A&P 1 CHAPTER 15 SPECIAL SENSES

Congenital sensorineural deafness most commonly involves damage to ______.

the auricles
the cochlear hair cells
the auditory ossicles
All of the listed responses are correct.

the cochlear hair cells

Which of the following are the receptors for static equilibrium?

saccule
otolith membrane
cochlea
hair cells

hair cells

What does the vestibular apparatus detect?
head position in space
sound waves
balance
joint position

head position in space

Which of the following correctly matches the equilibrium receptor organs to the type of equilibrium it monitors?
maculae/static equilibrium
saccule/dynamic equilibrium
crista ampullaris/static equilibrium
maculae/dynamic equilibrium

maculae/static equilibrium

Where are equilibrium receptors located?
only in the vestibule of the ear
in the semicircular canals, in the spiral organ of Corti, and in the vestibule of the ear
only in the semicircular canals of the ear
in the semicircular canals and in the vestibule of the ear

in the semicircular canals and in the vestibule of the ear

The semicircular canals are adapted to detect static equilibrium.
T/F

False

Which of the following is true of receptors for dynamic equilibrium?

The receptors for dynamic equilibrium respond to rotational forces.
The receptors for dynamic equilibrium are not stimulated by head movement.
The receptors for dynamic equilibrium are called maculae.
The receptors for dynamic equilibrium are located in the vestibule of the ear.

The receptors for dynamic equilibrium respond to rotational forces.

Information from balance (equilibrium) receptors is processed in __________.

the brain stem
visual receptors
the cerebral cortex
somatic receptors in the muscles

the brain stem

Labyrinthitis is a medical condition often caused by viral infection, resulting in swelling and inflammation of the membranous labyrinth. Which of the following symptoms would you most associate with the condition of labyrinthitis?

loss of balance and dizziness
ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
loss of hearing
auditory hallucination

loss of balance and dizziness

Dancers will use a technique called "spotting" when they perform spins of the body. By holding their head and eyes on a fixed point in front of them as their body spins they reduce the amount of head spinning and this prevents dizziness. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why this works?

When the eyes send a static vision of stability to the brain, it is tricked into believing the body is still and therefore dizziness will not occur.
This helps keep the motions detected by the eyes congruent (aligned) with the motions sensed by the vestibular apparatus.
Reducing the inertia of head spin will reduce the flow of endolymph that deflects the hair cells of the crista ampullaris.
This will help to reduce the lateral flection of the head and will prevent hyper polarization or depolarization of the hair cells in the macula.

Reducing the inertia of head spin will reduce the flow of endolymoh that deflects the hair cells of the crist ampullaris.

Static equilibrium involves the sensation of linear acceleration as well as changes in head rotation.
T/F

False

Hair cells receptive to changes in dynamic equilibrium are found in this structure.

Crista Ampullaris

Hair cells receptive to changes in static equilibrium are found in this structure.

Macula

Chemically sensitive cilia are found in this structure.

Olfactory epithelium

Chemically sensitive microvilli found in this structure.

taste buds

Information from balance receptors goes directly to the ________.

visual cortex
back muscles
brain stem reflex centers
motor cortex

brain stem reflex centers

Motion sickness seems to ________.

result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs
respond best to medication that "boosts" vestibular inputs
respond best to medication taken after salivation and pallor begins
result from activation of nausea centers in the brain stem

result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs

An essential part of the maculae involved in static equilibrium is (are) the ________.

scala media
otoliths
spiral organ (of Corti)
cupula

otoliths

Select the correct statement about equilibrium.

The weight of the endolymph contained within the semicircular canals against the maculae is responsible for static equilibrium.
Hair cells of both types of equilibrium hyperpolarize only, resulting in an increased rate of impulse transmission.
Cristae respond to angular acceleration and deceleration.
Due to dynamic equilibrium, movement can be perceived if rotation of the body continues at a constant rate.

Cristae respond to angular acceleration and deceleration.

The receptor for static equilibrium is the ________.

semicircular canals
macula
cochlear duct
utricle

macula

A condition that can result from a deficiency of vitamin A.

Night blindness

A condition of deafness that may result from otosclerosis.

conduction deafness

An inflammation of the lining of the middle ear.

otitis media

A condition often leading to blindness due to increased intraocular pressure.

glaucoma

Which statement about malnutrition-induced night blindness is most accurate?

Visual pigment content is reduced in cones more than rods.
The most common cause is vitamin D deficiency.
Vitamin supplements can reverse degenerative changes.
The impaired vision is caused by reduced cone function.

Vitamin supplements can reverse degenerative changes.

Tinnitus, vertigo, and gradual hearing loss typify the disorder called ________.

motion sickness
Ménière’s syndrome
strabismus
conjunctivitis

Ménière’s syndrome

Which of the following is not a possible cause of conduction deafness?

middle ear infection
impacted cerumen
cochlear nerve degeneration
otosclerosis

cochlear nerve degeneration

Theoretically, an individual born without a middle ear would be able to hear by bone conduction with a hearing aid.
T/F

True

Rubella infection during early pregnancy may cause damage to the embryo’s ______.

optic cups
optic vesicles
lens vesicles
All of the listed responses are correct.

All of the listed responses are correct.

Which middle ear ossicle is attached to, and transmits vibratory motion to, the oval window?

malleus
stapes
anvil
incus

stapes

Which portion of the ear is responsible for sound transduction?

the ossicles
the vestibule
the cochlea
the tympanic membrane

the cochlea

How many ossicles are found in the ear?
two
three
four
five

three