SOC test3 7-9

_____ is the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige.

social stratification

What is the difference between bonded labor and slavery?

Bonded labor is entered into voluntarily (or arranged by parents)

_____ refers to beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements.

ideology

a persons status is a lifelong condition determined by birth in

a caste system

in endogamy, one

marries within ones group

The system of separating racial-ethnic groups that was practiced in South Africa was called

apartheid

In a class system, what is the main basis for social stratification?

money

The wealthiest 1% of adults worldwide own _____ of the Earth’s wealth.

46%

Gender is a basis of social stratification for ______ society(ies) in the world.

every

The tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth make up the

means of production

_____ Weber _____ Marx viewed property as significant in determining a person’s standing in society.

both, and

Which of the following is most effective in maintaining society’s stratification?

controlling peoples ideas

to maintain their power, elites attempt to _______ information

control

The terms that do not imply value judgments about some parts of the world while splitting it up into conceptual groups are

Most Industrialized, Industrializing, and Least Industrialized.

The _____ richest people in the world own as much of the world’s wealth as the bottom half of the whole world’s population.

85

Which category of nations has the most land?

least industrialized nations

The United States, Canada, Great Britain, France, Japan, Australia, and other countries make up the

most industrialized nations

In the Least Industrialized Nations, _____ people are poor.

most

_____ is the process by which one nation takes over another, usually in order to exploit its labor and natural resources.

colonialism

_____ assumes that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people.

the culture of poverty

global domination

may be on the verge of a major shift from West to East.

When workers identified with the interests of capitalists, Marx called it _____ class consciousness.

false

The divine right of kings asserts that the king’s or queen’s authority comes from

God

Which one of the following statements about new technology and the elite is true?

new technology makes it harder for the elite to control information

the division of large numbers of people into layers according to their relative property, power, and prestige; applies to both nations and to people within a nation, society or other group

social stratification

a form of social stratification in which some people own other people

slavery

the practice of marrying within ones own group

endogamy

a form of social stratification in which people’s statuses are lifelong conditions determined by birth

caste system

beliefs about the way things ought to be that justify social arrangements

ideology

a contractual system in which someone sells his or her body (services) for a specified period of item in an arrangement very close to slavery, except that it is entered into voluntarily

bonded labor (indentured service)

the government- approved and enforced separatio of racial ethnic groups as was practiced in South Africa

apartheid

the stratification system of medieval Europe, consisting of three groups or estates the nobility, clergy and commoners

estate stratification system

a form of social stratification based primarily on income, education, and prestige of occupation

class system

movement up or down the social class ladder

social mobility

the tools, factories, land, adn investment capital used to produce wealth

means of production

Marx’s term for capitalists, those who own the means of production

bourgeoisie

Marx’s term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

proletariate

Marx’s term for awareness of a common identity based on one’s position in the means of production

class consciousness

Marx’s term to refer to workers identifying with the interest of capitalists

false class consciousness

a form of social stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit

meritocracy

the idea that the king’s authority comes from God, in an interesting gender bender, also applies to queens

divine right of kings

the process by which one nation takes over another nation, usually for the purpose of exploiting its laborand natural resources

colonialism

a theory of how economic and political connections developed and now tie the worlds countries together

world system theory

capitalism ( investing to make profits within a rational system ) becoming the globe’s dominant economic system

globalization of capitalism

the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different form other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children

culture of poverty

the economic and political dominance of the least industrialized nations by the most industrialized nations

neocolonialism

companies that operate across national boundaries, also called transnational corporations

multinational corporations

according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in poverty, power, and prestige; according to Marx, one of two groups, capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor

social class

material possessions, includes animals, bank accounts, bonds, buildings, businesses, cars, cash, commodities, copyrights, furniture, jewelry, land, and stocks

property

the total value of everything someone owns, minus the debts

wealth

money received, usually from a job, business, or assets

incomes

the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others

power

C Wright Mills’ term for the top people in U.S. corporations, military and politics who make the nations major descions

power elite

respect or regard

prestige

ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class

status consistency

ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others; also called status discrepancy

status inconsistency

the position that someone occupies in a social group

status

Durkheim’s term for a condition of society in which people become detached from the usual norms that guide their behavior

anomie

Erik Wright’s term for a position in the class structure that generates contradictory interests

contradictory class location

a group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations

underclass

the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next

intergeneratioonal mobility

movement up the social class ladder

upward social mobility

movement up or down the social class ladder that is due more to changes in the structure of society than to the actions of individuals

structural mobility

a large number of people moving up the social class ladder, while a large number move down, it is as though they have exchange places, and despite much social mobility the social class system shows little change

exchange mobility

the official measure of poverty; calculated to include incomes that are less than three times a low-cost food budget

poverty line

a condition of U.S. poverty in which most poor families are headed by women

feminization of poverty

the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristic to their children

culture of poverty

going without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future

deferred gratification

the belief that due to limitless posivilites anyone can get ahead if he or she tries hard enough

Horatio Alger myth

a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups

race

the annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity

genocide

having distinctive cultural characteristics

ethnicity

people who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimmination

minority group

the group with the most power greatest privileges and highest social status

dominant group

an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group

discrimination

prejudice and discrimination on the basis of race

racism

an attitude or prejudging usually in a negative way

prejudice

the idea that prejudice and negative stereotypes decrease and racial- ethnic backgrounds, who are of equal status, interact frequently

contact theroy

persons to person or face- to – face discrimination, the negative treatment of people by other individuals

individual discrimination

negative treatment of a minority group that is built into a society’s institutions, also called systemic discrimination

institutional discrimination

an individual or group unfairly blamed for someone else’s trouble

scapegoat

Theodor Adorno’s term for people who are prejudiced and rank high on scales of conformity, intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority and submissibeness to superiors

authoritarian personality

workers split along racial- ethnic, gender, age, or any other lines, this split is exploited by owners to weaken the bargaining power of

split labor market

the unemployed, unemployed workers are thought of as being "in reserve"- capitalists take them "out of reserve" ( put them back to work) during times of high production and then put them "back in reverse" when they are no longer needed

reserve labor force

seeing certain features of an object or situation but remaining blind to others

selective perception

to separate acts from feelings or attitudes

compartmentalize

the force transfer of a minority group

population transfer

a policy of eliminating a population, includes forcible expulsion and genocide

ethnic cleansing

the policy of exploiting minority groups for economic gain

internal colonialism

the policy of keeping recial ethnic groups apart

segregation

the process of being absorbed into the mainstream culture

assimilation

a policy that permits or encourages ethnic differences

multiculturalism ( or pluralism)

white Anglo-saxon Protestant

WASP

white immigrants to the united states whose cultures differ from WASP culture

white ethnics

the sense that better conditions are soon to follow, which if unfulfilled, increases frustration

rising expectations

_____, according to Weber, is (are) a large group of people who rank close to one another in property, power, and prestige.

social class

__________ is material possessionns

property

_______ is the ability to carry out your will, even over the resistance of others

power

_______ is respect or regard

prestige

status consistency refers to

ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class.

Ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others is called

status inconsistency

Durkheim called it _____ when people become detached from the usual norms that guide their behavior.

frustration

Marx’s model of the social classes included

workers

the class most shaped by education is the _______ class

upper middle

Compared to the working class, the lower middle class generally has

a higher income

Members of the _____ tend to think of themselves as having "real jobs" and regard the "suits" above them as paper pushers.

working class

homeless people are part of the

underclass

As you go down the social-class ladder, what happens to your mental health?

it worsens

When it comes to child rearing, lower-class parents tend to focus more on

getting their children to follow rules and obey authority.

When it comes to religion, the lower classes tend to be attracted to

more expressive worship services and louder music.

Which statement is true about people toward the bottom of the class structure

they are less likely to be politically active

white-collar are likely to be dealt with

outside the criminal justice system

_____ refers to the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next.

intergenerational mobility

In Mexico, Javier was a physician. Javier emigrated to the United States and ended up working as a carpenter (which had been his hobby in Mexico). Javier experienced _____ mobility.

downward social

What proportion of all African American adults works at white-collar jobs

more than one- half

The official measure of poverty of the U.S. government is

called the poverty line

The region of the United States that has the most poverty is the

south

which statement about poverty is true

more children than adults are poor

The reason why families headed by a mother, rather than by a mother and father or a father alone, are more likely to be poor is because

women average only 72% of what men earn.

Going without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future is called

deferred gratifcation

_____ refers to a group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups.

race

The annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity is known as

genocide

The difference between ethnicity and race is that ethnicity refers to _____ characteristics, and race to _____ characteristics, distinguishing one group of people from another.

cultural, inherited physical

People who are singled out for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination make up a(n)

minority group

A(n) _____ group is the group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social status.

dominant

_____ is an act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group.

discrimination

Usually negative, _____ is an attitude or prejudgment.

prejudice

_____ refers to prejudice and discrimination based on race.

racism

Ezekiel’s research (1995) found that Ku Klux Klan and neo-Nazi leaders believed that race

represents the essence of a person

_____ is person-to-person or face-to-face discrimination.

individual discrimination

Built into society’s institutions, _____ is negative treatment of a minority group.

institutional discrimination

_____ mortgage applicants are most frequently offered subprime loans, which charge the highest interest.

African american

in unintentional discrimination

no one is aware of it

Symbolic interactionists focus on the role of _____ in affecting perception and creating prejudice.

labels

______ create self fulfilling stereotypers

labels

The United States government’s relocation of Native Americans to reservations is an example of

direct population transfer

Forcible expulsion and genocide are types of

ethnic cleansing

_____ is a policy of keeping racial-ethnic groups apart.

segregation

When a group is absorbed into the mainstream culture, this is known as

assimilatioon

_____ permits—or encourages—ethnic differences.

multiculturalism

WASP stands for

White anglo- saxon protestant

_____ is an umbrella term for people from any of the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America.

latino

Among Americans of European descent, the largest group comes from

germany

There is a disagreement among sociologists on whether _____ or race is (are) more important in determining the life chances of African Americans.

social class

The concern in some quarters that too many immigrants will change the character of the United States is

age old