Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body. |
False |
The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium. |
False |
Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of the body. |
True |
Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients. |
False |
The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus. |
True |
Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. |
True |
It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions. |
False |
Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration. |
True |
Salts are lost from the body in perspiration, feces, and urine. |
True |
Hypoproteinemia reflects a condition of unusually high levels of plasma proteins and causes tissue edema. |
False |
Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume. |
True |
Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems. |
True |
When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the collecting tube. |
True |
Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion. |
True |
Pressure diuresis decreases blood volume and blood pressure. |
True |
Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium. |
False |
To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output. |
True |
The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them. |
True |
Atrial natriuretic peptide reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasodilation and potassium and water retention. |
False |
Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride. |
True |
Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal. |
True |
Hypercalcemia causes muscle tetany. |
False |
The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin. |
False |
Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum levels are low. |
False |
The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45. |
True |
Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism. |
True |
Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they partially dissociate. |
True |
The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma. |
True |
The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system. |
True |
One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system. |
True |
As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases. |
True |
Regulation of the acid-base system is accomplished mainly through respiratory control, and the kidneys also play a small role. |
False |
Severe damage to the respiratory system rarely will result in acid-base imbalances. |
False |
Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient. |
True |
Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis. |
True |
Thirst is always a reliable indicator of body water need. |
False |
Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS. |
True |
1) The body’s water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? |
D |
2) The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. |
C |
3) Hypoproteinemia is a condition of unusually low levels of plasma proteins. This problem is |
A |
4) Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations |
C |
5) Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. |
D |
6) Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. |
B |
7) Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems? |
A |
8) Which of the choices below is not an essential role of salts in the body? |
D |
9) Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? |
B |
10) The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________. |
A |
11) Newborn infants have a relatively higher ________ content in their ECF than do adults. |
B |
12) Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. |
C |
13) Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? |
A |
14) Problems with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance are particularly common in infants because of their ________. |
A |
15) The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. |
D |
16) The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. |
C |
17) A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. |
A |
18) The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. |
B |
19) What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? |
C |
20) Which of the following is not a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? |
B |
21) Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? |
C |
22) Extracellular fluid in the human body is composed of all of the following except ________. |
D |
23) Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? |
C |
24) Which of the following hormones is important in stimulating water conservation in the kidneys? |
C |
25) The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. |
A |
26) Which of the following is not a disorder of water balance? |
A |
27) The regulation of sodium ________. |
B |
28) Select the correct statement about renal mechanisms of acid-base balance. |
C |
29) Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? |
B |
30) A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? |
C |
31) One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. |
D |
32) Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? |
B |
33) The most important force causing net water flow across capillary walls is ________. |
B |
34) Which of the following does not depend on the presence of electrolytes? |
D |
35) The regulation of potassium balance ________. |
D |
Water Balance
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