Sociology - Real World - Ch 5

aggregate

A collection of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations (page 124)

anomie

"Normlessness"; term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change (page 128)

authority

The legitimate right to wield power (page 141)

bureaucracy

A type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, rules and regulations, impersonality, and formal written communication (page 144)

category

People who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging (page 124)

charismatic authority

Authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader (page 142)

coercive power

Power that is backed by the threat of force (page 141)

compliance

The mildest type of conformity, undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishments (page 137)

crowd

A temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact (page 124)

dyad

A two-person social group (page 132)

expressive leadership

Leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group (page 143)

group

A collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other (page 124)

group dynamics

The patterns of interaction between groups and individuals (page 132)

group cohesion

The sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong (page 135)

groupthink

In very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement (page 137)

honor killing

The murder of a family member—usually female—who is believed to have brought dishonor to her family (page 136)

identification

A type of conformity stronger than compliance and weaker than internalization, caused by a desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or a group (page 138)

ilegal- rational authority

Authority based in laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity or personality of any individual leader (page 142)

influential power

Power that is supported by persuasion (page 141)

in-group

A group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward (page 132)

instrumental leadership

Leadership that is task or goal oriented (page 143)

internalization

The strongest type of conformity, occurring when an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them her own (page 138)

McDonaldization

George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization (page 145)

out-group

Any group an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward (page 133)

power

The ability to control the actions of others (page 141)

prescriptions

Behaviors approved of by a particular social group (page 137)

primary groups

The people who are most important to our sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belonging (page 124)

proscriptions

Behaviors a particular social group wants its members to avoid (page 137)

rationalization

The application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns (page 145)

reference group

A group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves (page 133)

secondary groups

Larger and less intimate than primary groups; members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary (page 124)

social identity theory

A theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging (page 141)

social influence (peer pressure)

The influence of one's fellow group members on individual attitudes and behaviors (page 137)

social loafing

The phenomenon in which as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; a source of inefficiency when working in teams (page 141)

social network

The web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect the individual (page 125)

social ties

Connections between individuals (page 125)

traditional authority

Authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right (page 141)

triad

A three-person social group (page 132)

virtual communities

Social groups whose interactions are mediated through information technologies, particularly the internet (page 129)

primary and secondary groups

How have social networking websites affected social groups? They help people make the most of both their _____________

Emile Durkheim

___________ worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to anomie, or normlessness.

the power of the group

What was the Asch experiment measuring?

Robert Putnam's research

can be exemplified by his description in a decline in bowling leagues. Which of the following might serve as evidence that Putnam's concerns are overblown? _______the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and emotional support

consequential stranger

A barista at Jose's local coffee shop always greets him by name, and usually notices his mood. Once when he was troubled by school, he confided in her. She now asks how school is going, and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize her relationship with Jose? She is a "_____________," and bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups.

to see if a particular tie is strong or weak

Why would sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which an individual has been in contact with each member of his social network?

McDonalization

What term did the sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

coercive power

What kind of power is a football coach wielding when he threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder

bureaucracies

Running water, packaged food, and indoor plumbing are all conveniences made possible by what type of group?

compliance

Imagine that one of your professors has a large collection of offensive t-shirts, including one that reads "I scream, you scream, we all scream for heroin." This professor makes sure to never wear this shirt to class though, because she wishes to gain the rewards of continued employment and avoid being yelled at by her boss. What is this kind of conformity called?

virtual community

If group members share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person, what kind of group are they a part of?

social identity theory

The _________ suggests that in teamwork, the most efficient teams have members with strong social identities.

time

Why does actual group productivity never equal potential productivity? _______ is lost to coordinating and organizing group members.

leader

A ______ who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions explains how groupthink can be avoided.

rationalization

A high school decides that its band needs to wear uniforms. In order to be more efficient, the school only buys uniforms in three sizes and forces students to pick the size that comes closest to fitting. What process described in Chapter 5 is this an example of?

deal with bureaucracies

Activists sometimes advocate living "off the grid," which, in its simplest form, means living without buying electricity and water from utility companies. However they also admit that living off the grid is harder and harder, as there simply isn't enough affordable land in places where it would be feasible to do so, which means that most of America has to:

I have more than one child

If some sociologists set out to measure group cohesion within a neighborhood, which statement would you NOT expect to find on their survey

anomie or norm-less-ness

Emile Durkheim worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to:

social loafing

Has your teacher ever assigned group work? One of the biggest problems associated with group assignments is that one person often ends up doing most of the work while others take it easy. What does Chapter 5 call this?

compliance

What sort of conformity is demonstrated by an individual who dresses modestly in accordance with religious values, but does so to avoid punishment rather than because she believes it truly matters?

secondary group

If an individual belongs to a group whose members are mostly anonymous to one another, then that group is almost certainly a: ________

group

Members of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together while also interacting with each other ________

group cohesion

The sense of solidarity, or team spirit, that an individual feels toward their group is called

group dynamics

What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?

care less

Individuals today are more likely to identify themselves through personal characteristics than through group membership or affiliation. Why is this cause for concern to some sociologists? Individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might _________ about the common good.

traditional authority

According to Max Weber's typology of power, what type of authority is wielded by a king?

groupthink

What sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after take-off?

a primary group

What is not considered a considered an aggregate?

network analysis

In 2003 the U.S. Army discovered Saddam Hussein hiding in a "spider hole" under a small building in his hometown, Tikrit. The Army had tracked him to that location not by looking for him directly, but rather by creating a large "map" that displayed all the members of his family and tribe, and showed their linkages to other people. Starting with just four names, the map allowed Army intelligence to zero in on a small number of people whose relationships with Hussein made it more likely that they would know where he was. The search for Saddam Hussein demonstrated the practical applications of:

local organizations

What does recent research show about the aftermath of natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina? That new types of _______ emerge in response to the emergency.

bureaucracies

Running water, packaged food, and indoor plumbing are all conveniences made possible by what type of group?

a legal rational authority

Around the third week of a college class, a teacher decides that she's had enough, is tired of dealing with bureaucracies, and wants out. So one day, instead of coming to class, she flies to Tahiti and sells souvenirs on the beach. If this happened, the college would simply assign a substitute to finish the course. What does this tell you about the nature of the authority wielded by a professor?

Time is lost

Why does actual group productivity never equal potential productivity? _________ to coordinating and organizing group members.

NOT a group

The audience at a Broadway show is_______ in the sociological sense.

internalization

What is the strongest type of conformity that can occur as a result of social influence or peer pressure?

George Ritzer

______ used the term McDonaldization to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

how important is winning games

Some students at a college form an intramural softball team. They play other teams from their school and from the area every Sunday in a conveniently located park. If a sociologist wanted to determine if the team was a primary or a secondary group, which question might he ask?

hostility toward an out-group

All over Los Angeles, cars can be seen sporting a bumper sticker that says, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever is playing USC." What is this an example of?

groupthink

When group members withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus, they are engaging in:

Robert Putnam

According to ____________, what does the decline in bowling leagues indicate? there is an increasing anomie and a decline in collective bonds.

virtual community

f group members share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person, what kind of group are they a part of?

Duncan Watts

The sociologist ________ examined social networks, the way that individuals may change their minds about who to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances.

bureaucracies

Running water, packaged food, and indoor plumbing are all conveniences made possible by what type of group?

Mark Granovetter

___________ has argued that the people you know best are likely to possess only information that you already have, which is why he argued that, especially for finding employment, it is advantageous to have more casual acquaintances who are connected to different social networks.

bureaucracy

A _______ has the following characteristics: A. formal organization B. a division of labor C. written rules

secondary groups

_______ are characterized by A. Secondary groups are larger and more anonymous than primary groups. B. Secondary groups are often formal or impersonal. C. Secondary groups tend to be based on specific roles or activities. D. Secondary groups sometimes break down into primary groups.

NOT true

In-group membership is often temporary is ______ about in-groups?

peer pressure

When individuals are members of groups, they are influenced by other members. What do sociologists call this?

primary group

People who associate with each other on a regular basis for no other reason than to spend time together are usually members of:

primary groups

_______ are not considered aggregates.

coercive power

What kind of power is exhibited by a police officer who pulls over a suspect after a high-speed pursuit?

social identity theories

The most efficient teams have members with strong social identities is a strong suggestion by social identity theory when considering teamwork.

Robert Putnam

_________'s research can be exemplified by his description in a decline in bowling leagues. It suggests that the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and emotional support.

less likely

In terms of job leads and social networks, how are men's networks different from women's? If a woman's network has more women in it, she is __________ to hear about job openings.

deal with bureaucracies

Activists sometimes advocate living "off the grid," which, in its simplest form, means living without buying electricity and water from utility companies. However they also admit that living off the grid is harder and harder, as there simply isn't enough affordable land in places where it would be feasible to do so, which means that most of America has to

compliance

What sort of conformity is demonstrated by an individual who dresses modestly in accordance with religious values, but does so to avoid punishment rather than because she believes it truly matters?

consequential stranger

A barista at Jose's local coffee shop always greets him by name, and usually notices his mood. Once when he was troubled by school, he confided in her. She now asks how school is going, and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize her relationship with Jose? Answer: She is a "_____________," and bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups.

rationalization

A high school decides that its band needs to wear uniforms. In order to be more efficient, the school only buys uniforms in three sizes and forces students to pick the size that comes closest to fitting. What process described in Chapter 5 is this an example of?

Bruce Springsteen

Sociologists would not consider fans of the rock musician __________ to be a group. Why not? They won't form any lasting relationships with one another.

out-group

All over Los Angeles, cars can be seen sporting a bumper sticker that says, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever is playing USC." This is an example of hostility toward an _____________

McDonaldization

The following is an example of ___________, as George Ritzer used the term: A worker says, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. You push a button and you go this way. You become a mechanical nut.

primary group

People who associate with each other on a regular basis for no other reason than to spend time together are usually members of:

netiquette

The social rules that govern a specific part of the Internet are called:

bureaucracies

The following is NOT true of ______________ is NOT true regarding the nature of bureaucracies? "hierarchies of management so that all members feel a sense of equality with one another."

group cohesion

All of the following factors can lead to increased ________: a. shared values b. common traits c. an attraction to the group as a whole d. shared goals

group of five

which kind of group is most likely to have written rules? Answer Correct Answer: groups of five

power of the group

What was the Asch experiment measuring?

shared identity

How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd? Answer: A crowd doesn't necessarily feel a ___________

personal qualities of the leader

Unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority, charismatic authority is rooted in:

groupthink

A leader who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions is best suited to avoid ______

groupthink

When group members withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus, they are engaging in

netiquette

The social rules that govern a specific part of the Internet are called:

danger

A ________ of too much group cohesion is that it can lead to groupthink, where dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.

social networks

The sociologist Duncan Watts examined the way that individuals may change their minds about who to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances. What concept was Watts studying?

coercive power

What kind of power is a football coach wielding when he threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder?

coercive power

What kind of power is exhibited by a police officer who pulls over a suspect after a high-speed pursuit?

primary group

People who associate with each other on a regular basis for no other reason than to spend time together are usually members of:

network analysis

In 2003 the U.S. Army discovered Saddam Hussein hiding in a "spider hole" under a small building in his hometown, Tikrit. The Army had tracked him to that location not by looking for him directly, but rather by creating a large "map" that displayed all the members of his family and tribe, and showed their linkages to other people. Starting with just four names, the map allowed Army intelligence to zero in on a small number of people whose relationships with Hussein made it more likely that they would know where he was. The search for Saddam Hussein demonstrated the practical applications of:

primary groups

John graduates from college with a degree in business administration and gets a job with a large firm that audits small businesses that have contracts with the city. While working there, he becomes friends with Dave, who invites him to attend a weekly poker game, which becomes a meaningful part of John's social life. Some weeks the game is the only thing that he has to look forward to. This illustrate the way that secondary-group ties can lead to the close personal ties of primary groups

primary group

What is a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge his own accomplishments?

your parents

Which of the following authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources?

personal qualities of a leader

Unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority, charismatic authority is rooted in:

McDonaldization

The following is an example of _______ . A worker says, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. You push a button and you go this way. You become a mechanical nut."

Robert Putnam

According to _______, the decline in bowling leagues indicate the increasing anomie and a decline in collective bonds

expressive

In 2009 the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Michael Curry. Most sources agreed that Curry lost his job because of squabbles with players and tensions between team members and the coaching staff. This was especially upsetting since Curry's main strength was supposed to be his ability to communicate well with players and command their respect. What type of leadership was Curry lacking?

secondary group

If an individual belongs to a group whose members are mostly anonymous to one another, then that group is almost certainly a

group membership

Which of the following statements would be most convincing to a sociologist if you were trying to explain the shift from A- and B-mode responses on the Twenty Statements Test to C-mode responses? Answer - The accelerated pace of social change makes it increasingly difficult to think about the self in terms of _______________.

category

All left-handed people in the United States would be classified as a(n):

groupthink

When group members withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus, they are engaging in:

McDonaldization

What term did the sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

personal qualities of the leader

Unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority, charismatic authority is rooted in

group cohesion

The sense of solidarity, or team spirit, that an individual feels toward their group is called:

netiquette

The social rules that govern a specific part of the Internet are called:

shared identity

How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd? Answer - A crowd doesn't necessarily feel a _________.

Soloman Asch

The ____________ experiment, in which a group of subjects were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that groups have great power to induce conformity.

social networks

Sociologists refer to the webs of direct and indirect ties connecting individuals to others who influence them as

How important is winning games?

Some students at a college form an intramural softball team. They play other teams from their school and from the area every Sunday in a conveniently located park. If a sociologist wanted to determine if the team was a primary or a secondary group, which question might he ask?

common good

Individuals today are more likely to identify themselves through personal characteristics than through group membership or affiliation. Why is this cause for concern to some sociologists? Answer - Individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might care less about the _____________.

primary groups

Which of the following are characterized by long-term, intimate, face-to-face relationships?

bureacracies

Running water, packaged food, and indoor plumbing are all conveniences made possible by what type of group?

anomie or normlessness

Emile Durkheim worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to:

the social ties influence our behavior

In a Peruvian campaign to improve public health in rural areas, one key challenge was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. In a pilot study, this effort largely failed. Government case workers lectured the villagers about germ theory, but villagers associated hot foods with illness and didn't like the taste of boiled water. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had few connections to their neighbors. What does this demonstrate?

social network

The sociologist Joseph Conti studied the World Trade Organization as a ___________. According to Conti, how is power measured within this sort of social network? Answer - The most powerful members are those with the most connections to other members.

charismatic

In his Sermon on the Mount, in Matthew 5:27, Jesus is reported to have said, "Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not commit adultery. But I say unto you . . ." What kind of authority is inherent in this statement?

to see if a particular tie is strong or weak

Why would sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which an individual has been in contact with each member of his social network

social networks

The sociologist Duncan Watts examined the way that individuals may change their minds about who to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances. What concept was Watts studying?

sharply defined

Although individuals always feel loyalty toward their in-group, under what circumstances would this loyalty be particularly strong? Answer - when the differences between the in-group and the out-group are _________

primary group

What type of group provides most of our emotional satisfaction?

expressive leadership

What sort of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society

primary group

" Primary groups never try to sanction members or otherwise affect their behavior." is NOT a true statement about a __________

contagion

Social networks can influence people through _________. This means that when people are connected to a social network, what happens in that network is more likely to affect them.

your parents

__________ are authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources.

red flags

George was getting ready to do his student teaching in a school district where he hopes to be employed after graduation. Over the weekend, some friends tagged George in several wild party pictures that they posted on the social networking site, Facebook. On Monday the principal of the school called George, saying that they would not be able to work George into their schedule. What grounds would the principal have for making that decision? Answer - Pictures of actions such as drinking and smoking are considered "_________" by potential employers.

productivity

Why does actual group ------- never equal potential _______ Answer -Time is lost to coordinating and organizing group members

social networks

Sociologists refer to the webs of direct and indirect ties connecting individuals to others who influence them as

Robert Leidner

According to _______ in Fast Food, Fast Talk, what have fast food restaurants done in order to rationalize the process of providing food to customers? Answer - developed standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers

Mark Granovetter

In "The Strength of Weak Ties," according to _____ means that the weak ties can be strong because even weak ties can provide valuable information

specialization

In all probability, the sociology professor giving this test would be totally unable to grade a test given in the chemistry department. What aspect of bureaucracy does this illustrate?

a primary group

People who associate with each other on a regular basis for no other reason than to spend time together are usually members of

expressive leadership

What sort of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society

peer pressure

In 1978 Jim Jones, the leader of the People's Temple, led more than 900 of his followers to commit suicide by drinking poisoned Kool-Aid. In the run up to this event, Jones had strictly enforced discipline, mocking and ridiculing anyone who expressed doubts, at times even having doubters sedated. This extreme effort to enforce conformity is an example of

Contagion

_______ means When people are connected to a social network, what happens in that network is more likely to affect them

group

The definition of what constitutes a _______ is being transformed as a result of new technology and the Information Revolution because of: a) electronic communities b. chat rooms c. online interaction d. "virtual" relationships

peer pressure

When individuals are members of groups, they are influenced by other members. What do sociologists call this?

personal characteristics

Individuals today are more likely to identify themselves through _______________than through group membership or affiliation. This is cause for concern to some sociologists because individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might care less about the common good.

internalization

When someone joins the Green Party and then starts recycling old plastic bags because she believes that it can help save the environment, this is an example of what type of conformity?

social influence

In the experiment depicted in figure 5.3, when group members claimed that line B in Exhibit 2 matched the line in Exhibit 1, about 75 percent of test subjects agreed. Which principle explains this phenomenon?

Robert Leidner

According to _______in Fast Food, Fast Talk, what have fast food restaurants done in order to rationalize the process of providing food to customers? Answer - developed standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers

group

embers of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together while also interacting with each other?

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aggregate

A collection of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations (page 124)

anomie

"Normlessness"; term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change (page 128)

authority

The legitimate right to wield power (page 141)

bureaucracy

A type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, rules and regulations, impersonality, and formal written communication (page 144)

category

People who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging (page 124)

charismatic authority

Authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader (page 142)

coercive power

Power that is backed by the threat of force (page 141)

compliance

The mildest type of conformity, undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishments (page 137)

crowd

A temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact (page 124)

dyad

A two-person social group (page 132)

expressive leadership

Leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group (page 143)

group

A collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other (page 124)

group dynamics

The patterns of interaction between groups and individuals (page 132)

group cohesion

The sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong (page 135)

groupthink

In very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement (page 137)

honor killing

The murder of a family member—usually female—who is believed to have brought dishonor to her family (page 136)

identification

A type of conformity stronger than compliance and weaker than internalization, caused by a desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or a group (page 138)

ilegal- rational authority

Authority based in laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity or personality of any individual leader (page 142)

influential power

Power that is supported by persuasion (page 141)

in-group

A group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward (page 132)

instrumental leadership

Leadership that is task or goal oriented (page 143)

internalization

The strongest type of conformity, occurring when an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them her own (page 138)

McDonaldization

George Ritzer’s term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization (page 145)

out-group

Any group an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward (page 133)

power

The ability to control the actions of others (page 141)

prescriptions

Behaviors approved of by a particular social group (page 137)

primary groups

The people who are most important to our sense of self; members’ relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belonging (page 124)

proscriptions

Behaviors a particular social group wants its members to avoid (page 137)

rationalization

The application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns (page 145)

reference group

A group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves (page 133)

secondary groups

Larger and less intimate than primary groups; members’ relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary (page 124)

social identity theory

A theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging (page 141)

social influence (peer pressure)

The influence of one’s fellow group members on individual attitudes and behaviors (page 137)

social loafing

The phenomenon in which as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; a source of inefficiency when working in teams (page 141)

social network

The web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect the individual (page 125)

social ties

Connections between individuals (page 125)

traditional authority

Authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right (page 141)

triad

A three-person social group (page 132)

virtual communities

Social groups whose interactions are mediated through information technologies, particularly the internet (page 129)

primary and secondary groups

How have social networking websites affected social groups? They help people make the most of both their _____________

Emile Durkheim

___________ worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to anomie, or normlessness.

the power of the group

What was the Asch experiment measuring?

Robert Putnam’s research

can be exemplified by his description in a decline in bowling leagues. Which of the following might serve as evidence that Putnam’s concerns are overblown? _______the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and emotional support

consequential stranger

A barista at Jose’s local coffee shop always greets him by name, and usually notices his mood. Once when he was troubled by school, he confided in her. She now asks how school is going, and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize her relationship with Jose? She is a "_____________," and bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups.

to see if a particular tie is strong or weak

Why would sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which an individual has been in contact with each member of his social network?

McDonalization

What term did the sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

coercive power

What kind of power is a football coach wielding when he threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder

bureaucracies

Running water, packaged food, and indoor plumbing are all conveniences made possible by what type of group?

compliance

Imagine that one of your professors has a large collection of offensive t-shirts, including one that reads "I scream, you scream, we all scream for heroin." This professor makes sure to never wear this shirt to class though, because she wishes to gain the rewards of continued employment and avoid being yelled at by her boss. What is this kind of conformity called?

virtual community

If group members share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person, what kind of group are they a part of?

social identity theory

The _________ suggests that in teamwork, the most efficient teams have members with strong social identities.

time

Why does actual group productivity never equal potential productivity? _______ is lost to coordinating and organizing group members.

leader

A ______ who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions explains how groupthink can be avoided.

rationalization

A high school decides that its band needs to wear uniforms. In order to be more efficient, the school only buys uniforms in three sizes and forces students to pick the size that comes closest to fitting. What process described in Chapter 5 is this an example of?

deal with bureaucracies

Activists sometimes advocate living "off the grid," which, in its simplest form, means living without buying electricity and water from utility companies. However they also admit that living off the grid is harder and harder, as there simply isn’t enough affordable land in places where it would be feasible to do so, which means that most of America has to:

I have more than one child

If some sociologists set out to measure group cohesion within a neighborhood, which statement would you NOT expect to find on their survey

anomie or norm-less-ness

Emile Durkheim worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to:

social loafing

Has your teacher ever assigned group work? One of the biggest problems associated with group assignments is that one person often ends up doing most of the work while others take it easy. What does Chapter 5 call this?

compliance

What sort of conformity is demonstrated by an individual who dresses modestly in accordance with religious values, but does so to avoid punishment rather than because she believes it truly matters?

secondary group

If an individual belongs to a group whose members are mostly anonymous to one another, then that group is almost certainly a: ________

group

Members of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together while also interacting with each other ________

group cohesion

The sense of solidarity, or team spirit, that an individual feels toward their group is called

group dynamics

What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?

care less

Individuals today are more likely to identify themselves through personal characteristics than through group membership or affiliation. Why is this cause for concern to some sociologists? Individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might _________ about the common good.

traditional authority

According to Max Weber’s typology of power, what type of authority is wielded by a king?

groupthink

What sort of group dynamic may have led officials at NASA to ignore warnings and launch the space shuttle Challenger, which exploded shortly after take-off?

a primary group

What is not considered a considered an aggregate?

network analysis

In 2003 the U.S. Army discovered Saddam Hussein hiding in a "spider hole" under a small building in his hometown, Tikrit. The Army had tracked him to that location not by looking for him directly, but rather by creating a large "map" that displayed all the members of his family and tribe, and showed their linkages to other people. Starting with just four names, the map allowed Army intelligence to zero in on a small number of people whose relationships with Hussein made it more likely that they would know where he was. The search for Saddam Hussein demonstrated the practical applications of:

local organizations

What does recent research show about the aftermath of natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina? That new types of _______ emerge in response to the emergency.

bureaucracies

Running water, packaged food, and indoor plumbing are all conveniences made possible by what type of group?

a legal rational authority

Around the third week of a college class, a teacher decides that she’s had enough, is tired of dealing with bureaucracies, and wants out. So one day, instead of coming to class, she flies to Tahiti and sells souvenirs on the beach. If this happened, the college would simply assign a substitute to finish the course. What does this tell you about the nature of the authority wielded by a professor?

Time is lost

Why does actual group productivity never equal potential productivity? _________ to coordinating and organizing group members.

NOT a group

The audience at a Broadway show is_______ in the sociological sense.

internalization

What is the strongest type of conformity that can occur as a result of social influence or peer pressure?

George Ritzer

______ used the term McDonaldization to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

how important is winning games

Some students at a college form an intramural softball team. They play other teams from their school and from the area every Sunday in a conveniently located park. If a sociologist wanted to determine if the team was a primary or a secondary group, which question might he ask?

hostility toward an out-group

All over Los Angeles, cars can be seen sporting a bumper sticker that says, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever is playing USC." What is this an example of?

groupthink

When group members withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus, they are engaging in:

Robert Putnam

According to ____________, what does the decline in bowling leagues indicate? there is an increasing anomie and a decline in collective bonds.

virtual community

f group members share information and advice, provide support to one another, and have common interests, but never meet in person, what kind of group are they a part of?

Duncan Watts

The sociologist ________ examined social networks, the way that individuals may change their minds about who to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances.

bureaucracies

Running water, packaged food, and indoor plumbing are all conveniences made possible by what type of group?

Mark Granovetter

___________ has argued that the people you know best are likely to possess only information that you already have, which is why he argued that, especially for finding employment, it is advantageous to have more casual acquaintances who are connected to different social networks.

bureaucracy

A _______ has the following characteristics: A. formal organization B. a division of labor C. written rules

secondary groups

_______ are characterized by A. Secondary groups are larger and more anonymous than primary groups. B. Secondary groups are often formal or impersonal. C. Secondary groups tend to be based on specific roles or activities. D. Secondary groups sometimes break down into primary groups.

NOT true

In-group membership is often temporary is ______ about in-groups?

peer pressure

When individuals are members of groups, they are influenced by other members. What do sociologists call this?

primary group

People who associate with each other on a regular basis for no other reason than to spend time together are usually members of:

primary groups

_______ are not considered aggregates.

coercive power

What kind of power is exhibited by a police officer who pulls over a suspect after a high-speed pursuit?

social identity theories

The most efficient teams have members with strong social identities is a strong suggestion by social identity theory when considering teamwork.

Robert Putnam

_________’s research can be exemplified by his description in a decline in bowling leagues. It suggests that the growth of online support groups to help people with rare diseases share information and emotional support.

less likely

In terms of job leads and social networks, how are men’s networks different from women’s? If a woman’s network has more women in it, she is __________ to hear about job openings.

deal with bureaucracies

Activists sometimes advocate living "off the grid," which, in its simplest form, means living without buying electricity and water from utility companies. However they also admit that living off the grid is harder and harder, as there simply isn’t enough affordable land in places where it would be feasible to do so, which means that most of America has to

compliance

What sort of conformity is demonstrated by an individual who dresses modestly in accordance with religious values, but does so to avoid punishment rather than because she believes it truly matters?

consequential stranger

A barista at Jose’s local coffee shop always greets him by name, and usually notices his mood. Once when he was troubled by school, he confided in her. She now asks how school is going, and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize her relationship with Jose? Answer: She is a "_____________," and bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups.

rationalization

A high school decides that its band needs to wear uniforms. In order to be more efficient, the school only buys uniforms in three sizes and forces students to pick the size that comes closest to fitting. What process described in Chapter 5 is this an example of?

Bruce Springsteen

Sociologists would not consider fans of the rock musician __________ to be a group. Why not? They won’t form any lasting relationships with one another.

out-group

All over Los Angeles, cars can be seen sporting a bumper sticker that says, "My favorite teams are UCLA and whoever is playing USC." This is an example of hostility toward an _____________

McDonaldization

The following is an example of ___________, as George Ritzer used the term: A worker says, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. You push a button and you go this way. You become a mechanical nut.

primary group

People who associate with each other on a regular basis for no other reason than to spend time together are usually members of:

netiquette

The social rules that govern a specific part of the Internet are called:

bureaucracies

The following is NOT true of ______________ is NOT true regarding the nature of bureaucracies? "hierarchies of management so that all members feel a sense of equality with one another."

group cohesion

All of the following factors can lead to increased ________: a. shared values b. common traits c. an attraction to the group as a whole d. shared goals

group of five

which kind of group is most likely to have written rules? Answer Correct Answer: groups of five

power of the group

What was the Asch experiment measuring?

shared identity

How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd? Answer: A crowd doesn’t necessarily feel a ___________

personal qualities of the leader

Unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority, charismatic authority is rooted in:

groupthink

A leader who encourages and rewards the presentation of alternative opinions is best suited to avoid ______

groupthink

When group members withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus, they are engaging in

netiquette

The social rules that govern a specific part of the Internet are called:

danger

A ________ of too much group cohesion is that it can lead to groupthink, where dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.

social networks

The sociologist Duncan Watts examined the way that individuals may change their minds about who to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances. What concept was Watts studying?

coercive power

What kind of power is a football coach wielding when he threatens to kick a player off the team unless the player works harder?

coercive power

What kind of power is exhibited by a police officer who pulls over a suspect after a high-speed pursuit?

primary group

People who associate with each other on a regular basis for no other reason than to spend time together are usually members of:

network analysis

In 2003 the U.S. Army discovered Saddam Hussein hiding in a "spider hole" under a small building in his hometown, Tikrit. The Army had tracked him to that location not by looking for him directly, but rather by creating a large "map" that displayed all the members of his family and tribe, and showed their linkages to other people. Starting with just four names, the map allowed Army intelligence to zero in on a small number of people whose relationships with Hussein made it more likely that they would know where he was. The search for Saddam Hussein demonstrated the practical applications of:

primary groups

John graduates from college with a degree in business administration and gets a job with a large firm that audits small businesses that have contracts with the city. While working there, he becomes friends with Dave, who invites him to attend a weekly poker game, which becomes a meaningful part of John’s social life. Some weeks the game is the only thing that he has to look forward to. This illustrate the way that secondary-group ties can lead to the close personal ties of primary groups

primary group

What is a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge his own accomplishments?

your parents

Which of the following authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources?

personal qualities of a leader

Unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority, charismatic authority is rooted in:

McDonaldization

The following is an example of _______ . A worker says, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. You push a button and you go this way. You become a mechanical nut."

Robert Putnam

According to _______, the decline in bowling leagues indicate the increasing anomie and a decline in collective bonds

expressive

In 2009 the Detroit Pistons fired head coach Michael Curry. Most sources agreed that Curry lost his job because of squabbles with players and tensions between team members and the coaching staff. This was especially upsetting since Curry’s main strength was supposed to be his ability to communicate well with players and command their respect. What type of leadership was Curry lacking?

secondary group

If an individual belongs to a group whose members are mostly anonymous to one another, then that group is almost certainly a

group membership

Which of the following statements would be most convincing to a sociologist if you were trying to explain the shift from A- and B-mode responses on the Twenty Statements Test to C-mode responses? Answer – The accelerated pace of social change makes it increasingly difficult to think about the self in terms of _______________.

category

All left-handed people in the United States would be classified as a(n):

groupthink

When group members withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus, they are engaging in:

McDonaldization

What term did the sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

personal qualities of the leader

Unlike either traditional authority or legal-rational authority, charismatic authority is rooted in

group cohesion

The sense of solidarity, or team spirit, that an individual feels toward their group is called:

netiquette

The social rules that govern a specific part of the Internet are called:

shared identity

How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd? Answer – A crowd doesn’t necessarily feel a _________.

Soloman Asch

The ____________ experiment, in which a group of subjects were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that groups have great power to induce conformity.

social networks

Sociologists refer to the webs of direct and indirect ties connecting individuals to others who influence them as

How important is winning games?

Some students at a college form an intramural softball team. They play other teams from their school and from the area every Sunday in a conveniently located park. If a sociologist wanted to determine if the team was a primary or a secondary group, which question might he ask?

common good

Individuals today are more likely to identify themselves through personal characteristics than through group membership or affiliation. Why is this cause for concern to some sociologists? Answer – Individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might care less about the _____________.

primary groups

Which of the following are characterized by long-term, intimate, face-to-face relationships?

bureacracies

Running water, packaged food, and indoor plumbing are all conveniences made possible by what type of group?

anomie or normlessness

Emile Durkheim worried that, in an increasingly fragmented modern world, individuals would feel less and less connected to groups, which would lead to:

the social ties influence our behavior

In a Peruvian campaign to improve public health in rural areas, one key challenge was to convince isolated villagers to boil their drinking water in order to kill parasites. In a pilot study, this effort largely failed. Government case workers lectured the villagers about germ theory, but villagers associated hot foods with illness and didn’t like the taste of boiled water. The only families who adopted the practice were not well integrated into the village and had few connections to their neighbors. What does this demonstrate?

social network

The sociologist Joseph Conti studied the World Trade Organization as a ___________. According to Conti, how is power measured within this sort of social network? Answer – The most powerful members are those with the most connections to other members.

charismatic

In his Sermon on the Mount, in Matthew 5:27, Jesus is reported to have said, "Ye have heard that it was said by them of old time, Thou shalt not commit adultery. But I say unto you . . ." What kind of authority is inherent in this statement?

to see if a particular tie is strong or weak

Why would sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which an individual has been in contact with each member of his social network

social networks

The sociologist Duncan Watts examined the way that individuals may change their minds about who to vote for based on the opinions of friends and acquaintances. What concept was Watts studying?

sharply defined

Although individuals always feel loyalty toward their in-group, under what circumstances would this loyalty be particularly strong? Answer – when the differences between the in-group and the out-group are _________

primary group

What type of group provides most of our emotional satisfaction?

expressive leadership

What sort of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society

primary group

" Primary groups never try to sanction members or otherwise affect their behavior." is NOT a true statement about a __________

contagion

Social networks can influence people through _________. This means that when people are connected to a social network, what happens in that network is more likely to affect them.

your parents

__________ are authority figures still derives legitimacy from traditional sources.

red flags

George was getting ready to do his student teaching in a school district where he hopes to be employed after graduation. Over the weekend, some friends tagged George in several wild party pictures that they posted on the social networking site, Facebook. On Monday the principal of the school called George, saying that they would not be able to work George into their schedule. What grounds would the principal have for making that decision? Answer – Pictures of actions such as drinking and smoking are considered "_________" by potential employers.

productivity

Why does actual group ——- never equal potential _______ Answer -Time is lost to coordinating and organizing group members

social networks

Sociologists refer to the webs of direct and indirect ties connecting individuals to others who influence them as

Robert Leidner

According to _______ in Fast Food, Fast Talk, what have fast food restaurants done in order to rationalize the process of providing food to customers? Answer – developed standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers

Mark Granovetter

In "The Strength of Weak Ties," according to _____ means that the weak ties can be strong because even weak ties can provide valuable information

specialization

In all probability, the sociology professor giving this test would be totally unable to grade a test given in the chemistry department. What aspect of bureaucracy does this illustrate?

a primary group

People who associate with each other on a regular basis for no other reason than to spend time together are usually members of

expressive leadership

What sort of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society

peer pressure

In 1978 Jim Jones, the leader of the People’s Temple, led more than 900 of his followers to commit suicide by drinking poisoned Kool-Aid. In the run up to this event, Jones had strictly enforced discipline, mocking and ridiculing anyone who expressed doubts, at times even having doubters sedated. This extreme effort to enforce conformity is an example of

Contagion

_______ means When people are connected to a social network, what happens in that network is more likely to affect them

group

The definition of what constitutes a _______ is being transformed as a result of new technology and the Information Revolution because of: a) electronic communities b. chat rooms c. online interaction d. "virtual" relationships

peer pressure

When individuals are members of groups, they are influenced by other members. What do sociologists call this?

personal characteristics

Individuals today are more likely to identify themselves through _______________than through group membership or affiliation. This is cause for concern to some sociologists because individuals who identify themselves through personal characteristics might care less about the common good.

internalization

When someone joins the Green Party and then starts recycling old plastic bags because she believes that it can help save the environment, this is an example of what type of conformity?

social influence

In the experiment depicted in figure 5.3, when group members claimed that line B in Exhibit 2 matched the line in Exhibit 1, about 75 percent of test subjects agreed. Which principle explains this phenomenon?

Robert Leidner

According to _______in Fast Food, Fast Talk, what have fast food restaurants done in order to rationalize the process of providing food to customers? Answer – developed standardized scripts for employees to use when dealing with customers

group

embers of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together while also interacting with each other?

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