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Which of the following statements is true concerning the mammary glands of both males and females?
a. All lumps identified in breast tissue are malignant.
b. Both sexes are equally prone to breast cancer.
c. The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system.
d. The only time hormones target breast tissue is during pregnancy and lactation.
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The mammary glands are modified sweat glands that are actually part of the integumentary system.
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All of the following statements referring to the uterine cycle are true except ________.
a. estrogen is secreted by the developing follicle in the follicular phase of the cycle
b. FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
c. the corpus luteum is formed from the ruptured follicle after ovulation
d. a decrease in the levels of ovarian hormones signals menstruation
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FSH and LH directly promote development of the uterine endometrium
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The constancy of the chromosome number from one cell generation to the next is maintained through ________.
a. meiosis
b. cytokinesis
c. mitosis
d. DNA synthesis
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mitosis
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All but one of the events described below occur during spermiogenesis. Select the event that does not occur during spermiogenesis.
a. The centrioles migrate to the posterior end of the developing sperm to form the microtubules that make up the flagellum.
b. Excessive cytoplasm will be shed to reduce unneeded mass of the maturing sperm.
c. Mitochondrial DNA is packaged into the nucleus to be delivered to the egg during fertilization.
d. Mitochondria form around the proximal end of the flagellum. They will provide the ATP to drive the motion of the flagellum.
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Mitochondrial DNA is packaged into the nucleus to be delivered to the egg during fertilization.
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In humans, separation of the cells at the two-cell state following fertilization may lead to the production of twins, which in this case would be ________.
a. genetically identical
b. fraternal
c. dizygotic
d. potentially of different sexes
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genetically identical
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Select the statement which is false.
a. Crossing over is a source of genetic variability seen in meiosis while independent assortment is a source of genetic variability seen in mitosis.
b. Further genetic variation typically does not occur after meiosis I.
c. Meiosis II is essential the same process as mitosis except the genetic material will not replicate before division takes place.
d. Meiosis II is essential the same process as mitosis except the starting cells are haploid (n).
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Crossing over is a source of genetic variability seen in meiosis while independent assortment is a source of genetic variability seen in mitosis.
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Prostate cancer is _______.
a. most common in Asians
b. often the result of a distortion of the urethra
c. sometimes a slow-growing cancer that may never represent a threat to the patient
d. the number-one cause of death in men
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the number-one cause of death in men
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During spermiogenesis ________.
a. the acrosome migrates towards the anterior end of the spermatid because its hydrolytic enzymes will be needed for penetration when the sperm contacts the egg during fertilization
b. the acrosome migrates towards the anterior end of the spermatid because its pointy shape helps the sperm to move more efficiently
c. the acrosome migrates towards the posterior end of the spermatid because its hydrolytic enzymes will be needed for digestion of the excessive cytoplasm around the flagella of the developing sperm
d. the acrosome migrates towards the posterior end of the spermatid because of its ability to propel the flagella moving the sperm through the female reproductive system towards the egg
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the acrosome migrates towards the anterior end of the spermatid because its hydrolytic enzymes will be needed for penetration when the sperm contacts the egg during fertilization
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All but one of the following statements are true regarding the differences between early and late spermatids. Select the answer below that does not reflect a difference between early and late spermatids.
a. Early spermatids have not undergone spermiogenesis.
b. Early spermatids have not formed a flagella.
c. Early spermatids have not undergone meiosis and are still diploid.
d. Early spermatids are round and have excessive cytoplasm.
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Early spermatids have not undergone meiosis and are still diploid.
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Which of the following female structures is homologous to the male scrotum?
a. vagina
b. labia majora
c. clitoris
d. labia minora
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labia majora
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Which of the following is a correct statement about uterine tubes?
a. The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary.
b. The mesometrium supports the uterine tubes along their entire length.
c. The ampulla is the narrow constricted region.
d. The isthmus is the normal site of fertilization.
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The infundibulum is the funnel-shaped region near the ovary.
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Human egg and sperm are similar in that ________.
a. they have the same number of chromosomes
b. they have the same degree of motility
c. about the same number of each is produced per month
d. they are about the same size
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they have the same number of chromosomes
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All but one of the following statements describes the necessity of the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that does not describe a necessity of the blood testis barrier.
a. Spermatogenesis produces new combinations of genes and chromosomes that results in unique antigens that the immune system may see as foreign.
b. Foreign antigens produced by the newly formed sperm could initiate an autoimmune response against the developing sperm.
c. Sperm can only be produced at temperatures lower than body temperature. Inflammation in the testis could raise the temperature too high to produce sperm.
d. Spermatocytes undergo meiosis only during puberty, well after the immune system has come to recognize "self" from "non-self" cells.
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Sperm can only be produced at temperatures lower than body temperature. Inflammation in the testis could raise the temperature too high to produce sperm.
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Which of the choices below is not a function of testosterone?
a. stimulates the male pattern of development
b. contributes to male sexual behavior and spermatogenesis
c. stimulates protein synthesis
d. stimulates mammary gland development
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stimulates mammary gland development
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Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?
a. maximal LH secretion and menstruation
b. early follicular development and the secretory phase in the uterus
c. maximal steroid secretion by the corpus luteum and menstruation
d. regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion
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regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion
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Why doesn’t semen enter the urinary bladder during ejaculation?
a. The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes.
b. There is no urge to urinate during sexual intercourse because of the suppression of LH by testosterone buildup in the blood.
c. There is no common duct between the reproductive system and the urinary system.
d. Ejaculation is a parasympathetic reflex resulting in no response by urinary contraction muscles.
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The smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes.
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Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is not true?
a. Each spermatid forms two sperm.
b. The secondary spermatocytes each form two spermatids.
c. The spermatogonium forms the primary spermatocyte.
d. The primary spermatocyte forms two secondary spermatocytes.
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Each spermatid forms two sperm.
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The genetic determinate for male reproductive development is ________.
a. presence of testosterone
b. inhibition of estrogen
c. lack of an X chromosome
d. the SRY gene
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the SRY gene
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Which of the following statements is true of metaphase I of meiosis I?
a. Joined homologous pair uniformly line up on the equatorial spindle with chromosome one at the top and chromosome 23 on the bottom.
b. Homologous pairs align randomly on the spindle equator with a mix of paternal and maternal homologs destined for each of the daughter cells.
c. The sister chromatids line up randomly on the spindle equator with some maternal and paternal chromatids on both sides of the equator.
d. Tetrads align randomly on the spindle equator with all the maternal homologs on one side and all the paternal homologs on the opposite side.
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Homologous pairs align randomly on the spindle equator with a mix of paternal and maternal homologs destined for each of the daughter cells.
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All but one of the following statements is true with regard to the blood testis barrier. Select the one statement that is false.
a. Sustentocytes form the barrier with tight junctions.
b. The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis.
c. The barrier separates the spermatocytes dividing by meiosis from exposing their unique antigens to the immune system.
d. The barrier marks the border between the basal compartment and the adluminal compartment.
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The barrier is made up of astrocytes that surround blood vessels in the testis.
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Which of the following will occur immediately after ovulation?
a. The endometrium enters its secretory phase.
b. The corpus luteum prepares to become a corpus albicans.
c. The corpus luteum secretes estrogen only.
d. The secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins is enhanced.
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The endometrium enters its secretory phase.
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Which of the following occurs as a result of undescended testes?
a. Inadequate or nonviable sperm will be produced.
b. Sperm will have no means of exit from the body.
c. Male sex hormones will not be circulated in the body.
d. Inadequate blood supply will retard the development of the testes.
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Inadequate or nonviable sperm will be produced.
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Which of the choices below is not a function of the vagina?
a. receives semen from the penis during sexual intercourse
b. serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte
c. serves as a passageway for menstrual flow
d. serves as the birth canal
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serves as a passageway for the primary oocyte
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The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that ________.
a. the mature ovum is n, while the sperm is 2n
b. in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell
c. spermatogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis, but oogenesis involves meiosis only
d. during spermatogenesis two more polar bodies are produced
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in oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell
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Which of the following glands are responsible for about 70% of the volume of semen?
a. the bulbo-urethral glands
b. the pituitary
c. the prostate
d. the seminal glands
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the seminal glands
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The oral contraceptive pill, informally called "the pill" contains an estrogen and progesterone or a synthetic mimic of this hormone. The combination of these two hormones taken in the pill and circulating in the blood work because.
a. The hormones cause a thickening of the mucus plug at the cervix that prevents sperm from penetrating the womb and reaching the ovulated egg.
b. The hormones create an acid condition in the vagina that acts as a spermicide.
c. The hormones prevent the proliferative or secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and the embryo will have no place to implant.
d. The hormones cause the woman’s body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation.
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The hormones cause the woman’s body to mimic the activities of a pregnancy and disrupt the ovarian cycle, preventing ovulation.
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Select the statement which is true regarding independent assortment.
a. It is a significant source of genetic variation that occurs in meiosis I and meiosis II.
b. It is a significant source of genetic variation only during meiosis I.
c. It only occurs in meiosis II.
d. Its effects are significant in meiosis and in mitosis.
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It is a significant source of genetic variation only during meiosis I.
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Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?
a. LH
b. FSH
c. testosterone
d. GnRH
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GnRH
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The most important risk for testicular cancer in young males is ________.
a. failure of the testis to make their normal decent
b. sexually transmitted infections
c. smoking
d. a diet high in fat
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failure of the testis to make their normal decent
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The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal axis ________.
a. involves a positive feedback loop control of spermatogenesis
b. involves FSH and LH release
c. involves posterior pituitary release of regulating hormones
d. involves the tight relationship between the cortex and the control of testicular function
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involves FSH and LH release
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All but one of the following statements is true of uterine function. Select the statement that is not true of uterine function.
a. The myometrium contracts to expel the fetus during child birth.
b. Its rhythmic, reverse peristalsis can propel sperm toward the egg.
c. The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization.
d. The endometrium has a functional layer that the embryo will implant into
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The narrow portion of the uterus near the cervix is the most typical site of fertilization.
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The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called the ________.
a. fimbriae
b. infundibula
c. Graafian follicles
d. uterine tubes
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uterine tubes
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The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play?
a. They contract to push sperm along the ductus deferens.
b. They contract to allow ejaculation.
c. They are responsible for penile erection.
d. They regulate the temperature of the testes.
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They regulate the temperature of the testes.
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Select the correct statement about the uterine cycle.
a. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.
b. During the proliferative phase, levels of progesterone rise as the follicle begins to produce more hormone.
c. The menstrual phase of the cycle is normally from day 1 to day 8.
d. During the secretory phase, estrogen levels are at their highest.
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If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone secreted by the developing embryo.
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Which of the choices below is not a function of testosterone?
a. contributes to male sexual behavior and spermatogenesis
b. stimulates the male pattern of development
c. stimulates mammary gland development
d. stimulates protein synthesis
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stimulates mammary gland development
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A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would ________.
a. not develop secondary sex characteristics
b. have impaired function of interstitial endocrine cells
c. be sterile
d. be impotent (unable to have an erection)
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be sterile
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Which of these statements about sexually transmitted infections is false?
a. Gonorrhea is caused by a bacterium that can bring on painful discharges in males.
b. Chlamydia is caused by bacteria that can often be asymptomatic or bring on a wide variety of symptoms.
c. Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.
d. Genital herpes is caused by a virus that may cause intermittent lesions.
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Syphilis is caused by a virus that may lead to death if untreated.
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Select the statement below that is false.
a. Meiosis occurs only in stem cells while mitosis can occur in any of the body’s cells.
b. Meiosis results in haploid cells while mitosis results in diploid cells.
c. Meiosis occurs only after the onset of puberty and produces genetically unique cells while mitosis occurs throughout an entire life time and produces genetically identical cells.
d. A cell undergoing meiosis results in 4 cells while a cell undergoing mitosis results in two cells.
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Meiosis occurs only in stem cells while mitosis can occur in any of the body’s cells.
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Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle.
a. The LH surge stimulates further development of the secondary oocyte.
b. Rising levels of estrogen start follicle development.
c. The follicle begins to secrete progesterone in response to estrogen stimulation.
d. High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.
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High estrogen levels result in a surge of LH release.
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The duct system of the male reproductive system does not include the ________.
a. ductus deferens
b. epididymis
c. urethra
d. corpus spongiosum
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corpus spongiosum
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The cells that produce testosterone in the testis are called ________.
a. sustenocytes
b. spermatocytes
c. spermatogonia
d. interstitial endocrine cells
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interstitial endocrine cells
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How do the testes respond to exposure to excessive body warmth?
a. They move away from the pelvic cavity.
b. Excessive warmth is actually beneficial in that it speeds up the maturation of sperm.
c. They move close to the pelvic cavity.
d. Excessive warmth has no effect on the testicles because of their location in the scrotum.
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They move away from the pelvic cavity.
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Which of the choices below is not a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis?
a. hypothalamus
b. interstitial endocrine cells
c. thalamus
d. anterior pituitary gland
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thalamus
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Normally menstruation occurs when ________.
a. blood levels of FSH fall off
b. the corpus luteum secretes estrogen
c. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
d. blood levels of estrogen and progesterone increase
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blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decrease
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Select the correct statement about testosterone control.
a. GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary.
b. Inhibin and testosterone exert positive feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary.
c. FSH stimulates testicular production of testosterone.
d. The pineal gland is believed to be the gland that exerts the most influence in testosterone control.
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GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary.
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Occasionally three polar bodies are found clinging to the mature ovum. One came from an unequal division of the ovum, but from where did the other two arise?
a. There were originally four polar bodies and one disappeared.
b. The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies.
c. One is an undeveloped primary oocyte that failed to mature.
d. What you really see are two polar bodies and the sperm that will fertilize the egg.
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The first polar body has also divided to produce two polar bodies.
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Which is not a part of the proliferative phase of the female menstrual cycle?
a. late in this phase, cervical mucus becomes thin and crystalline
b. development of endometrial cells
c. corpus luteum
d. vesicular follicle growth
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corpus luteum
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Which hormone is the necessary trigger for ovulation to occur?
a. FSH
b. progesterone
c. estrogen
d. LH
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LH
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A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause ________.
a. decreased testosterone secretion
b. increased spermatogenesis
c. shrinkage of the anterior pituitary gland
d. excessive beard growth
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decreased testosterone secretion
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Select the correct statement about male sexual response.
a. Erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood.
b. Sympathetic impulses are responsible for causing penile arteriolar dilation, resulting in erection.
c. Expansion of the penile tissues results in dilation of the venous outflow.
d. Ejaculation is the result of parasympathetic stimulation.
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Erection is the result of vascular spaces in the erectile tissues filling with blood.
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During the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle ________.
a. estrogen reaches its highest levels
b. the Graafian follicle forms
c. progesterone levels are at their highest
d. LH reaches its highest levels
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progesterone levels are at their highest
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Effects of estrogen include ________.
a. deepening of the voice
b. growth of the breasts at puberty
c. growth of the larynx
d. increased oiliness of the skin
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growth of the breasts at puberty
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Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH?
a. GnRH
b. inhibin
c. ACTH
d. ICSH
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inhibin
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The ability of sperm cells to move along the ductus deferens is due to ________.
a. hormonal action
b. enzymatic activity
c. peristaltic contractions
d. gravity
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peristaltic contractions
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Fertilization generally occurs in the ________.
a. vagina
b. uterine tubes
c. uterus
d. ovary
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uterine tubes
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All of the following things occur during meiosis I with the exception of one thing. Select the statement below that does not occur during meiosis I.
a. The homologous chromosomes are separated from each other.
b. The sister chromatids are separated from each other.
c. Portions of maternal chromosomes crossover with equivalent portions of paternal chromosomes.
d. A single diploid (2n) cell has become two haploid (n) cells.
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The sister chromatids are separated from each other.
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Spermatogenesis ________.
a. uses mitosis to produce gamete cells
b. results in the formation of diploid cells
c. involves a kind of cell division limited to the gametes
d. is the process of releasing mature sperm cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
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involves a kind of cell division limited to the gametes
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Erection of the penis results from ________.
a. dilation of the veins in the penis
b. parasympathetic activation of the bulbo-urethral glands
c. a sympathetic reflex
d. a parasympathetic reflex
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a parasympathetic reflex
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Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is not true?
a. Ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses.
b. Fertilization usually occurs in the uterine tubes.
c. The monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the decrease in secretion of female hormones.
d. Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin.
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Rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin.
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If gametes were diploid like somatic cells, how many chromosomes would the zygote contain?
a. twice the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to double and normal development could not occur
b. triple the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to triple and normal development would not occur
c. half the diploid number with no change in development
d. There is no relationship between gametes and somatic cells.
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twice the diploid number, and with every succeeding generation, the chromosome number would continue to double and normal development could not occur
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