Sociology Final

The term capital punishment refers to

the death penalty

________ refers to blemishes that discredit a person’s claim to a "normal" identity.

stigma

Shaming is

starting to make a comeback

The system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime is known as

the criminal justice system

In control theory, how many control systems are in place to work against our tendencies to deviate?

two

There are a variety of ways to approach deviance. ________ look for answers within individuals, such as a possible genetic predisposition to deviance.

sociobiologists

In strain theory, institutionalized means are

approved ways to reaching cultural goods

Women commit about _________ murders, but make up only ________ of death row inmates.

10%, 2%

____________ the decision to arrest someone or even to ignore a matter, is a routine part of police work.

police discretion

Conflict theorists view the criminal justice system as

a tool designed by the powerful to maintain their power and privlege

In the medicalization of deviance, deviance becomes a symptom of some underlying illness that demands treatment by

physicians

The United States has 5% of the world’s population and about ________ of the world’s prisoners.

25%

Edward Sutherland used the term _______ to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an excess of definitions of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant.

differential association

According to functionalists, deviance ________ social unity.

encourages

In prison, _________ of inmates have less than a high-school education. In the U.S. population over 18 years of age, _________ of people have less than a high-school education.

30.6%, 12.4%

________ violate(s) rules that are written into law.

Crime

When judges assign youthful offenders to social workers and counselors, rather than sending them to reform school or jail, they are using diversion, which testifies to the power of

labeling theory

_________ states that the labels people are given affect their own and others’ perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity.

Labeling theory

Psychologists look at _________ as a possible cause of deviance.

personality disorders

About _________ of all those in prison have a father, mother, brother, sister, or spouse who has also served time in prison.

one-half

Executives who are responsible for harm caused by creating pollution, manipulating prices, or making unsafe products can usually

bypass the courts altogether

Because deviance undermines predictability, a system of ________ was developed to enforce the norms.

social control

The sharp decline in violent crime can be attributed to

a variety of potential factors; research has not yet shown which

Street crime refers to acts such as

mugging, rape, and robbery

Outlaw bikers _________ a deviant identity.

revel in

In families living in dangerous neighborhoods, parents want to move because they feel that if their kids have delinquent friends, they are likely to become delinquent, too. Sociologists research _______ this belief.

supports

Strain theory __________ the sociologist view that deviants are the product of society.

supports

Serial murder is defined as the killing of several victims in ________ or more separate events.

three

The _________ our bonds are with society, the ________ our inner controls are.

stronger; more effective

Executives who committed corporate crimes at Macy’s, Sears, and Bloomingdales spent _______ in jail.

no time

The recidivism rate, which is the percentage of released convicts who are rearrested, is _______ within three years of release.

68%

_________ attempt(s) to neutralize the more demands of society.

all of us

A good indicator that the death penalty applies to lower-class citizens is that ________ of all the prisoners on death row have not finished high school.

one-half

Symbolic interactionists stress that we

help to produce our own orientation to life

In a(n) __________, an individual is called to account before the group, witnesses denounce the person, the offender is pronounced guilty, and the offender is then stripped of the identity of being a group member.

degradation ceremony

A group’s __________, or customary social arrangements, is brought about by norms.

social order

On any given day, one out of _____ African Americans, one out of _____ Latino, and one out of _____ white men in their 20s is in jail.

8; 26; 100

Killing is ______ in mainstream society; but for members of the Mafia, when certain of their norms are broken that threaten a person’s honor, _____ would be a deviant act.

deviant; not killing

Since the death penalty was reinstated in 1977, ______ of those put to death have been white and _______ have been African Americans.

62%; 38%

The motorcycle policeman appeared out of nowhere and pulled Teresa over for speeding. He was friendly and businesslike as he stood by Teresa’s open window and issued her a $250 ticket. This is an example of a

negative sanction

______ is the violation of norms.

deviance

Who did the spate of "three strikes" laws actually end up convicting?

nonviolent offenders

_______ may force a group to rethink its moral boundaries, helping the group to adapt to changing circumstances.

deviance

The _______ refers to opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life.

illegitimate opportunity structure

Ted gave a talk to his high school class that was laced with humor and understanding and showed that he really grasped the important points in the history of the French Revolution, which was what his history class was studying. When he was finished, Ted was praised by his teacher as well as by several classmates. The praise was an example of a

positive sanction

Sociologist Robert Merton developed

strain theory

How does deviance clarify moral boundaries and affirm norms?

punishment of a deviating group member helps make clear what it means to be a member of the group

Techniques of ______ are ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect, or neutralize, society’s norms.

neutralization

A _______ is committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations.

white-collar crime

In the 20 years from 1992 to 2012, the percentage of people arrested for burglary who were women

increased by 82%