The Science of Nutrition, Chapter 9

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The Science of Nutrition, 3e (Thompson)
Chapter 9 Nutrients Involved in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

1) Approximately what percentage of the body is composed of fluid?
A) 10 – 20%
B) 30 – 45%
C) 50 – 70%
D) 60 – 80%
Answer: C
Page Ref: 348
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.1

2) Intracellular fluid consists of:
A) tissue fluid (interstitial fluid).
B) plasma.
C) fluid between the body cells.
D) fluid found with in the cell.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 348
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.1

3) Plasma is an example of which fluid compartment?
A) intercellular
B) interstitial
C) intravascular
D) plasma does not contain fluid
Answer: C
Page Ref: 348
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.1

4) Interstitial fluid is:
A) the fluid that flows between the cells.
B) the fluid in the bloodstream.
C) the fluid in the lymphatic system.
D) the fluid inside the cells.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 348
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.1

5) Who would have the highest percent of total body water?
A) 20-year-old obese male
B) 20-year-old lean female
C) 20-year-old lean male
D) 20-year-old obese female
Answer: C
Page Ref: 349
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.1
6) Which of the following electrolytes is negatively charged?
A) sodium
B) potassium
C) chloride
D) calcium
Answer: C
Page Ref: 350
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.2

7) The two most common extracellular ions are:
A) sodium and potassium.
B) potassium and chloride.
C) phosphorus and calcium.
D) sodium and chloride.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 350
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.2

8) The two most common intracellular ions are:
A) potassium and phosphate.
B) sodium and potassium.
C) phosphorus and calcium.
D) sodium and chloride.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 350
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.2

9) Which of the following is a common solvent in the body?
A) alcohol
B) fat
C) water
D) carbohydrate
Answer: C
Page Ref: 350
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.2

10) Which of the following is hydrophobic?
A) amino acids
B) lipids
C) glucose
D) minerals
Answer: B
Page Ref: 348
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.1
11) What is the function of aldosterone?
A) stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water (reducing urine output)
B) stimulates the kidneys to filter out more water (increasing urine output)
C) signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride
D) signals the kidneys to release sodium and chloride
Answer: C
Page Ref: 351
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 9.3

12) What is the function of an antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
A) stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb water (reducing urine output)
B) stimulates the kidneys to filter out more water (increasing urine output)
C) signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride
D) signals the kidneys to release sodium and chloride
Answer: A
Page Ref: 350
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.3

13) Where is ADH released from?
A) the pituitary gland
B) the hypothalamus
C) the kidneys
D) the liver
Answer: A
Page Ref: 350
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.3

14) Which organ plays a central role in the regulation of blood volume and blood pressure?
A) small intestine
B) kidneys
C) liver
D) pancreas
Answer: B
Page Ref: 350
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.3

15) In the angiotensin-renin system, which protein is the active vasoconstrictor?
A) Renin
B) Angiotensinogen
C) Angiotensin I
D) Angiotensin II
Answer: D
Page Ref: 350
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.3
16) Aldosterone is produced by which organ?
A) the pituitary gland
B) the hypothalamus
C) the adrenal glands
D) the kidneys
Answer: C
Page Ref: 351
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.3

17) Water has a high heat capacity. What does this term mean?
A) It takes a lot of energy to raise the temperature of water.
B) Water heats up or cools down very quickly.
C) Water provides a useful source of stored kilocalories.
D) Water transports the energy-yielding nutrients throughout the body.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 351
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 9.4

18) The primary reason for sweating is to:
A) maintain blood volume.
B) maintain sodium balance.
C) excrete waste products.
D) regulate body temperature.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 351, 352
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 9.4

19) Which of the following will likely result if the concentration of electrolytes inside a cell is higher than in the extracellular environment?
A) The cell will swell or burst.
B) The cell will shrink and dry up.
C) The cell will undergo mitosis and divide.
D) The cell will be unaffected.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 354
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.5

20) Which of the following stimulates the thirst mechanism?
A) increased concentration of solutes in the blood
B) elevated blood volume and pressure
C) lubrication of the mouth and throat tissues
D) decreased blood volume and pressure
Answer: A
Page Ref: 355
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.5

21) Which region of the brain controls fluid intake?
A) brain stem
B) pituitary gland
C) central sulcus
D) hypothalamus
Answer: D
Page Ref: 355
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.6

22) Water formed during oxidative metabolism accounts for what percentage of the water the body needs each day?
A) 0 – 5%
B) 10 – 14%
C) 20 – 25%
D) more than 30%
Answer: B
Page Ref: 356
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.6

23) Insensible water loss is:
A) water lost during illness or trauma.
B) water lost during intense exercise.
C) water lost through perspiration and respiration.
D) water lost through urination.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 357
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.6

24) Which of the following is a diuretic?
A) alcohol
B) milk
C) water
D) orange juice
Answer: A
Page Ref: 357
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.6

25) One "glass" of water is about equal to:
A) 24 oz.
B) 6 oz.
C) 12 oz.
D) 8 oz or 240 mL.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 359
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.6
26) Diets high in sodium are associated with:
A) breast cancer.
B) diabetes mellitus.
C) obesity.
D) high blood pressure.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 365
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.7

27) The AI for sodium (for adult men and women aged 19-50 years of age) is:
A) 5 g/day.
B) 1.5 g/day.
C) 2.4 g/day.
D) 3 g/day.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 365
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.7

28) Most of the sodium consumed is absorbed from the:
A) mouth.
B) stomach.
C) small intestine.
D) liver.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 365
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.7

29) Hyponatremia is associated with:
A) insufficient intake of dietary sodium.
B) excessive intake of dietary sodium.
C) insufficient intake of dietary sodium and overhydration.
D) overhydration.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 366, 367
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 9.8

30) Which of the following individuals is MOST at risk for hyperkalemia?
A) a marathon runner
B) a newborn
C) an individual who has a diet rich in processed foods
D) an individual with kidney disease
Answer: D
Page Ref: 369
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.8
31) Hypokalemia is:
A) low levels of sodium in the blood.
B) high levels of sodium in the blood.
C) low levels of potassium in the blood.
D) high levels of potassium in the blood.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 369
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.8

32) The majority of dietary chloride is consumed from:
A) animal protein sources.
B) alcohol.
C) table salt.
D) water.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 370
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.7

33) What percentage of salt is composed of chloride?
A) 10%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 80%
Answer: C
Page Ref: 370
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.7

34) The majority of our body’s phosphorus is stored in the:
A) kidneys.
B) bones.
C) blood.
D) liver.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 370
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.7

35) Phosphorus in plants is primarily found in the form of ________.
A) phosphate
B) phosphorate
C) phytic acid
D) phospholipid
Answer: C
Page Ref: 371
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.7
36) Phosphorus absorption is enhanced by:
A) vitamin C.
B) potassium.
C) vitamin D.
D) iron.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 371
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 9.7

37) Which of the following individuals is MOST at risk for a phosphorus deficiency?
A) a premature infant
B) an individual suffering from kidney disease
C) an individual consuming vitamin D supplements
D) an individual who is a vegetarian
Answer: A
Page Ref: 371
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.7

38) Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding phosphorus?
A) Phosphorus from animal sources is more readily absorbed than the phosphorus from plant sources.
B) Humans absorb about 50% of the phosphorus from plant sources.
C) On average, Americans do not consume enough phosphorus in their diets.
D) Bacteria in the large intestine can break down the phosphorus from plant sources.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 371
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.7

39) Which of the following groups are the MOST vulnerable to dehydration?
A) pregnant women and the elderly
B) adolescents and children
C) infants and pregnant women
D) infants and the elderly
Answer: D
Page Ref: 372
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.9

40) Dehydration is classified in terms of:
A) the amount of weight lost relative to a person’s original weight.
B) the subjective amount of thirst a person experiences.
C) the percentage of weight loss exclusively due to loss of fluid.
D) the relative amount of fluids consumed against the amount of urine excreted.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 372
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 9.9

41) Overhydration most commonly occurs in:
A) healthy adults who consume primarily vegetables and fruits.
B) people with health problem that cause the kidneys to retain too much water.
C) infants and young children.
D) athletes.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 373
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.9

42) Your urine color should be ________ if properly hydrated.
A) foul smelling
B) dark yellow
C) clear to pale yellow
D) slightly cloudy
Answer: C
Page Ref: 372, 373
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.9

43) A potentially fatal condition characterized by the failure of the body’s heat-regulating mechanisms is:
A) hypertension.
B) fever.
C) dehydration.
D) heat stroke.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 373
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.9

44) In the majority of cases, the cause of hypertension is:
A) excessive salt intake.
B) kidney disease.
C) sleep apnea.
D) unknown.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 374
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.10

45) Hypertension affects approximately ________ of all adult Americans.
A) 5%
B) 30%
C) 60%
D) 75%
Answer: B
Page Ref: 373
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.10
46) Optimal blood pressure is a systolic pressure less than 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure less than ________ mmHg.
A) 100
B) 80
C) 140
D) 90
Answer: B
Page Ref: 374
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.10

47) Which of the following has NOT been shown to improve blood pressure levels?
A) losing weight
B) eating more whole grains, fruits, and vegetables
C) drinking 1 to 2 glasses of white wine per day
D) not smoking or quitting smoking
Answer: C
Page Ref: 374
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.10

48) A U.S. population group that is at particularly high risk for heart disease and its complications is hypertensive:
A) Caucasian women.
B) African Americans.
C) Hispanic men.
D) Asian Americans.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 375
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.10

49) Substances dissolved in a fluid are called ________.
A) ions
B) electrolytes
C) solvents
D) solutes
Answer: D
Page Ref: 349
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.2

50) The MOST significant contributor to weight gain and obesity in the United States in recent years has been:
A) produce prices.
B) soft drinks and fruit juices.
C) shorter work weeks.
D) ready-made meals.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 378
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.10
51) A substance, such as caffeine, that increases fluid loss via the urine is called:
A) a diuretic.
B) osmotic pressure.
C) metabolic water.
D) a phytic acid.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 350
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.4

52) The fluid lost via sweating and respiration is called:
A) sensible water.
B) osmosis.
C) insensible water.
D) metabolic water.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 357
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 9.6

53) In the extracellular fluid, sodium and ________ predominate.
A) potassium
B) chloride
C) phosphorus
D) aldosterone
Answer: B
Page Ref: 350
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.2

54) The movement of water from areas where solutes are less concentrated to areas where they are most concentrated is called:
A) migration.
B) permeation.
C) sensible water loss.
D) osmosis.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 353
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.5

55) The three major systems that account for the body’s ability to regulate acid-base balance are the lungs, the kidneys, and:
A) the intestines.
B) blood buffers.
C) bone structure.
D) the brain.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 358
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.6
56) Blood pressure exerted in the arteries during heart contractions is called:
A) diastolic.
B) systolic.
C) elevated.
D) anabolic.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 374
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.10

57) The majority of individuals with hypertension are diagnosed with ________ hypertension.
A) secondary
B) aggravated
C) resistant
D) primary
Answer: D
Page Ref: 374
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.10

58) Lean tissue contains a greater percentage of fluid compared with fat tissue.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 348
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.2

59) Approximately 2/3 of the body fluid is held intracellularly.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 348
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.2

60) Elderly people have more total body water percentage than infants.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 349
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.2

61) The thirst mechanism is a highly reliable indicator of fluid replacement and bodily fluid balance.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 356
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 9.6

62) The thirst mechanism is affected by age.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 372
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.9
63) Sweat must evaporate to have a cooling affect.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 352
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 9.4

64) Living in areas of higher altitude increases fluid loss.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 357
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.6

65) Sodium and chloride are the predominant electrolytes in the extracellular fluid.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 350
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.2

66) Drinking eight glasses of fluid each day ensures that all healthy adults will meet their fluid needs.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 359
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 9.6

67) Hyponatremia occurs when somebody drinks too much water without replacing potassium.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 366
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 9.8

68) Most people in the United States consume too much sodium.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 365
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.7

69) Processed foods tend to be lower in sodium than whole foods.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 365
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 9.7

70) Eating too much sodium will usually result in hypernatremia in most healthy individuals.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 366
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.8
71) A diet rich in potassium has been shown to help maintain a healthy blood pressure.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 368
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.10

72) Water is drawn to areas with low concentration of solutes.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 353
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 9.5

73) Loss of total body water in elderly people is tied to their loss of lean tissue.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 349
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.2

74) If a healthy individual is well hydrated, his/her urine should be clear to pale yellow in color.
Answer: TRUE
Page Ref: 372, 373
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.9

75) When blood volume decreases, blood pressure increases.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 350
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 9.3

76) The causes of hypertension in the vast majority of individuals are well understood.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 374
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.10

77) Anyone with hypertension is necessarily sensitive to sodium.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 375
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.10

78) It is not possible to drink too much water.
Answer: FALSE
Page Ref: 373
Skill: Remembering
Learning Obj.: 9.9

79) List and describe at least three critical functions of water in the body.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Page Ref: 350-352
Skill: Understanding
Learning Obj.: 9.4
80) Discuss the angiotensin renin system in relation to blood pressure regulation. What role do these processes play in the relationship between blood volume and blood pressure?
Answer: Answers will vary.
Page Ref: 350, 351
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 9.3

81) Explain the role of electrolytes and ions in body fluid, and describe their characteristics.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Page Ref: 349, 350
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 9.2

82) Johnny has had severe diarrhea for three days. What is the connection between long-term diarrhea and Johnny’s electrolyte and fluid balance?
Answer: Answers will vary.
Page Ref: 354
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 9.5

83) Describe the ways in which the healthy body loses fluid. How can changes in environmental conditions affect fluid loss?
Answer: Answers will vary.
Page Ref: 357
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 9.6

84) Liz has recently been diagnosed with hypertension. Detail the lifestyle changes that are important for Liz to identify and modify in an effort to improve her situation. What do we know and understand about hypertension, and what isn’t clear?
Answer: Answers will vary.
Page Ref: 373-376
Skill: Analyzing
Learning Obj.: 9.10

85) Malik goes to the movie and consumes a piece of pizza, a diet cola, and a large tub of salted popcorn. How will Malik’s kidneys regulate his fluid balance and adapt to this high-sodium meal? Explain why it is an oversimplification to say that sodium is harmful to the body.
Answer: Answers will vary.
Page Ref: 365, 366
Skill: Applying
Learning Obj.: 9.8

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