Abnormal Psych – Chapter 8

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power describes:
A) mania.
B) dysthymia.
C) depression.
D) cyclothymia.

A. mania

An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is:
A) the particular medication used to treat the problem.
B) the cause of the problem.
C) the severity and duration of the problem.
D) the demographic characteristics of the person.

C. the severity & duration of the problem

Considering data from several countries around the world, which of the following is the MOST accurate statement about the percentages of adults in each country who suffer from mood disorders each year?
A) The percentages are virtually identical across countries.
B) Asian countries generally have higher percentages of mood disorders.
C) European countries generally have higher percentages of mood disorders.
D) The percentages are over twice as high in some countries as they are in others.

D. the percentages are over twice as high in some countries as they are in others

A friend of yours diagnosed with unipolar depression says, "This can’t be that bad. Maybe my creativity will increase." Of the following alternatives, your MOST accurate reply is:
A) "You should get some therapy; there’s nothing positive about depression."
B) "You should get some therapy; only about half of people with depression get more creative."
C) "Think about getting some therapy; becoming more creative might not be worth it."
D) "Don’t worry; almost all people with depression recover and retain the creativity gains."

A. "You should get some therapy; there’s nothing positive about depression."

In the United States, the prevalence of unipolar depression in boys is:
A) the same as it is for girls, and the prevalence for men is the same as it is for women.
B) lower than it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is the same as it is for women.
C) the same as it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women.
D) lower than it is for girls, and the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women.

C. the same as it is for girls, but the prevalence for men is lower than it is for women

What is the current incidence of severe unipolar depression in the United States?
A) 1-5 percent
B) 5-10 percent
C) 8-15 percent
D) 20-23 percent

B. 5-10 percent

Which of the following would be an emotional symptom of depression?
A) lack of desire to eat
B) a negative view of oneself
C) experiences of sadness and anger
D) staying in bed for hours during the day

C. experiences of sadness & anger

The experience of feeling like weeping constantly would be considered a(n) ______of depression.
A) cognitive
B) emotional
C) behavioral
D) motivational

B. emotional

Which of the following would be MOSTLY a motivational symptom of depression?
A) lack of desire to eat
B) a negative view of oneself
C) experiences of sadness and anger
D) staying in bed for hours during the day

A. lack of desire to eat

The experience of a lack of desire to engage in sexual activity with one’s spouse would be considered a(n) ______ symptom
A) cognitive
B) emotional
C) behavioral
D) motivational

D. motivational

A person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self-worth is showing all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:
A) emotional symptoms.
B) motivational symptoms.
C) behavioral symptoms.
D) cognitive symptoms.

C. behavioral symptoms

Which of the following would be a behavioral symptom of depression?
A) lack of desire to eat
B) a negative view of oneself
C) experiences of sadness and anger
D) staying in bed for hours during the day

D. staying in bed for hours during the day

A depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from _______ symptoms.
A) emotional
B) cognitive
C) motivational
D) behavioral

B. cognitive

Having frequent headaches, disturbances in sleep, and loss of appetite are ______ symptoms of depression.
A) physical
B) emotional
C) behavioral
D) motivational

A. physical

Which of the following would be a physical symptom of depression?
A) sleeping poorly
B) lack of desire to go to work
C) decreased level of physical activity
D) experiences of sadness and dejection

A. sleeping poorly

To be classified as having a major depressive episode, depression must last for a period of at least:
A) two weeks.
B) two months.
C) one year.
D) two years.

A. two weeks

What would be the most appropriate diagnosis for a person who experienced a major depressive episode, without having any history of mania, and is either immobile or excessively active?
A) recurrent depression
B) seasonal depression
C) catatonic depression
D) melancholic depression

C. catatonic depression

All of the following are types of major depressive disorders EXCEPT:
A) recurrent.
B) seasonal.
C) melancholic.
D) posttraumatic.

D. post-traumatic

Judith is currently experiencing a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to go to work and to take care of her children. It has lasted now for three weeks, and she has experienced similar episodes in the past. What type of major depression would she MOST likely be diagnosed with?
A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) recurrent
D) melancholic

C. recurrent

To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, catatonic, the individual must display:
A) repeated episodes.
B) fluctuation in mood during the year.
C) motor immobility or excessive activity.
D) onset within four weeks of giving birth.

C. motor immobility or excessive activity

Juan is currently experiencing a period of sadness that has resulted in almost total immobility. He sits in a chair all day and almost never moves. His wife has to assist him in getting into bed at night. What type of major depression would he most likely be diagnosed with?
A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) recurrent
D) melancholic

B. catatonic

Since immediately after the birth of her son, Maria has experienced a period of sadness that interferes with her ability to take care of him. She has never felt this way before, but this has been going on for several weeks. With what type of major depression would she MOST likely be diagnosed?
A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) postpartum
D) melancholic

C. postpartum

To receive a diagnosis of major depressive episode, melancholic, the individual must display:
A) repeated episodes.
B) fluctuation in mood during the year.
C) motor immobility or excessive activity.
D) almost no emotional response to pleasurable events.

D. almost no emotional response to pleasurable events

All the pleasure has gone out of life for Trevor. Things he used to find fun and exciting no longer give him any joy. He finds he wakes up early in the morning and has no appetite. This has been going on for several weeks. What type of major depression would he MOST likely be diagnosed with?
A) seasonal
B) catatonic
C) recurrent
D) melancholic

D. melancholic

To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:
A) two weeks.
B) two months.
C) one year.
D) two years.

D. two years

Jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun three weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least five symptoms of depression. No unusually stressful events have occurred in the past year. Based on these data, the diagnosis would be:
A) postpartum depression.
B) reactive depression.
C) exogenous depression.
D) endogenous depression.

D. endogenous depression

Jose just saw his best friend shot and killed by a gunman who was driving through his neighborhood. A month later he is in a psychologist’s office complaining that he cannot work; everything seems hopeless. There are several other symptoms consistent with these. Based on these data, the diagnosis would MOST likely be:
A) recurrent depression.
B) reactive depression.
C) endogenous depression.
D) melancholic depression.

B. reactive depression

Sohila has been deteriorating for more than a year. She is always tired (she does not sleep), she is losing weight (she eats poorly), she is sad, feels terrible, and feels like it will never get any better. When asked, it is clear that nothing in particular has happened. Based on these data, the diagnosis MOST likely would be:
A) manic depression.
B) reactive depression.
C) exogenous depression.
D) endogenous depression.

D. endogenous depression

A woman experiences recurrent thoughts of suicide, great sadness, and sleep disturbance. These symptoms began a week after she gave birth, and have lasted over six months. The woman is experiencing:
A) the "baby blues."
B) postpartum psychosis.
C) hormone withdrawal syndrome.
D) postpartum depression.

D. postpartum depression

A woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping, and feels sad. These symptoms diminish in the next couple of weeks. What she has experienced is most likely:
A) the "baby blues," something experienced by under half of new mothers.
B) the "baby blues," something experienced by over half of new mothers.
C) postpartum depression, something experienced by over half of new mothers.
D) postpartum depression, something experienced by under half of new mothers.

A. the "baby blues," something experienced by under half of new mothers

A woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is most likely to:
A) experience postpartum depression after her first birth, but rarely experience it again.
B) only experience postpartum depression after the birth of a first child.
C) have up to a 50% chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.
D) have a 100% chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.

C. have up to a 50% chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child

For women experiencing postpartum depression, which of the following is true regarding psychotherapy for depression?
A) Most women stop having depressive symptoms within four weeks after the birth of their child.
B) A psychodynamic approach works particularly well.
C) Many women with postpartum depression find self-help support groups particularly helpful.
D) They should avoid antidepressant medications. Such medications work well for unipolar depression but not for postpartum depression.

C. many women with postpartum depression find self-help support groups particularly helpful

The DSM-5 has added premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) as a diagnosis given to certain women who repeatedly experience clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation. Why has this been an ongoing controversy?
A) There has not been enough research about the diagnosis.
B) It does not occur often enough to qualify for a diagnosis.
C) The diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome.
D) There are not enough symptoms to qualify for a diagnosis.

C. the diagnosis pathologizes severe cases of premenstrual syndrome

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a predisposition for unipolar depression within families. Which theoretical framework encompasses these studies?
A) humanist
B) biological
C) behavioral
D) psychodynamic

B. biological

Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found:
A) a lower rate of unipolar depression among children of parents with this disorder.
B) a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients.
C) high rates of unipolar depression among dizygotic twins but not among monozygotic twins.
D) no compelling evidence for depression to be found in relatives of a depressed individual.

B. a higher than chance rate of depression among the families of depressed patients

If a study showed that both monozygotic twins had about a 45 percent chance of having unipolar depression when their twin had unipolar depression, this would provide:
A) very little support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.
B) moderate support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.
C) strong support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.
D) near-certain support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression.

A. very little support for the existence of a genetic factor in unipolar depression

Recent studies show about what proportion of those experiencing major depressive disorder receive treatment for that disorder?
A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 90 percent

B. 50 percent

A man diagnosed with major depressive disorder exhibited his first diagnosable symptoms when he was about 40 years old. Among those experiencing major depressive disorder, his case is:
A) common: most people with this diagnosis are men in their early to mid 40s.
B) uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their early to mid 40s.
C) uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are men in their mid to late 20s
D) very uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid to late 20s

D. very uncommon: most people with this diagnosis are women in their mid to late 20s

What are the chances that researchers will develop a specific, gene-based explanation for unipolar depression in the near future?
A) almost zero—so far, no specific genes have been linked to unipolar depression
B) low—so far, specific genes on half or more of chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression
C) moderate—researchers have identified at most a half-dozen or so genes linked to unipolar depression
D) high—researchers have narrowed their study down to at most three genes linked to unipolar depression

B. low – so far, specific genes on half or more chromosomes have been linked to unipolar depression

If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person’s depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have:
A) an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine.
B) especially high levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine, and their metabolites.
C) particularly low levels of the neurotransmitters cortisol and melatonin, as measured by their metabolites.
D) an absence of the neurotransmitters cortisol and serotonin.

A. an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin & norepinephrine

Seasonal affective disorder is associated with fewer hours per day of daylight during the winter months. Less daylight, or, more accurately, more darkness, may cause the release of:
A) BDNF.
B) melatonin.
C) serotonin.
D) cortisol.

B. melatonin

If people with unipolar depression were found to have higher levels of cortisol, such a finding would support the influence of the: ______.
A) behavioral orientation
B) biochemical orientation
C) psychodynamic orientation
D) sociocultural orientation

B. biochemical orientation

One problem with analogue studies of depression is that:
A) people from different cultural backgrounds show different symptoms of depression.
B) one cannot be sure depression-like symptoms in lab animals reflect human depression.
C) computers are presently unable to simulate depressive symptoms as humans experience those symptoms.
D) genetic correlational studies don’t necessarily demonstrate causal links between genes and depression.

B. one cannot be sure depression-like symptoms in lab animals reflect human depression

Assume that a new study suggests the corpus callosum may cause unipolar depression by moving messages too slowly from one cerebral hemisphere to the other. This study would be:
A) very unusual; previous studies have most strongly connected other brain areas to depression.
B) one-of-a-kind; previous studies do not connect specific brain areas to depression.
C) unusual; only a few previous studies connect this brain area to depression.
D) expected; many previous studies connect this brain area to depression. This study is a replication.

A. very unusual; previous studies have most strongly connected other brain areas to depression

A person suspected of having unipolar depression has a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, although it produces a normal number of new neurons. This is:
A) normal.
B) unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons.
C) unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons.
D) very unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a normal-sized hippocampus, causing it to produce a normal number of new neurons.

B. unusual; those with unipolar depression usually have a smaller-than-normal hippocampus, causing it to produce a low number of new neurons

The belief that the prefrontal cortex has a very important part to play in the development of depression:
A) is probably wrong; current studies focus on the hypothalamus.
B) is probably correct; higher activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression.
C) is probably correct: lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression.
D) is probably correct, although researchers haven’t identified the specifics of the relationship.

C. is probably correct: lower activity in the prefrontal cortex is associated with depression

As a result of taking antidepressant drugs, a person is experiencing increased production of new neurons in the hippocampus. This is:
A) normal, and is one indication of successful treatment.
B) abnormal, and is one indication that the drug is not working.
C) abnormal, and is an indication that bipolar disorder would be the proper diagnosis.
D) abnormal, and is an indication that the depression is worsening.

A. normal, & is one indication of successful treatment

Recent research indicates that all of the following brain structures or regions are part of the brain circuit involved iterm-47n unipolar depression, EXCEPT:
A) Brodmann Area 25.
B) the corpus callosum.
C) the hippocampus.
D) the amygdala.

B. the corpus callosum

Which of the following statements MOST accurately reflects current research findings?
A) Dysregulated immune systems produce stress, which may then produce unipolar depression.
B) Unipolar depression produces stress, which produces dysregulated immune systems.
C) Unipolar depression and stress both produce dysregulated immune systems.
D) Stress produces dysregulated immune systems, which may then produce unipolar depression.

D. stress produces dysregulated immune systems, which may then produce unipolar depression

According to Freudian theory, depression results in part from:
A) learned helplessness.
B) irrational expectations.
C) regression to the oral stage.
D) learned anxiety turned inward.

C. regression to the oral stage

The clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about how your parents cared for and protected you" is a:
A) psychodynamic clinician.
B) behavioral clinician.
C) cognitive clinician.
D) sociocultural clinician.

A. psychodynamic clinician

The clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about any early losses you experienced" is a:
A) psychodynamic clinician.
B) behavioral clinician.
C) cognitive clinician.
D) sociocultural clinician.

A. psychodynamic clinician

In general, object relations theorists follow which theoretical perspective?
A) cognitive
B) humanistic
C) existential
D) psychodynamic

D. psychodynamic

Which theoretical model is supported by the finding that monkeys separated from their mothers at birth show signs of depression?
A) behavioral
B) biochemical
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic

D. psychodynamic

A baby who was separated from its mother at birth, and who subsequently became withdrawn, sad, and tearful, could be experiencing:
A) postpartum depression.
B) posttraumatic depression syndrome.
C) anaclitic depression.
D) dysthymic depression.

C. anaclitic depression

Studies show that less than 10 percent of individuals who experience major losses become depressed. This finding provides what level of support for a psychodynamic explanation of depression?
A) almost none—about 10 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year
B) some—about 5 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year
C) strong—about 2 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year
D) very strong—only about 1 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year

A. almost none – about 10 percent of adults in the United States experience some level of clinical depression each year

An older person retires and begins experiencing health problems. Consequently, the person loses contact with old friends and becomes unpleasant to be around. A behaviorist would explain the resulting depression in terms of:
A) learned helplessness.
B) object relations loss.
C) sociocultural changes.
D) loss of positive social rewards.

D. loss of positive social rewards

Behaviorists explain the downward spiral of depression by theorizing that:
A) depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards.
B) depressed people aren’t responsive to normal social rewards.
C) depressed family members give inaccurate self-reports.
D) depressed mood cannot be alleviated by positive experiences.

A. depressed behavior leads to even fewer opportunities for social rewards

Francoise is depressed. Her therapist asks her about her daily experiences, focusing on how often people say nice things to her. Her therapist MOST likely has a:
A) cognitive orientation.
B) biological orientation.
C) behavioral orientation.
D) biochemical orientation.

C. behavioral orientation

Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that there is a significant relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness?
A) behavioral
B) biochemical
C) cognitive
D) psychoanalytic

A. behavioral

The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to ask, "What are some things you enjoy doing, and how often do you do them?" would be a:
A) psychdynamic clinician.
B) behavioral clinician..
C) cognitive clinician.
D) sociocultural clinician.

B. behavioral clinician

Cognitive theorists explain depression in terms of a person’s:
A) negative interpretation of events.
B) symbolic losses.
C) decrease in positive activities.
D) ethnic background.

A. negative interpretation of events

Which of the following would provide the BEST evidence for the cognitive explanation for depression?
A) a finding that people show negative thoughts before they become depressed
B) a finding that people show negative thoughts only after they become depressed
C) a finding that biochemical imbalances lead to both depression and negative thoughts
D) a finding that social rewards are not related to happiness

A. a finding that people show negative thoughts before they become depressed

The individual associated with developing a cognitive theory of depression based on negative and maladaptive thinking was:
A) Beck.
B) Freud.
C) Seligman.
D) Lewinsohn.

A. Beck

A therapist describes a patient who believes her personal worth is tied to each task she performs. She draws negative conclusions from very little evidence, amplifies minor mistakes into major character flaws, and suffers from repetitive thoughts that remind her of her flaws. You conclude that the therapist holds which theoretical orientation?
A) cognitive
B) biological
C) behavioral
D) psychoanalytic

A. cognitive

The dean of academic affairs visits a professor’s class as part of a tenure review. At the conclusion of the lecture, the dean exits hurriedly, without saying a word to the professor. The professor, who is prone to depression, concludes, "The dean hated my class so much he was too embarrassed to speak to me." This is an example of a(n):
A) overgeneralization.
B) arbitrary inference.
C) selective abstraction.
D) magnification and minimization.

B. arbitrary inference

Which of these statements would NOT reflect a part of the cognitive triad?
A) Everyone is out to get me.
B) Life is just too overwhelming.
C) I don’t even want to wake up tomorrow.
D) I just can’t go on.

A. everyone is out to get me

Which of these research findings provides the most direct support for Beck’s cognitive theory of depression?
A) Depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph than do nondepressed women.
B) Lack of social rewards is related to the downward spiral of depression.
C) Both human infants and infant monkeys show depression-like symptoms when they are separated from their mothers.
D) Depression is related to an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain.

A. depressed women make even more errors in logic when interpreting a paragraph than do non-depressed women

Which theoretical orientation would the research finding that depressed people choose more pessimistic and self-deprecating statements in a story-telling test demonstrate?
A) behavioral
B) biochemical
C) cognitive
D) sociocultural

C. cognitive

If I’m in a depressed mood and all I do is think about my mood, without trying to change it, I’m making what kind of response?
A) helplessness
B) hopelessness
C) ruminative
D) perseverative

C. ruminative

All of Beck’s cognitively based explanations for depression have received research support, EXCEPT for:
A) the cognitive triad.
B) automatic thoughts.
C) maladaptive attitudes.
D) All of these explanations have received research support.

D. all of these explanations have received research support

A friend of yours who has been diagnosed with depression asks you, "I’m concerned about my child; is there anything I should especially be aware of?" Of the following, your BEST answer would be, "Yes, most people with depression don’t:
A) read to their child."
B) hug or cuddle their child."
C) sing or play music with their child."
D) play with their child."

B. making ruminative responses

Your aunt says, "I know I’m depressed, and I think and worry about my depression constantly; however, I never actually do anything about it." She is:
A) providing an example of the cognitive triad.
B) making ruminative responses.
C) committing errors in logic.
D) regressing toward the oral stage of development.

B. making ruminative responses

The person associated with the learned helplessness theory of depression is:
A) Beck.
B) Freud.
C) Seligman.
D) Lewinsohn.

C. Seligman

Martin Seligman has developed a theory based on the idea that depression results from:
A) the loss of a loved one, real or symbolic.
B) negative thinking and maladaptive thoughts.
C) a decrease in the number of positive reinforcements.
D) a belief that one has no control over the events in one’s life.

D. a belief that one has no control over the events in one’s life

According to Martin Seligman’s theory, who of the following would be most likely to develop learned helplessness?
A) someone who had experienced no uncontrollable negative events, then experienced a controllable negative event.
B) someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events and then a controllable negative event.
C) someone who had experienced controllable negative events, and then another controllable negative event.
D) someone who had experienced a random sequence of controllable and uncontrollable events.

B. someone who had experienced uncontrollable negative events & then a controllable negative event

A woman who was frequently but unpredictably beaten by her husband was finally taken to a shelter by the police. While there she did not take advantage of educational and job training opportunities. How would cognitive theorists explain her behavior?
A) automatic negative thoughts
B) faulty cognitive triad
C) learned helplessness
D) arbitrary attribution

C. learned helplessness

Many victims of spousal abuse stay with their abusers, even though it is obvious to others that they should, and actually could, leave. A good explanation for their behavior is:
A) symbolic (imagined) loss.
B) learned helplessness.
C) artifact theory.
D) body dissatisfaction.

B. learned helplessness

A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault, that she ruins everything, and always will. The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness-induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to:
A) internal, global, stable factors.
B) internal specific, stable factors.
C) internal, global, unstable factors.
D) internal, specific, unstable factors.

A. internal, global, stable factors

Darius thinks that his poor performance in math was due to a bad teacher. He also believes that he is good in language-based subjects. Darius is sure that he will do better in math next year. This is an example of:
A) internal, global, and stable attribution.
B) external, global, and stable attribution.
C) internal, specific, and stable attribution.
D) external, specific, and unstable attribution.

D. external, specific, & unstable attribution

Which theoretical orientation would the following research finding support? "Depressed people show an internal/global/stable pattern of attribution on a questionnaire."
A) behavioral
B) sociocultural
C) cognitive
D) psychoanalytic

C. cognitive

The clinician who would be MOST likely to ask, "Do you believe you will always feel like this in all situations?" is a:
A) psychodynamic clinician.
B) behavioral clinician.
C) cognitive clinician.
D) sociocultural clinician.

C. cognitive clinician

Someone receiving treatment for depression periodically completes an Attributional Style Questionnaire, which is designed to measure the therapy’s effectiveness. The theoretical orientation of the therapist is MOST likely:
A) psychodynamic.
B) behavioral.
C) sociocultural.
D) cognitive.

D. cognitive

One who looks at the influence of race, living conditions, marital status, and roles on the development of depression would MOST likely represent which theoretical orientation?
A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) sociocultural
D) psychodynamic

C. sociocultural

A decrease in social rewards, especially a decrease in social support, such as the support found in a happy marriage may precede the onset of depression, providing evidence for which theoretical perspectives?
A) psychodynamic and cognitive
B) cognitive and behavioral
C) behavioral and sociocultural
D) sociocultural and biological

C. behavioral & sociocultural

A recently divorced individual who swears off dating for fear of experiencing another failed relationship has an increased risk of developing a depressive disorder, providing direct support for which theoretical explanation of depression?
A) psychodynamic and cognitive
B) cognitive and behavioral
C) behavioral and sociocultural
D) sociocultural and biological

C. behavioral & sociocultural

The type of clinician who would be MOST likely to say, "Tell me about the quality of mutual support you receive from your marriage" is a:
A) psychodynamic clinician.
B) behavioral clinician.
C) cognitive clinician.
D) sociocultural clinician.

D. sociocultural clinician

In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in:
A) divorced people.
B) married people.
C) widowed people.
D) never-married people.

A. divorced people

After a couple divorced, you learn that one of them is suffering from depression. MOST likely:
A) the man’s depression led to the divorce.
B) the woman’s depression led to the divorce.
C) a troubled marriage led to the depression.
D) the depression developed after the divorce, due to the stress of starting to date again.

C. a troubled marriage led to depression

Which of the following statements is NOT generally accurate regarding gender and depression?
A) Women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression.
B) Men have less frequent bouts of depression.
C) Women have longer-lasting bouts of depression.
D) Men respond less successfully to therapy for depression.

D. men respond less successfully to therapy for depression

Which theoretical orientation would support the finding that Westerners experience more psychological symptoms of depression than do others around the world?
A) biochemical
B) cognitive
C) psychoanalytic
D) sociocultural

D. sociocultural

Pierre feels terrible. He is sad, tired, and depressed, but he refuses to show it. This is consistent with the:
A) hormone theory.
B) artifact theory.
C) quality-of-life theory.
D) social pressure.

B. artifact theory

Depression is more common in women because they experience more taxing life situations, such as poverty and menial jobs, than men. This is the:
A) self-blame theory.
B) artifact theory.
C) life-stress theory.
D) lack-of-control theory.

C. life-stress theory

If a study demonstrated that depression is caused by concerns about one’s weight, that finding would provide strong evidence:
A) against the hormone explanation.
B) for the hormone explanation.
C) against the body dissatisfaction explanation.
D) for the body dissatisfaction explanation.

D. for the body dissatisfaction explanation

Artifact theory differs importantly from other sociocultural theories of depression because it suggests:
A) women and men are equally likely to develop depression.
B) hormone changes mask the development of depression in women.
C) concern about body weight can be both a cause and a result of depression.
D) depression is caused by examining one’s feelings too closely.

C. concern about body weight can be both a cause & result of depression

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding current theories on gender differences in relation to depression?
A) They all have some supporting evidence, but they all also have some research findings they can’t explain.
B) Life stress and body dissatisfaction explanations have substantially better support than the other explanations.
C) Artifact theory probably will emerge as a dominant explanation.
D) Rumination theory has almost no support and is on the way out.

A. they all have some supporting evidence, but they all also have some research findings they can’t explain

A woman in a middle-level manager’s job is repeatedly not promoted, no matter how hard she tries, even though she seems as qualified as the men who are promoted. If she develops depression as a result of her work experiences, the theory that BEST easily explains the onset of her depression is:
A) artifact theory.
B) hormone theory.
C) lack-of-control theory.
D) cognitive triad theory.

C. lack-of-control theory

Compared to African Americans, white Americans are:
A) substantially less likely to be diagnosed with depression, and about as likely to have recurrent episodes.
B) substantially less likely to be diagnosed with depression, and less likely to have recurrent episodes.
C) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression, and about as likely to have recurrent episodes.
D) about as likely to be diagnosed with depression, but less likely to have recurrent episodes.

D. about as likely to be diagnosed with depression, but less likely to have recurrent episodes

Of the following, the one MOST likely to be diagnosed with depression is a:
A) man from Nigeria who is a new immigrant to the United States.
B) U.S. woman who has lived all her life on a Native American reservation.
C) U.S. boy in his early teens.
D) U.S. woman of Hispanic American heritage.

B. U.S. woman who has lived all her life on a Native American reservation

A good way to describe a typical manic episode would be to say that it’s like:
A) a roller coaster—up and down, up and down.
B) a meteorite—a sudden burst of energy that’s quickly gone.
C) a power plant’s output—steady, regular energy being produced.
D) a flash flood—spreading out wherever there’s room for it to go.

D. a flash flood – spreading out wherever there’s room for it to go

Of the following, the MOST accurate description of the symptoms of mania would be that they:
A) are highly correlated with positive life events.
B) are the same as those of depression (e.g., sadness), but accompanied by aggressiveness.
C) don’t include a sense of the impact of one’s actions on others.
D) very seldom include physical activity, usually including only mental activity.

C. don’t include a sense of the impact of one’s actions on others

People experiencing mania:
A) are acutely aware of their domineering, excessive behaviors.
B) want excitement and companionship.
C) enthusiastically long for new friends, but ignore old friends.
D) enthusiastically look for old friends, but ignore new friends.

B. want excitement & companionship

People who talk rapidly, dress flamboyantly, and get involved in dangerous activities are showing ______ symptoms of mania.
A) behavioral
B) motivational
C) cognitive
D) emotional

A. behavioral

A person experiencing mania goes out with friends, looking for adventure. Additionally, the individual talks loudly, runs rather than walks, and has given away a lot of money to random people on the street. These symptoms are primarily:
A) emotional and cognitive.
B) physical and cognitive.
C) motivational and behavioral.
D) motivational and emotional.

D. motivational & emotional

According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode, EXCEPT:
A) distractibility.
B) inflated self-esteem.
C) decreased need for sleep.
D) suicidal ideation.

D. suicidal ideation

The MOST common cognitive description of someone exhibiting mania is that the person is:
A) excessively optimistic, with poor judgment.
B) excessively optimistic, with normal self-esteem.
C) very coherent, with good judgment.
D) very coherent, with abnormally high self-esteem.

A. excessively optimistic, with poor judgment

On an impulse, David decides to throw a huge party. It takes four days of round-the-clock work to get everything ready, then David welcomes over 200 guests. When the police stop by because David has blocked a public road to have room for the party, he flies into a rage. MOST likely, David is experiencing:
A) a manic phase of bipolar II disorder.
B) a manic phase of bipolar I disorder.
C) a manic phase of cyclothymic disorder.
D) mania.

B. a manic phase of bipolar I disorder

Somene who experiences a half-dozen alternations between mild mania and major depression within a one-year time span would be classified as:
A) bipolar II seasonal.
B) bipolar II rapid cycling.
C) bipolar I mixed episodes.
D) bipolar I.

B. bipolar II rapid cycling

The difference between bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder is:
A) the number of depressive and manic episodes.
B) the severity of the manic episodes.
C) the number of depressive episodes.
D) the seasonal variation in the episodes.

B. the severity of the manic episodes

A friend of yours wishes to be a highly creative artist. What is the best advice you could give your friend regarding mood disorders?
A) "Avoid mood disorders; highly creative people have a lower than average incidence of them."
B) "Severe mania is related to long periods of high creativity."
C) "If you develop a mood disorder, don’t get treated, or you’ll lose your creative spark."
D) "Mild mood disorders are related to greater creativity than severe disorders."

D. "mild mood disorders are related to greater creativity than severe disorders"

A talented artist is experiencing severe bipolar disorder. In terms of artistic output only, the BEST thing that artist could do is:
A) decline all treatment: severe psychological disturbance is related to better artistic output.
B) decline all treatment: one might lose one’s creativity if there were less psychological disturbance.
C) seek treatment, but only for the depression: mania is essential to better artistic output.
D) seek treatment: psychological disturbance is not necessary for good artistic output.

D. seek treatment: psychological disturbance is not necessary for good artistic output

Assume you have a friend who is a talented artist, and has occasional short-term hypomania. What is the best thing, in terms of being a creative, productive artist, that your friend could do?
A) Seek immediate, in-depth treatment; hypomania severely limits artists.
B) Do nothing; sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity and productivity.
C) Try, at least occasionally, to feel mildly depressed; cyclothymic disorder is characteristic of most great artists.
D) Try, at least occasionally, to feel severely depressed; bipolar II disorder is characteristic of most great artists.

B. do nothing; sometimes, hypomania increases artistic creativity & productivity

Milder forms of bipolar disorders are known as ______ disorder.
A) hypomanic-depressive
B) dysthymic
C) cyclothymic
D) manic-depressive

C. cyclothymic

A milder pattern of mood swings that does not reach the severity of bipolar disorder but does include brief depressive and manic episodes is called ______ disorder.
A) dysthymic
B) anhedomic
C) cyclothymic
D) anxiety

C. cyclothymic

A 12-year-old middle-school European-American girl from a middle-class socioeconomic background has been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder. Which of her characteristics is MOST unusual for those with bipolar I disorder diagnosis?
A) her age
B) her ethnicity
C) her gender
D) her socioeconomic background

A. her age

If you wanted to be on the cutting edge of research regarding the causes of bipolar disorders as we understand them today, you would MOST likely do research on which of the following?
A) learned helplessness
B) the "cognitive triad"
C) parent-child patterns of interaction
D) neurotransmitters in the brain

D. neurotransmitters in the brain

The strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders BEST supports which theoretical perspective?
A) cognitive
B) biological
C) behavioral
D) humanistic

B. biological

Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all of the following EXCEPT:
A) neurotransmitter activity.
B) ion activity.
C) hormonal functioning.
D) genetic factors.

C. hormonal functioning

Although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of a particular neurotransmitter, mania has been found to be due to low levels of which neurotransmitter?
A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) norepinephrine

B. serotonin

Abnormal "ion activity" has been found in many people suffering from bipolar disorder. This ion activity is responsible for transmitting messages:
A) down the length of a neuron.
B) from one neuron to another neuron.
C) from a neuron to a muscle or gland.
D) down the length of a muscle.

A. down the length of a neuron

Bipolar disorders have recently been linked to:
A) GABA depletion.
B) excessive serotonin.
C) improper sodium transport.
D) excessive neuronal lithium.

C. improper sodium transport

Studies reporting abnormalities in the basal ganglia of individuals with bipolar disorder provide the strongest support for which of the following causes of biopolar disorder?
A) inappropriate neurotransmitter levels
B) genetic linkage patterns
C) brain structure
D) ion activity at the cellular level

C. brain structure

Which of the following risk percentage patterns would BEST support the influence of genetic factors in explaining bipolar disorder—(1) in the general population, (2) among close relatives of people with bipolar disorder, and (3) among identical twins of people with bipolar disorder?
A) 10 percent, 10 percent, 10 percent
B) 40 percent, 10 percent, 1 percent
C) 40 percent, 40 percent, 40 percent
D) 1 percent, 10 percent, 40 percent

D. 1 percent, 10 percent, 40 percent

Recent research using genetic linkage studies has looked for possible patterns of inheritance of bipolar disorders. The results suggest that:
A) there does not appear to be a genetic component in the development of bipolar disorders.
B) there may be several different genes that establish a predisposition to develop bipolar disorders.
C) the close relatives of people with bipolar disorders have an 80 percent chance of having one of these disorders.
D) careful studies in other countries suggest that environmental factors are of far greater importance than genetic factors in the development of bipolar disorders.

B. there may be several different genes that establish a predisposition to develop bipolar disorders

There are several factors related to unipolar depression-reduced positive reinforcers, gene abnormalities, and life stress, to name a few. How do these factors relate to depression? The MOST recent research shows that:
A) all of these factors working together appear to be responsible for causing and maintaining depression.
B) most of these factors don’t appear to cause or maintain depression but are simply correlated with depressive symptoms.
C) some factors may cause depression, while other factors may maintain depression.
D) depression should in fact usually be considered a disease, rather than a psychological disorder.

C. some factors may cause depression, while other factors may maintain depression

If we ultimately find that people with unipolar depression have certain biochemical characteristics, certain cognitive characteristics, and certain life stressors, then we will have evidence that:
A) a single factor causes depression.
B) different factors cause depression in different people.
C) an interaction between factors causes depression.
D) different factors are related to the cause, course, and treatment of depression.

C. an interaction between factors causes depression

Of the following statements, which is accurate, based on current research?
A) Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder both have several important factors.
B) Unipolar depression has one major factor; bipolar disorder has several important factors.
C) Unipolar depression has several important factors; bipolar disorder has one major factor.
D) Unipolar depression and bipolar disorder have one major factor.

C. unipolar depression has several important factors; bipolar disorder has one major factor