizophrenic.
B)
Schizophrenogenic mothers, if they do exist, don’t create schizophrenic children.
C)
Schizophrenogenia should be applied to fathers as well as to mothers.
D)
Schizophrenogenia has been supported by research as an important contributor to schizophrenia.

B) Schizophrenogenic mothers, if they do exist, don’t create schizophrenic children.

The behavioral view of schizophrenia:
A)
provides a complete explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia.
B)
provides no explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia.
C)
provides a partial explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia.
D)
has not been explored to further understand the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia.

C) provides a partial explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia.

"If one receives a good deal of attention for unusual behaviors, is it any surprise those behaviors are strengthened?" is a question MOST likely asked by what kind of theorist?
A)
cognitive
B)
behavioral
C)
psychodynamic
D)
sociocultural

B) behavioral

In many cases, people with schizophrenia make at least modest gains when they receive behavioral therapy. These findings MOST likely indicate that:
A)
learning is the cause of schizophrenia.
B)
other forms of therapy are inappropriate.
C)
some symptoms of schizophrenia may be learned.
D)
operant, but not classical, conditioning causes symptoms of schizophrenia.

C) some symptoms of schizophrenia may be learned.

A person begins exhibiting early symptoms of schizophrenia; for example, hearing voices. Family members decide to discuss the voices with the person, to try to understand what is going on. This action by family members should:
A)
increase the likelihood of future symptoms, according to both the behavioral and the cognitive viewpoints.
B)
decrease the likelihood of future symptoms, according to the behavioral and the cognitive viewpoint.
C)
increase the likelihood of future symptoms, according to the behavioral viewpoint only.
D)
increase the likelihood of future symptoms, according to the cognitive viewpoint only.

C) increase the likelihood of future symptoms, according to the behavioral viewpoint only.

The cognitive view of schizophrenia is based on the assumption that those with schizophrenia experience strange and unreal sensations:
A)
then tell their friends and family, who deny the reality of the sensations.
B)
and misinterpret them as "normal."
C)
that have no basis in biology.
D)
that are confirmed by their schizophrengernic mothers

A) then tell their friends and family, who deny the reality of the sensations.

Occasionally, you see or hear things. Your friends tell you it’s your imagination, but eventually, you come to think your friends are hiding something and you develop delusions of persecution to explain their behavior. This thinking leads you down the "rational path to madness." This scenario is consistent with the:
A)
cognitive view.
B)
behavioral view.
C)
existential view.
D)
psychodynamic view.

A) cognitive view.

The "rational path to madness" is MOST consistent with a:
A)
behavioral orientation.
B)
family systems orientation.
C)
psychoanalytic orientation.
D)
cognitive orientation.

D) cognitive orientation.

Which of the following MOST accurately represents the "rational path to madness?"
A)
I experience disturbing symptoms. I talk them over with others. Others say I am imagining things. I decide others are lying to me.
B)
I experience disturbing symptoms. I talk them over with others. Others give me lots of attention and sympathy. I experience more symptoms.
C)
I experience disturbing symptoms. I talk them over with others. Others say I am imagining things. I decide they are right and become depressed.
D)
I experience disturbing symptoms. I talk them over with others. Others argue rationally against my symptoms. I believe them and no longer have symptoms.

A) I experience disturbing symptoms. I talk them over with others. Others say I am imagining things. I decide others are lying to me.

Compared to African Americans, white Americans are:
A)
more likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia, but less likely to be institutionalized.
B)
more likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and more likely to be institutionalized.
C)
less likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and less likely to be institutionalized.
D)
less likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia, but more likely to be institutionalized.

C) less likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and less likely to be institutionalized.

Compared to those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developing countries, those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developed countries are:
A)
less likely to recover fully, and more likely to be hospitalized.
B)
less likely to recover fully, and less likely to be hospitalized.
C)
more likely to recover fully, and more likely to be hospitalized.
D)
more likely to recover fully, and less likely to be hospitalized.

A) less likely to recover fully, and more likely to be hospitalized.

A particular country has almost a 3 percent prevalence for schizophrenia. That country:
A)
has a normal schizophrenia prevalence.
B)
has a lower-than-average schizophrenia prevalence.
C)
has a higher-than-average schizophrenia prevalence.
D)
has such a high schizophrenia prevalence that it almost certainly is a developing country.

C) has a higher-than-average schizophrenia prevalence.

A person diagnosed with schizophrenia is not hospitalized, yet eventually shows complete remission of symptoms. This pattern is:
A)
typical of what happens in developing countries.
B)
typical of what happens in developed countries.
C)
unusual: not being hospitalized is typical in developing countries, but remission of symptoms is typical in developed countries.
D)
unusual: not being hospitalized is typical in developed countries, but remission of symptoms is typical in developing countries.

A) typical of what happens in developing countries.

Studies relating rates of diagnosis of schizophrenia to poverty and race show:
A)
a connection between diagnosis of schizophrenia and poverty.
B)
a connection between diagnosis of schizophrenia and race.
C)
a connection between diagnosis of schizophrenia and both race and poverty.
D)
no clear connection between diagnosis of schizophrenia and either race or poverty.

C) a connection between diagnosis of schizophrenia and both race and poverty.

The complete remission rate for those diagnosed with schizophrenia is:
A)
higher in developed countries than in undeveloped countries, possibly because of better access to powerful antipsychotic drugs.
B)
higher in developed countries than in undeveloped countries, possibly because of better access to hospitalization.
C)
higher in developing countries than in undeveloped countries, possibly because of better family and social support.
D)
higher in developing countries than in undeveloped countries, possibly because of decreased societal tolerance of positive symptoms.

C) higher in developing countries than in undeveloped countries, possibly because of better family and social support.

A person is labeled "schizophrenic" by the community. Based on available evidence, it is MOST likely that:
A)
community members, and the person, will have a more negative view of the person.
B)
community members, but not the person, will have a more negative view of the person.
C)
the person, but not community members, will have a more negative view of the person.
D)
neither the person nor community members will have a more negative view of the person.

A) community members, and the person, will have a more negative view of the person.

People around those who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia begin to treat them as if they are "crazy," expecting and overreacting to odd behaviors that they might not even notice in others. This observation is MOST consistent with the ______ understanding of schizophrenia.
A)
psychodynamic
B)
family systems
C)
cognitive
D)
sociocultural

D) sociocultural

David Rosenhan (1973) sent eight normal people to various psychiatric hospitals. All eight complained of hearing voices that said "empty," "hollow," and "thud." After being admitted to one of the hospitals, each person acted normally, yet all were diagnosed as schizophrenic. One of the conclusions from this study is that:
A)
clinicians are unable to detect "real" schizophrenia.
B)
the expectations produced by labeling can alter perception.
C)
hospitals can produce schizophrenic behavior in normal people.
D)
auditory hallucinations are sufficient for diagnosis as schizophrenic.

B) the expectations produced by labeling can alter perception.

Which of the following is the BEST example of a double-bind communication?
A)
saying "Get away from me" while frowning and crossing one’s arms
B)
saying "I love you" but refusing to allow the child in your lap
C)
saying "I love you" and cuddling the child
D)
saying "Get away from me. You are not my child when you act like that."

B) saying "I love you" but refusing to allow the child in your lap

Families that display high levels of expressed emotion do all of the following EXCEPT:
A)
intrude on one another’s privacy.
B)
frequently express negative emotions toward each other.
C)
show hostility toward each other.
D)
approve of one another’s actions.

D) approve of one another’s actions.

If observations of a relationship between "expressed emotion" in families and recovery from schizophrenia demonstrate cause-and-effect, one would predict that relapse would be LEAST common in schizophrenics whose families:
A)
frequently express criticism, and do not allow much privacy.
B)
frequently express criticism, and allow a good deal of privacy.
C)
infrequently express criticism, and do not allow much privacy.
D)
infrequently express criticism, and allow a good deal of privacy.

D) infrequently express criticism, and allow a good deal of privacy.

Schizophrenia researchers have been:
A)
about equally successful in identifying biological and psychological origins of schizophrenia.
B)
more successful in identifying biological origins than psychological origins of schizophrenia.
C)
more successful in identifying psychological origins than biological origins of schizophrenia.
D)
frustratingly unsuccessful in identifying either biological or psychological origins of schizophrenia.

B) more successful in identifying biological origins than psychological origins of schizophrenia.