SA- Chapter 10~Tobacco

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Tobacco use became popular in European culture because

it was associated with wealth and status.

The major commercial species of Nicotiana that is grown for tobacco products is

Nicotiana tobacum.

During the 18th century, which method of use of tobacco increased in England?

Snuff

Chewing was the most popular form of tobacco use until about 1900, but by 1920 the most popular form was

cigars

Over 90 percent of all U.S. cigarettes sold are now

Filter cigars

Per capita sales of cigarettes in the U.S. began to decline

after the 1964 Surgeon General’s report.

In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the FDA

Had no authority to regulate tobacco products

People who switch to low tar and nicotine brand cigarettes

typically take more and deeper puffs and probably get no safety benefit.

Reynolds was unable to market Premier, a plastic cigarette containing catalytic crystals coated with tobacco extract, because

the FDA considered them a "nicotine delivery device" rather than an agricultural product.

One big factor associated with lower rates of cigarette smoking among adults is

Higher level of education

The biggest health concern for users of smokeless tobacco has been

cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus.

One recent fad in tobacco use has been

hookahs (water pipes).

Although lung cancer is not common, about _______ percent of all lung cancers occur in smokers.

85

Annual "smoking attributable mortality" in the U.S. is estimated at

. 440,000.

In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency declared that

secondhand smoke is a known carcinogen that increases lung cancer risk.

One of the most consistent and best-documented effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is

low birth weight

Nicotine acts in the brain by

first stimulating and then blocking cholinergic receptors

As a potent poison, nicotine causes death by

increasing blood pressure until a stroke occurs.

The psychological effect of cigarette smoking is

arousal and activation–a mild stimulant effect calm and relaxation–a mild antianxiety effect.

Recent research on the dependence produced by nicotine has focused on genetic differences related to

acetylcholine receptors

About 90 percent of the more than 40 million former smokers in the U.S. report that

they quit smoking without a treatment program.

Gum, patches, lozenges, and inhalers are all various forms of

nicotine replacement therapy

In 2006, the FDA approved a nicotine partial agonist drug as a smoking treatment. The drug is

varenicline (Chantix).

In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act

authorized the FDA to regulate tobacco products in specific ways.

In July 2011, the nicotine vaccine NicVax was

found to be no better than placebo.

As a potent poison, nicotine causes death by

paralysis of respiration muscles

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