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Organic Compounds _______.
A. always contain nitrogen
B. are synthesized only be animal cells
C. always contain carbon
D. can be synthesized only in a laboratory
E. always contain oxygen
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C
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Which of the following statements regarding carbon is FALSE?
A. carbon has a tendency to form covalent bonds
B. carbon has the ability to bond with up to four other atoms
C. carbon has the capacity to form single and double bonds
D. carbon has the ability to bond together to form extensive, branched, or unbranched "carbon skeletons"
E. carbon has the capacity to form polar bonds with hydrogen
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E
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You now know that the old cliche "oil and water don’t mix" is true. Why?
A. oil exhibits polarity and water does not
B. water exhibits polarity and oil does not
C. oil is hydrophilic
D. water is hydrophobic
E. oil is an organic compound and water is not
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B
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Which of the following statements about hydrocarbons is FALSE?
A. hydrocarbons are inorganic compounds
B. hydrocarbons are composed of a linked chain of carbon atoms, called a carbon skeleton
C. hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms
D. hydrocarbons consist of atoms linked by single and double bonds
E. hydrocarbons can form straight, branched or ringed structures
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A
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Propanol and isopropanol are isomers. This means that they have______.
A. the same molecular formula, but different chemical properties
B. different molecular formulas, but the same chemical properties
C. the same molecular formula and the same chemical properties
D. the same number of carbon atoms, but different numbers of oxygen and hydrogen
E. the same molecular formula, but represent different states of the compound
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A
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A hydroxyl group is ________.
A. also called a carbonyl group
B. characteristic of proteins
C. hyrdophobic
D. characteristic of alcohols
E. basic
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D
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Which of the following is a carboxyl group?
A. C2O2
B. OH
C. NH2
D. COOH
E. SH
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D
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Which of the following is an amino group?
A. OH
B. NH2
D. COOH
E. SH
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B
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Which of the following statements about the functional groups of organic compounds is FALSE?
A. functional groups help make organic compounds hydrophilic
B. many biological molecules have two or more functional groups
C. functional groups participate in chemical reactions
D. all functional groups include a carbon atom of the organic compound’s skeleton
E. functional groups help make organic compounds soluble in water
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D
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Which of the following contains a carboxyl and an amino group?
A. amino acids
B. fats
C. sugars
D. ATP
E. vinegar
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A
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Which of the following statements about the monomers and polymers found in living organisms is FALSE?
A. cells typically make all of their macromolecules from a set of 40-50 common monomers and a few other ingredients that are rare
B. the monomers used to make polymers are essentially universal
C. monomers serve as building blocks for polymers
D. DNA is built from just four kinds of monomers
E. monomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis
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E
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Which of the following statements about dehydration synthesis is true?
A. one monomer loses a hydrogen atom, and the other loses a hydroxyl group
B. electrons are shared between atoms of the joined monomers
C. H2O is formed as the monomers are joined
D. covalent bonds are formed between the monomers
E. all the above are true
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E
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The results of dehydration synthesis can be reversed by ______.
A. condensation
B. hydrolysis
C. polymerization
D. the addition of an amino group
E. the addition of a phosphate group
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B
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Which list below consists of ONLY polymers?
A. sugars, amino acids, nucleic acids, lipids
B. proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids
C. proteins, nucleic acid, polysaccharides
D. proteins, lipids, nucleotides, sugars
E. polysaccharides, lipids, amino acids, nucleic acids
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C
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What is the general function of enzymes within a cell?
A. to promote the synthesis of monomers
B. to start chemical reactions
C. to stop chemical reactions
D. to speed up chemical reactions
E. to reverse the direction of chemical reactions
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D
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Sucrose is formed _______.
A. from two glucose molecules
B. from two monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis
C. when ionic bonds link two monosaccharides
D. when water molecules are added to two monosaccharides
E. when glucose and lactose are combined
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B
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A disaccharide forms when ________.
A. two monosaccharides join by dehydration synthesis
B. two starches join by dehydration synthesis
C. two monosaccharides join by hydrolysis
D. two starches join by hydrolysis
E. a starch and a monosaccharide join by dehydration synthesis
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A
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Which of the following lists contain ONLY polysaccharides?
A. sucrose, starch, and cellulose
B. starch, amino acids, and glycogen
C. cellulose, starch, and glycogen
D. nucleotides, glycogen, and cellulose
E. fructose, cellulose, and glucose
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C
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Cellulose differs from starch in that _______.
A. the monomers of cellulose are held together by covalent bonds, whereas the monomers of starch are held together by hydrogen bonds
B. glycogen is formed by plants and cellulose by animals
C. most animals cannot break down cellulose, whereas starch is easily digested
D. starch is made of glucose monomers, whereas cellulose is made of fructose monomers
E. cellulose is highly branched, whereas starch is unbranched
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C
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Foods that are high in fiber are most likely derived from _______.
A. plants
B. dairy products
C. red meats
D. fish
E. poultry
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A
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Cows can derive nutrients from cellulose because ____.
A. they produce the enzymes that break down cellulose
B. they chew their food so thoroughly that cellulose fibers are broken down
C. their intestinal tract contains cellulose-hydrolyzing microorganisms
D. they convert cellulose into starch, which is easily broken down in the intestinal tract
E. their intestinal tract contains termites, which can break down cellulose
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C
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The storage form of carbohydrates is ____ in animals and _____ in plants.
A. starch…glycogen
B. glycogen…starch
C. cellulose…glycogen
D. glycogen…cellulose
E. chitin…glycogen
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B
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Which of the following organisms contain the polysaccharide chitin?
A. animals and plants
B. plants and bacteria
C. crustaceans and insects
D. insects and plants
E. crustaceans and bacteria
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C
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A diet high in animal products and hydrogenated vegetable margarine may increase the risk for atherosclerosis. This is because ______.
A. most animal fats are unsaturated and most hydrogenated vegetable margarines contain high levels of steroids
B. most hydrogenated vegetable margarines are hydrogenated oils and most animal products contain high levels of phospholipids
C. most animal fats are used for energy storage and most hydrogenated vegetable margarines contain high levels of unsaturated fats
D. most animal fats are saturated and many hydrogenated vegetable margarines contain high levels of trans fats
E. most animal products contain high levels of unsaturated oils and most hydrogenated vegetable margarines contain anabolic steroids
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D
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Because water and oil don’t mix, water is not very effective at washing away oily dirt. The ability of soap to mix with both water and oily dirt allows dirt to be washed away. Which statement provides the most logical chemical explanation for this phenomenon?
A. soap molecules have both positively and negatively charged regions. the positively charged regions are attracted to water; the negatively charged regions are attracted to oil.
B. soap molecules have both positively and negatively charged regions. the negatively charged regions are attracted to water; the positively charged regions are attracted to oil
C. soap molecules carry no charge. as a result, soap can form an effective bridge between charged water molecules and neutral oil molecules
D. soap molecules have charged regions and neutral regions. the charged regions are attracted to water molecules; the neutral regions are attracted to oils
E. soap molecules have charged regions and neutral regions. the neutral regions are attracted to water molecules; the charged regions are attracted to oils
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D
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Fatty acids are ______.
A. composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
B. composed of carbon, hydrogen, glycerol, and a phosphate group
C. hydrophobic
D. composed of four linked rings
E. components of DNA
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D
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Which of the following statements regarding triglyceride molecules is true?
A. triglycerides consist of three fatty acids attached to glycerol
B. triglycerides are hydrophobic
C. triglycerides play a role in energy storage
D. triglycerides are a type of fat
E. all the above are true
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E
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Fatty acids with double bonds between some of their carbons are said to be ______.
A. unsaturated
B. saturated
C. completely hydrogenated
D. triglycerides
E. monoglycerides
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A
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If you were to add olive oil to your food as part of a diet to lower your risk of atherosclerotic disease, you would use olive oil that _____.
A. is liquid at room temperature
B. is hydrogenated
C. is modified to be solid at room temperature
D. has lard added to it
E. contains high levels of trans fat
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A
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Which of the following statements about animal cell lipids is FALSE?
A. fats are a form of lipid that function to store energy
B. phospholipids are important components of cell membranes
C. steroids are lipids that function as signaling molecules
D. many lipids function as enzymes
E. cholesterol is a type of lipid that is a component of cell membranes and steroid hormones
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D
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A phospholipid is composed of _______.
A. one glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acids
B. one fatty acid molecule linked to three glycerol molecules
C. one glycerol molecule linked to three phosphate groups
D. one fatty acid molecule linked to one glycerol molecule and two phosphate groups
E. one glycerol molecule linked to one phosphate group and two fatty acids
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E
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Which of the following substances is a lipid?
A. DNA
B. glucose
C. cellulose
D. steroids
E. enzymes
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D
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A major type of lipid found in cell membranes is(are)___.
A. cellulose
B. triglycerides
C. phospholipids
D. glycerol
E. waxes
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C
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Which of the following statements about anabolic steroids is FALSE?
A. they cause a general buildup of muscle mass
B. they often cause the body to reduce its normal output of sex hormones
C. they chemically resemble testosterone
D. they promote bone growth
E. they can stimulate mood swings and violent behavior
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D
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Which of the following statements about enzymes is FALSE?
A. they increase the rate of chemical reactions
B. they function as chemical catalysts
C. they regulate virtually all chemical reactions in a cell
D. they are produced by cells
E. they are monomers used to build proteins
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E
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Which one of the following would be correctly classified as a protein?
A. cholesterol
B. starch
C. enzymes
D. cellulose
E. liposaccharide
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D
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Amino acids can be distinguished from one another by ______.
A. the number of R groups found on the amino acid molecules
B. the chemical properties of their R groups
C. the type of bond between the R group and the rest of the amino acid molecule
D. the chemical properties of their amino and carboxyl groups
E. the number of alpha carbons present in the amino acid molecules
|
B
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Proteins differ from one another because _______.
A. the peptide bonds linking amino acids differ from protein to protein
B. the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain differs from protein to protein
C. each protein contains its own sequence of sugar molecules
D. the number of nucleotides found in each protein varies from molecule to molecule
E. the number of nitrogen atoms in each amino acid varies
|
B
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Glucose molecules are to starch as ______ are to proteins
A. oils
B. amino acids
C. fatty acids
D. monosaccharides
E. lards
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B
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Peptide bonds _______.
A. are used to form amino acids
B. form between fatty acids
C. are formed by a hydrolysis reaction
D. link amino acids
E. bind monosaccharides
|
D
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The primary structure of a protein is _______.
A. an alpha helix or a pleated sheet
B. the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain
C. composed of two or more polypeptide chains
D. maintained by hydrogen bonds
E. composed of irregular folds
|
B
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Which of the following is an example of secondary structure in a protein?
A. a particular amino acid sequence
B. an alpha helix
C. a globular shape
D. the joining of two polypeptide chains
E. a fibrous shape
|
B
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The tertiary structure of a polypeptide refers to ______.
A. its size
B. the presence of pleated sheets
C. the amino acids of which it is made
D. the overall three-dimensional structure
E. the number of R groups it contains
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D
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A protein containing more than one polypeptide chain exhibits the _____ level of protein structure.
A. primary
B. secondary
C. tertiary
D. quaternary
E. infinite
|
D
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Which of the following statements regarding nucleotides is FALSE?
A. nucleotides have a nitrogenous base backbone
B. nucleotides contain sugar molecules
C. nucleotides contain phosphate groups
D. nucleotides can be linked together to form nucleic acids
E. nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases
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A
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Which of the following options correctly pairs a polymer and its monomer?
A. cellulose, amino acids
B. triglycerides, steroid
C. DNA, nucleotides
D. collagen, nucleic acids
E. RNA, ribose
|
C
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DNA differs from RNA because DNA ______
A. contains thymine in place of uracil
B. consists of a single rather than a double polynucleotide strand
C. contains the sugar ribose rather than the sugar deoxyribose
D. contains phosphate groups not found in RNA
E. is always single-stranded, while RNA is always double-stranded
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A
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Genetic information is encoded in the ________.
A. quaternary structure of a protein
B. sequence of nucleotides in DNA
C. degree of saturation of fatty acids
D. length of glycogen
E. linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
|
B
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The development of atherosclerotic disease can result from a diet high in ______.
A. fiber
B. protein
C. saturated fats
D. sugars
E. complex carbohydrates
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C
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An oil may be converted into a substance that is solid at room temperature by _______.
A. adding hydrogens, decreasing the number of double bonds in the molecules
B. removing water, causing a dehydration synthesis reaction to occur
C. removing hydrogens, increasing the number of double bonds
D. cooling it, so that double bonds form and the fats solidify
E. adding water and shaking it vigorously
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A
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