Which of the following is a feature of vitamins? |
The quantities present in foods are measured in micrograms or milligrams |
What is a precursor? |
A substance that is used to synthesize another compound |
What is the bioavailability of a vitamin in food? |
The amount absorbed and subsequently used by the body |
General characteristics of the water-soluble vitamins include all of the following except |
They must be consumed daily |
All of the following are general characteristics of the fat-soluble vitamins except |
Excess are eliminated from the kidneys |
Cooking a food in liberal amounts of water is least likely to affect the content of: a) folate, b) Vitamin A, c) Riboflavin, d) Vitamin B12 |
Vitamin A |
Which of the following vitamins would be removed in the production of skim milk? |
Vitamin A |
What is the primary excretory route for water soluble vitamins? |
Kidneys |
When thiamin is consumed in excess of needs, how does the body treat the excess? |
Excreted primarily in the urine |
What is the chief function of the B vitamins? |
Coenzyme participation |
Which of the following explains why B vitamin deficiencies lead to lack of energy? |
Coenzymes needed for energy metabolism are produced in insufficient amounts |
Which of the following describes the basic function of a coenzyme? |
Attaches to an enzyme and allows a chemical reaction to take place |
Which of the following functions has a requirement for thiamin: blood coagulation, Formation of red blood cells, Energy release from energy yielding nutrients, or formation of epithelial mucopolysaccharides? |
Energy release from energy yielding nutrients |
What is the primary chemical reaction in which thiamin participates as a coenzyme |
Assists in removal of one carbon units from compounds involved in energy metabolism |
What is the coenzyme form of thiamin? |
Thiamin Pyrophosphate |
Beriberi results from a deficiency of |
Thiamin |
Which of the following is most likely to lead to Beriberi: High intakes of white rice, Low intakes of whole grains, High intakes of unrefined rice, low intakes of enriched grains? |
High intakes of white rice |
The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome may be treated with supplements of |
Thiamin |
Which of the following is a characteristic of thiamin nutrition: The coenzyme contains pyrosulfate, It is required for regeneration of folate, It is required for regeneration of niacin, It is an integral part of the nerve cell membrane |
It is an integral part of your nerve cell membrane |
Approximately what % of alcoholics exhibit thiamin deficiency? |
20 |
All of the following are characteristic of thiamin nutrition except |
Recommended intakes are stated in equivalents |
Which of the following provides the most thiamin per serving size: ham, squash, whole milk, whole grain breads? |
Ham |
Which of the following is a property of thiamin nutrition? |
Poor choices include seafood and cheeses |
How does the method of cooking affect thiamin stability? |
Microwaving the food conserves much of the thiamin |
Which of the following contains the highest concentration of thiamin in muscle tissue: Pig, fish, steer, chicken |
Pig |
Of the following, which is the richest food source of thiamin: lettuce, soy milk, cow milk, refined rice? |
Soy milk |
Riboflavin in its coenzyme form functions in the transfer of |
hydrogen atoms |
Which of the following vitamins is involved substantially in energy transformation reactions? |
Riboflavin |
What is indicative of a dietary deficiency of riboflavin? |
Inflamed mouth membranes |
Which food group ordinarily contains the highest amount of riboflavin when expressed per kcalorie? |
vegetables |
What is ariboflavonosis? |
The vitamin B2 deficiency disease |
The signs and symptoms of riboflavin deficiency are known collectively as |
Ariboflavonosis |
Riboflavin needs are more difficult to meet when the diet is low in |
dairy foods |
Riboflavin is most easily destroyed when exposed to |
UV light |
What type of container is best for protecting the riboflavin content of milk? |
Cardboard |
The coenzyme FAD is formed from what vitamin? |
Riboflavin |
Milk and milk products provide liberal amounts of which of the following vitamins: Biotin, Folate, Riboflavin, Pantothenic acid, More than one is correct |
riboflavin |
A deficiency of what vitamin produces a characteristic cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth? |
Riboflavin |
Which of the following is a property of riboflavin in nutrition? |
Stability to heat is good |
Which of the following is a property of niacin in nutrition? |
It can be synthesized into the body from the essential amino acid tryptophan |
Which of the following properties is shared by niacin and riboflavin coenzymes? |
Acceptance and transfer of hydrogen atoms |
When the diet contains an adequate amount of protein, what amino acid can be used by the body to synthesize the niacin? |
Tryptophan |
Which nutrient functions to prevent the appearance of a bilateral, symmetrical dermatitis, primarily on areas exposed to the sun? |
Niacin |
The vitamin deficiency pellagra means |
tough skin |
A low protein diet in which corn is a principle food has been found to cause a deficiency of what vitamin? |
niacin |
What vitamin deficiency disease appeared in people who had subsisted on a diet high in corn and low in protein? |
pellagra |
Which of the following is not among the common signs of pellagra? |
Desiccation |
A general niacin deficiency is known to be manifested in abnormalities of all of the following organs/systems except |
Skeletal system |
Tryptophan can be used in the body to synthesize |
Niacin |
While researching your southern family history, you find that your grandmother had a sister who died fairly young. The symptoms leading up to her death included diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia. Because the family led a poor, corn-farming existence, you suspect this relative died of |
pellagra |
Which of the following substances is found in corn and contributes to the development of pellagra? |
Leucine |
What term identifies the characteristic tingling sensations and reddening of the skin after ingesting a pharmacologic dose of nicotinic acid? |
Niacin flush |
Which of the following overt side effect(s) is likely to appear after a person ingests a high quantity of nicotinic acid? |
Painful, tingling, itching sensation |
When taken in large doses, which of the following vitamins is associated with liver injury and peptic ulcers? |
Niacin |
Large doses of nicotinic acid are known to result in all of the following except |
Disappearance of learning disorder in children |
Which of the following is a feature of niacin nutrition? |
High dose may lower blood cholesterol |
Your friend Jane just returned from the doctor who diagnosed her with a specific vitamin B toxicity. However, she doesn’t recall the name of the vitamin. Which of the following is the only possible culprit associated with toxicity symptoms? |
Niacin |
What is the approximate niacin RDA for adults? |
15 niacin equivelants |
Among the following, which would be the best source of niacin equivalents? |
Chicken |
Your brother Bob is a competitive body builder. His trainer suggested that he consume 4 egg white omelets per day. Bob remembers a warning about a possible vitamin deficiency from consuming too many egg whites and asks if he should follow the prescribed diet. Your reply to Bob is that he should not |
Be concerned, because when eggs are cooked, the avidin protein is denatured, and thus does not pose a problem for deficiency disease |
Features of biotin in nutrition include all of the following except |
a deficiency can be induced by ingesting large amounts of thiamin and folic acid, which interfere with its absorption |
Among the following compounds that serve as coenzymes in metabolism, which is considered a vitamin for human beings? |
Biotin |
Which of the following foods contains a protein that decreases bioavailability of biotin? |
Raw eggwhites |
a |
a |
a |
a |
Which of the following vitamins is synthesized by intestinal bacteria? |
Biotin |
Biotin can be synthesized by |
intestinal bacteria |
What is the adult Adequate Intake for biotin? |
30 micrograms |
What vitamin forms a part of coenzyme A? |
Pantothenic acid |
What is the AI for pantothenic acid for adults? |
5 mg |
Which of the following vitamins is known to sustain substantial losses during processing of food? |
Pantothenic acid |
Forms of vitamin B6 include all of the following except |
pyrimidine |
Which of the following vitamins is stored primarily in muscle tissue? |
Vitamin B6 |
The chief symptoms of early vitamin B6 deficiency include |
confusion and depression |
What vitamin is involved intensively in amino acid metabolism? |
Vitamin B6 |
Which of the following is not a characteristic of vitamin B6 in nutrition? |
It is required in amounts proportional to energy expenditure |
All of the following are features of vitamin B6 metabolism except |
It enhances physical performance when supplied at a level of 1 mg/g of dietary protein |
What is the tolerable UL intake for Vitamin B6? |
100 mg |
A common drug for the treatment of tuberculosis is known to markedly interfere in the metabolism of vitamin |
B6 |
Irreversible nerve damage has been reported in people taking large doses of |
B6 |
Which of the following statements reflects our knowledge of water-soluble vitamin toxicity? |
Toxicity symptoms for vitamin B6 can be severe and irreversible |
In what major way does alcohol intake affect vitamin B6 metabolism? |
It dislodges the PLP coenzyme from its enzyme |
What is the RDA for Vitamin B6? |
1.3 mg |
Which food group is richest in vitamin B6 in a per-kcaloric basis? |
vegetables |
Which of the following is an essential nutrient for human beings? |
Folate |
Pteroylglutamic acid is also known as |
folate |
All of the following are properties of folate in nutrition except |
It functions primarily in the transfer of amino groups |
Which of the following characteristics is shared by vitamin B12 and folate? |
Both are required for nucleic acid synthesis |
Which vitamin goes through enterohepatic circulation? |
Folate |
Which vitamin is usually found in a form that is bound to one or more glutamic acid molecules in food? |
folate |
A person with a disorder that limits absorption of bile is at increased risk for deficiency of |
folate |
What is the most likely explanation for the impaired functioning of the GI tract resulting from folate deficiency? |
Since folate functions in large part in the process of cell renewal, a deficiency slows mucosal cell replacement, thereby resulting in decreased GI functioning |
Which of the following is not a feature of folate nutrition? |
Folate must be methylated by homocysteine prior to crossing the brush border membrane |
What % of dietary folate is bioavailable? |
50 |
The % of bioavailability of a folate supplement taken on an empty stomach is |
100 |
How many dietary folate equivalents are provided by 100 µg of a folate supplement? |
170 |
What fraction of women capable of becoming pregnant ingest the RDA for folate? |
1/2 |
Research has shown that the risk for neural tube defects is lowered by taking supplements of |
folate |
Which of the following is a type of neural tube defect? |
Spina bifida |
Which of the following is a feature of folate nutrition? |
Synthetic folate is 70% more available than naturally occurring folate |
By law, what amount of folate (µg) must be added to 100 g of food products such as breads, flour, and rice? |
140 |
Nicole is pregnant and is trying to monitor her folate intake. She is eating foods high in folate as well as taking folate supplements, and she is having a hard time determining how many dietary folate equivalents she is consuming. Below is a list of her daily intake with respect to folate: |
580 |
Because of adverse interactions with other vitamins, a safe daily folate intake is up to |
1000 micrograms |
A deficiency of which vitamin results in accumulation of homocysteine in the blood |
folate |
The appearance of vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms may be delayed due to high intake of supplements of |
folate |
What vitamin is involved mainly with the replacement of red blood cells and digestive tract cells? |
Folate |
Which of the following substances is known to adversely affect folate utilization? |
Regular use of antacids |
Which of the following is representative of folate availability in foods? |
Much of the vitamin is lost due to heat and oxidation |
Which of the following is known to significantly affect the body’s folate status? |
some anticancer drugs |
Physiological stresses such as blood loss, burns, measles, and cancer are known particularly to increase the risk of deficiency for |
folate |
Which of the following is associated with a deficiency of folate? |
Macrocytic anemia |
Folate deficiency has been reported in infants fed |
Goat’s milk |
Among all the vitamins, which is believed to be most vulnerable to interactions with drugs? |
Folate |
What is the RDA for folate for a woman weighing 132 pounds? |
400 μg |
What is the adult RDA for folate (µg)? |
400 |
Which food group is highest in folate? |
Vegetables (green and leafy) |
Which of the following is required for the absorption of dietary vitamin B12? |
Intrinsic factor |
What is the function of intrinsic factor in vitamin B12 absorption? |
It attaches to the vitamin, thereby allowing absorption from the intestines |
All of the following are required for efficient dietary absorption of vitamin B12 except |
Mucosal cobalaminase |
What is the most likely reason for the development of a vitamin B12 deficiency? |
Inadequate absorption |
Pernicious anemia results from a deficiency of |
Vitamin B12 |
The nasal spray route represents a safe and efficacious means for the supply of |
Vitamin B12 |
The absorption of which of the following vitamins is most affected by the disorder atrophic gastritis? |
Vitamin B12 |
Which of the following is a property of vitamin B12? |
It is efficiently recycled by the body |
A similar type of anemia is produced when there is a deficiency of either |
Vitamin B12 or Folate |
Which of the following is a common treatment for pernicious anemia caused by inadequate absorption? |
Injection of Cobalamin |
If a person refrained from ingesting any of the water-soluble vitamins, deficiency symptoms would appear last for |
Vitamin B12 |
Normally, the body’s storage and re-utilization of vitamin B12 prevents a primary or secondary deficiency from occurring until after about |
3 years |
In a person who loses the ability to absorb vitamin B12, approximately what period of time could elapse before deficiency signs develop? |
3 years |
Pernicious anemia results from a combination of lack of intrinsic factor and |
lack of hydrochloric acid |
Which of the following is not known to be a risk factor for development of atrophic gastritis? |
Avoidance of leafy vegetables |
Which of the following is a feature of vitamin B12 bioavailability? |
Synthetic B12 in supplement form is highly utilizable |
Among the following water-soluble vitamins, a secondary deficiency would most likely be seen for |
Vitamin B12 |
Why are vegetarians at risk of developing a vitamin B12 deficiency? |
Vegetarian diets provide insufficient amounts of the vitamin |
Of the following foods, which would be the only source of vitamin B12? |
Hot dog |
Which of the following is a characteristic of vitamin B12? |
It is inactivated when the food is heated in a microwave |
The RDA for Vitamin B12 is |
2.4 micrograms |
Which of the following vitamins has an RDA? |
Cobalamin |
Which of the following is known to perform an essential function in the human body? |
Carnitine |
Which of the following is not known to be required in the diet of human beings? |
Lipoic Acid |
Which of the following is classified as a conditionally essential nutrient? |
Choline |
Which of the following is probably required in the diet of human beings? |
Choline |
Which of the following is not known to be a vitamin for human beings? |
Ubiquinone |
Which of the following is frequently affected by deficiencies of the B vitamins? |
Tongue |
Which of the following is an overt sign of a possible B vitamin deficiency? |
Smooth tongue |
Which of the following characteristics is shared by vitamins B6, B12, C and folate? |
Consumption prevents anemia |
What is a free radical? |
A molecule with at least one unpaired electron |
Which of the following is a general function of vitamin C? |
Antioxidant |
In what capacity does vitamin C function? |
Cofactor in collagen formation |
The protein that requires ascorbic acid for its formation is |
collagen |
Which of the following represents the results of well-controlled studies of vitamin C supplementation on the resistance to, and recovery from, colds? |
There was a significant reduction in the duration of colds in people who consumed ast least 1 gram daily |
Why might vitamin C supplements be beneficial in treating the common cold? |
They deactivate histamine |
Which of the following vitamins is known to deactivate histamine, a substance that causes nasal congestion? |
Vitamin C |
What is the minimum daily amount of ascorbic acid that will prevent the appearance of scorbutic symptoms in human beings? |
10 mg |
How much vitamin C is needed daily to raise blood ascorbic acid concentrations to a maximum? |
200 mg |
Which of the following is an early sign of vitamin C deficiency? |
Bleeding gums |
What is the adult RDA for vitamin C? |
75-90 |
How much extra vitamin C do smokers require? |
35 mg |
Which of the following symptoms is indicative of a deficiency of vitamin C? |
Subcutaneous pinpoint hemorrhages |
People with the condition known as iron overload may be adversely affected from taking supplements of |
Ascorbic acid |
Which of the following food groups is a rich source of vitamin C? |
Fruit group |
What term is used to describe the outcome of a diagnostic test that apparently shows that you have mononucleosis when in reality you do not? |
False positive |
What term describes the outcome of a diagnostic test that apparently indicates that you do not have an infection when in reality you do? |
False negative |
ohn is looking to increase his dietary sources of vitamin C. However, he expresses a strong dislike for all citrus fruits. Which of the following shopping lists would you recommend? |
Brussel Sprouts, Broccoli, strawberries |
Which of these meals is lowest in vitamin C? |
Roast Beef, Carrots, tea, noodles |
All of the following are consequences of ingesting excess vitamin C supplements except |
They enhance the action of anticlotting medication |
A vitamin supplement labeled as "high potency" contains an amount that is |
100% + of the daily value |
Approximately what percentage of the U.S. population takes multinutrient supplements regularly? |
33 |
The known dangers of taking vitamin supplements include all of the following except |
Pathogenic bacterial overgrowth of the large intestines leading to increased risk of infection |
All of the following are known to occur from a mild iron overdose except |
black tongue |
Water Soluble Vitamins Ch 10
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