Tobacco use became popular in European culture because |
it was associated with wealth and status. |
The major commercial species of Nicotiana that is grown for tobacco products is |
Nicotiana tobacum. |
During the 18th century, which method of use of tobacco increased in England? |
Snuff |
Chewing was the most popular form of tobacco use until about 1900, but by 1920 the most popular form was |
cigars |
Over 90 percent of all U.S. cigarettes sold are now |
Filter cigars |
Per capita sales of cigarettes in the U.S. began to decline |
after the 1964 Surgeon General’s report. |
In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the FDA |
Had no authority to regulate tobacco products |
People who switch to low tar and nicotine brand cigarettes |
typically take more and deeper puffs and probably get no safety benefit. |
Reynolds was unable to market Premier, a plastic cigarette containing catalytic crystals coated with tobacco extract, because |
the FDA considered them a "nicotine delivery device" rather than an agricultural product. |
One big factor associated with lower rates of cigarette smoking among adults is |
Higher level of education |
The biggest health concern for users of smokeless tobacco has been |
cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and esophagus. |
One recent fad in tobacco use has been |
hookahs (water pipes). |
Although lung cancer is not common, about _______ percent of all lung cancers occur in smokers. |
85 |
Annual "smoking attributable mortality" in the U.S. is estimated at |
. 440,000. |
In 1993, the Environmental Protection Agency declared that |
secondhand smoke is a known carcinogen that increases lung cancer risk. |
One of the most consistent and best-documented effects of cigarette smoking during pregnancy is |
low birth weight |
Nicotine acts in the brain by |
first stimulating and then blocking cholinergic receptors |
As a potent poison, nicotine causes death by |
increasing blood pressure until a stroke occurs. |
The psychological effect of cigarette smoking is |
arousal and activation–a mild stimulant effect calm and relaxation–a mild antianxiety effect. |
Recent research on the dependence produced by nicotine has focused on genetic differences related to |
acetylcholine receptors |
About 90 percent of the more than 40 million former smokers in the U.S. report that |
they quit smoking without a treatment program. |
Gum, patches, lozenges, and inhalers are all various forms of |
nicotine replacement therapy |
In 2006, the FDA approved a nicotine partial agonist drug as a smoking treatment. The drug is |
varenicline (Chantix). |
In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act |
authorized the FDA to regulate tobacco products in specific ways. |
In July 2011, the nicotine vaccine NicVax was |
found to be no better than placebo. |
As a potent poison, nicotine causes death by |
paralysis of respiration muscles |
SA- Chapter 10~Tobacco
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