SOC chpt 7 STRATIFICATION

Which standard of equality is most concerned with the distribution of resources?

Equality of outcome

Economists and sociologists believe that the United States is stratified along what lines?

income

What kind of inequality did Rousseau believe would always exist?

Physical

What is another term for the nonworking poor?

underclass

From Malthus’s perspective, what keeps the population in check?

inequality

Which term refers to a group or an individual transitioning from one social status to another that is situated more or less on the same rung of the ladder?

horizontal social mobility

Mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy is called:

structural mobility

Karl Marx and Rousseau agree on at least one thing: they both felt that the primary source of social ills in society was due to the emergence of:

private property

Ferguson and Miller saw social developments resulting from the establishment of private property as representing a huge improvement in society because private property leads to higher degrees of social organization and:

efficiency

A system in which advancement is based on individual achievement or ability is referred to as:

Meritocratic

Sociologists often describe an individuals position in a stratified social order that attempts to classify groups, individuals, families, or households in terms of indicators such as occupation, income, wealth, and education. Sociologists call this:

socioeconomic status

A type of stratification that is based on hereditary notions of religious and theological purity and in which there is little to no individual mobility within the strata is the:

caste system

What is the primary source of income for the upper class?

returns on investments

Trade of goods and services across national boundaries, as well as the mobility of the businesses and labor through immigration is called:

globalization

Ferguson and Millar saw social developments resulting from the establishment of private property as representing huge improvement in society because private property leads to higher degrees of social organization and:

efficiency

The prestige of a person’s first job out of school factors into his or her position on the:

Status attainment model

Professionals, small business owners, and craftsmen are referred to as:

Petit bourgeoisie

Hegel argued that notions of inequality are constantly evolving in a larger historical arc and will eventually lead to:

equality

In political speeches about the poor, those who are believed to deserve our assistance are termed the:

working poor

An example of the ideology of equality of condition put into practice is:

affirmative action

According to Rousseau, there are two forms of inequality: ________, or natural, and ________, or political.

physical; social

What is the fastest-growing job market for people with only a high school education?

Food preparation

According to Hegel, the master-slave relationship is one of mutual:

dependency

The examination of how race and ethnicity affect income is really an examination of:

stratification

Under what system is your societal position related to your position in the economic market?

class system

Which group exploits the working class by taking more of the value of the work of laborers than they repay in wages?

bourgeoisie

One of the best ways to reduce the number of children born (according to Sachs) is to:

decrease infanticide

According to the German philosopher Hegel, the master-slave relationship is one of mutual:

dependency

What term refers to the notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of God?

ontological equality

The game of monopoly follows the rules of what standard equality?

equality of opportunity

According to the Relative Social Prestige of Selected U.S. Occupations table, which white-collar occupation has
the highest prestige score?

physician

Historically, Marx’s capitalist class was made up of members of the:

upper class

Elliot Essman asserts that America is a(n) ____________ because the very wealthy do not have much impact on the country in general.

middle-class nation

What American job sector has greatly increased since the oil crisis of 1973?

low-wage service work

The government’s definition of poverty for a family of four (as of 2009) is a total yearly salary of just under:

23,000

What is one of the main reasons cited for rising income and wealth inequality in the United States?

globalization

An example of horizontal social mobility is:

all of the above!!! a. a secretary changing firms but retaining her occupational status. b. a Methodist who converts to Lutheranism. c. a family that migrates from to one city from another.