Soc Ch. 5

1. Groups characterized by intense emotional ties, intimacy, and identification with membership in the group are referred to as:
a. Families
b. Primary groups
c. Principal groups
d. Reference groups

b. Primary groups

2. Voluntary associations that are made up of almost exclusively African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, or other people of color are examples of reverse racism or reverse discrimination.
a. True
b. False

b. False

3. Large, impersonal groups with minimal emotional and intimate ties are referred to as:
a. Secondary groups
b. Principal groups
c. Reference groups
d. Remandiary groups

a. Secondary groups

4. Which of the following is an example of a secondary group?
a. Two close friends who practice tennis together
b. A father who plays catch with his son
c. A college basketball team
d. A family who watches football together every Sunday

c. A college basketball team

5. What is meant by the "looking-glass self"?
a. We evaluate ourselves based on how we think we appear to others.
b. Our self-image is heavily, and often negatively, influenced by the media.
c. We shape ourselves to fit into certain reference groups.
d. We "perform" our day-to-day behavior like an actor on a stage.

a. We evaluate ourselves based on how we think we appear to others.

6. The simplest group, consisting of two persons, is referred to as:
a. Pair
b. Dyad
c. Duo
d. Primary relationship

b. Dyad

7. Despite a government that is at once bureaucratic and democratic in the United States, some sociologists would argue that bureaucracy and democracy are fundamentally at odds.
a. True
b. False

a. True

8. A group consisting of three people is referred to as:
a. Alliance
b. Trio
c. Triad
d. Triage

c. Triad

9. Which of the following does not represent an alliance or coalition?
a. Kathleen and Sarah buy tickets to see a horror film even though they know Chris wants to see a comedy.
b. Mariana and Brianne decide to go bicycling without Brandon because he cancelled plans on them earlier in the week.
c. Ron leaves Dominic and Tammy to finish the rest of a project without him.
d. Ken and Jessica gossip about Robert behind his back and decide not to invite him to the next party.

c. Ron leaves Dominic and Tammy to finish the rest of a project without him.

10. Which of the following is not a characteristic of large groups?
a. Tend to be more stable than smaller groups
b. May develop into a formal structure
c. Less likely to be governed by a clear leader
d. Can sometimes exhibit exclusivity

d. Can sometimes exhibit exclusivity

11. The ability of groups to exclude outsiders participating in the group or enjoying group resources is referred to as:
a. Social exclusion
b. Social closure
c. Factioning
d. Clique capacity

b. Social closure

12. Which of the following examples does not demonstrate group exclusion or cliquishness?
a. A country club requires two references from current club members to join.
b. A community organization asks members to verify their address to ensure they live in the neighborhood being served.
c. A sports authority offers women-only, men-only, and co-ed leagues.
d. An employer advertises that it will only be accepting applicants with a high school diploma.

c. A sports authority offers women-only, men-only, and co-ed leagues.

13. Which of the following is not characteristic of a sociological understanding of a leader?
a. They are able to influence the behavior of other members of a group
b. They are always effective
c. They may use force, coercion, or persuasion
d. They often display power, the ability to mobilize resources and achieve a goal despite the resistance of others

b. They are always effective

14. Power exercised over those who recognize it as deserved or earned is referred to as:
a. Authentic authority
b. Electoral power
c. Personal power
d. Legitimate authority

d. Legitimate authority

15. Power that depends on the leader’s role in the group is referred to as:
a. Official power
b. Legitimate authority
c. Positional power
d. Positional authority

c. Positional power

16. Power that depends on the ability to persuade rather than command is referred to as:
a. Personal power
b. Persuasive legitimacy
c. Persuasive authority
d. Personal credibility

a. Personal power

17. Which of the following examples illustrates groupthink?
a. Weary from debating, a committee elects to put aside the topic until the next meeting.
b. A high school basketball team follows their coach’s orders and adheres to a 10 p.m. curfew.
c. After hearing feedback from constituents, a city council decides to pass a bill.
d. An advertising agency decides to air an ad that received positive comments in pre-screenings, despite concerns that it was racially offensive.

d. An advertising agency decides to air an ad that received positive comments in pre-screenings, despite concerns that it was racially offensive.

18. The idea that there exists an overarching structure within which culture and other aspects of society can be understood is referred to as:
a. Structural functionalism
b. Cultural structuralism
c. Structuralism
d. Institutionalism

c. Structuralism

19. Which of the following is not one of the forms of capital that stems from membership in certain groups, as outlined by Pierre Bourdieu?
a. Cultural
b. Personal
c. Social
d. Economic

b. Personal

20. A group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a common purpose is referred to as:
a. Nonprofit
b. Corporation
c. Organization
d. Formal group

c. Organization

21. Which of the following would not be considered an organization?
a. A family
b. A high school
c. A Catholic Church
d. A U.S. Army unit

a. A family

2. Which of the following would not be considered social capital?
a. A powerful presence on websites such as LinkedIn or Twitter
b. Being born of parents who are elected government officials
c. Having a trust fund that is made available at the age of 18
d. Holding a graduate degree and publishing with well-known and respected professors

c. Having a trust fund that is made available at the age of 18

23. Which of the following examples does not illustrate a utilitarian organization?
a. A sophomore rushes a popular business fraternity to expand his social network.
b. A college student volunteers for a spring break worktrip building schools in a Latin American country.
c. A skilled athlete joins the college tennis team because it is offering a sizable scholarship.
d. A recent college graduate accepts a position she is not that interested in because it offers a decent salary and benefits.

b. A college student volunteers for a spring break worktrip building schools in a Latin American country.

24. Which of the following examples illustrates a coercive organization?
a. A teenage boy joins the football team because his father has always pressured him to excel in sports.
b. An individual suffering from alcoholism and depression cannot leave a treatment center until she has demonstrated improvement.
c. A college-age woman wants to withdraw from her sorority but fears the negative social repercussions and stigma that will follow.
d. A single mother cannot quit her job because she has three dependent children to care for.

b. An individual suffering from alcoholism and depression cannot leave a treatment center until she has demonstrated improvement.

25. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a bureaucracy?
a. Based on written procedural rules
b. Clear hierarchy of authority
c. Staffed by full-time paid officials
d. Rational and reasonable decision-making

b. Clear hierarchy of authority

26. The inevitable tendency for large-scale bureaucratic organizations to become ruled undemocratically by a handful of people is referred to as the:
a. Iron law of oligarchy
b. Iron cage of bureaucracy
c. Iron cage of oligarchy
d. First law of bureaucracy

a. Iron law of oligarchy

27. Which of the following is not a main goal of international governmental organizations (IGOs)?
a. Facilitate and regulate trade between the member countries
b. Promote national security
c. Protect social welfare and human rights
d. Increase community membership

d. Increase community membership

28. Groups established by agreements between individuals or private organizations and existing to fulfill an explicit mission are referred to as:
a. International nongovernmental organizations
b. International nonprofit organizations
c. Nongovernmental coalitions
d. International nonprofit alliances

a. International nongovernmental organizations

29. Which of the following does not illustrate the operation of an IGO?
a. The UN sends its peacekeepers into a country ravaged by civil war.
b. The African Union regulates trade between Central African and West African states.
c. China, Russia, and the United States form a coalition on the UN Security Council to attempt to coerce the other members to follow their demands.
d. Vietnam forms an organization that mediates conflict between provinces within the country.

d. Vietnam forms an organization that mediates conflict between provinces within the country.

30. Which of the following is not an example of conformity?
a. Jamal dyes his hair blue to match the rest of his soccer team for School Spirit Week.
b. Carrie says that she likes a movie after hearing her friends talk about it even though she has never seen it.
c. A committee ignores a member’s input because it would cause more work for the group.
d. A newly initiated gang member follows crew orders and has their emblem tattooed on his chest.

c. A committee ignores a member’s input because it would cause more work for the group.

31. Although cooperative, shared leadership organizations are often initially successful, the larger they grow, the more bureaucratic and hierarchical they become.
a. True
b. False

a. True

32. The European Union is not considered an example of an IGO because not all the participating nations share the same currency or language.
a. True
b. False

b. False

33. Social networking sites and virtual, online groups that people are part of can include primary or secondary groups.
a. True
b. False

a. True

34. While family has the greatest impact in shaping our view of ourselves, peer groups almost completely replace the family in terms of how we define ourselves once we hit adolescence.
a. True
b. False

a. True

35. The reference groups by which we judge our actions can only be primary groups; they cannot be secondary or abstract such as the media.
a. True
b. False

b. False

36. As group size increases, the intensity of relationships within the group increases, while overall group stability decreases.
a. True
b. False

b. False

37. As group size increases, the number of possible different interactions increases.
a. True
b. False

a. True

38. All sociologists would agree that diversity and inclusive group practices can only have positive outcomes, such as encouraging understanding and empathy between different groups.
a. True
b. False

b. False

39. Family, friends, professors, and acquaintances on social networks can all contribute to building an individual’s social capital.
a. True
b. False

a. True

40. Sociologists have found that race and gender have little effect on an individual’s social capital as the average size of a person’s social network does not vary significantly.
a. True
b. False

b. False

41. People belong to _____ to satisfy personal needs of belonging and fulfillment, while they belong to _____ to achieve some specific goal.
a. sororities, academic groups
b. reference groups, principal groups
c. sports teams, peer groups
d. primary groups, secondary groups

d. primary groups, secondary groups

42. A _____ leader instills in group members a sense of mission or higher purpose, while _____ leaders are concerned with accomplishing group tasks and goals.
a. transformational, traditional
b. transformational, transactional
c. traditional, contractual
d. inspirational, contractual

b. transformational, transactional

43. _____ refers to when members of a group ignore anything that goes against the group consensus.
a. Discompromise effect
b. Group cohesion
c. Groupthink
d. Consent partiality

c. Groupthink

44. _____ capital refers to money and material that can be used to produce goods and services; _____ capital refers to personal connections and networks that enable people to accomplish goals.
a. Economic, cultural
b. Monetary, social
c. Pecuniary, cultural
d. Economic, social

d. Economic, social

45. A(n) _____ organization is rationally designed to achieve particular objectives by means of explicit rules, regulations, and procedures.
a. rational
b. institutional
c. formal
d. official

c. formal

46. _____ organizations are those that people join primarily because of some material benefit they expect to receive in return for membership.
a. Functional
b. Material
c. Practical
d. Utilitarian

d. Utilitarian

47. _____ organizations are those in which members are forced to give unquestioned obedience to authority.
a. Coercive
b. Forcible
c. Involuntary
d. Authoritarian

a. Coercive

48. According to _____, ordinary people will conform to orders given by someone in a position of power or authority, even if those orders have consequences.
a. Solomon Asch
b. Max Weber
c. George Ritzer
d. Stanley Milgram

d. Stanley Milgram

49. In a bureaucracy, _____ create a division of labor within the organization.
a. specialized offices
b. specialized positions
c. individualized responsibilities
d. educational differences

a. specialized offices

50. The organizational chart of a bureaucracy is typically _____.
a. horizontal
b. tear-drop shaped
c. pyramid-shaped
d. reverse pyramid-shaped

c. pyramid-shaped

51. Which of the following would NOT be considered a primary group?
a. A group of close teenage friends
b. A mother and her two sons
c. A small Internet support group that video-conferences together regularly
d. A person with a Twitter account and 20,000 followers

c. A small Internet support group that video-conferences together regularly

52. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a dyadic group?
a. Require full attention and cooperation of both parties
b. Could be a marriage, partnership, or friendship
c. Are inherently stable and long-lasting
d. Based on strong social bonds

c. Are inherently stable and long-lasting

53. The success of INGOs is often limited because they usually lack the legal power or authority to enforce actions or policies.
a. True
b. False

a. true

54. Although international government and nongovernmental organizations rose sharply after World War II, they have been decreasing in recent years due to globalization and centralization of power.
a. True
b. False

b. false

55. Some sociologists would argue that interaction and communication between people from other nations and cultures has been improved due to the facilitation provided by technology and online networks.
a. True
b. False

a. true

56. While following group norms such as getting a tattoo or a piercing, or wearing the trendiest brand of jeans seems relatively harmless, conformity to group pressure can lead to destructive behavior such as drug abuse or serious crimes against others.
a. True
b. False

a. true