1.The study of how people change physically, mentally, and socially throughout the lifespan is called: A)cognitive psychology. |
C)developmental psychology. |
2.Kyle is studying how language abilities change throughout childhood, and Kelly is studying cognitive changes in late adulthood. Both Kyle and Kelly are conducting studies in which area of psychology? A)clinical psychology |
D)developmental psychology |
3.At every age and stage of life, _____ psychologists investigate the influence of multiple factors on development, including biological, environmental, social, cultural, and behavioral factors. A) epigenetic |
D) developmental |
4.Developmental psychologists divide the lifespan into: A)four distinct psychosocial stages of development and six physical stages of development. |
D)eight age-related stages of development. |
5.Some aspects of development, such as prenatal development and language development, are closely tied to _____ which are periods during which a child is maximally sensitive to environmental influences. A) germinal periods |
B) critical periods |
6.In terms of development, a critical period: A)is the period of prenatal development extending from the third week through the eighth week. |
B)is a period during which a child is maximally sensitive to environmental influences. |
7.Which best characterizes the typical course of human development? A)Development occurs in distinct stages that are characterized by abrupt changes in physical, mental, and social growth. |
B)Gradual, unfolding changes throughout the ages and stages of life characterize human development. |
8.Which of the following statements best represents contemporary thinking on the nature/nurture issue? A)Environmental factors can determine the expression of genetic potential, but only during infancy. |
B)The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other. |
9.At the moment of conception, each person begins life as a single cell, which is called a(n): A) embryo. |
D) zygote. |
10.Which of the following statements BEST describes deoxyribonucleic acid? A)a harmful chemical preservative that is a known teratogen |
C)a double-stranded molecule that encodes genetic instructions |
11.Each human chromosome contains: A) 1 gene. |
D) thousands of genes. |
12.Which of the following statements BEST defines a chromosome? A)a single unit of DNA instructions |
C)a long, threadlike structure composed of twisted strands of DNA |
13.A gene encodes the instructions for: A)a specific combination of amino acids that form a particular protein molecule. |
A)a specific combination of amino acids that form a particular protein molecule. |
14.Which of the following BEST defines a gene? A)the observable traits or characteristics displayed by an organism |
B)a unit of DNA on a chromosome that encodes instructions for making a particular protein |
15.A unit of DNA on a chromosome that encodes instructions for making a particular protein molecule is the definition of: A) a gene. |
A) a gene. |
16. Genes make up _____ of human DNA. A)99.9 percent |
C)less than 2 percent |
17.Your unique genotype: A)has changed dramatically as you have progressed through the various ages and stages of the lifespan. |
B)is found in the chromosomes of every cell in your body, except for your reproductive cells (sperm or eggs). |
18.At conception, each biological parent contributes: A)23 chromosomes. |
A)23 chromosomes. |
19.A normal human genotype is made up of: A)a set of 23 single chromosomes. |
B)a set of 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
20.With the exception of the reproductive cells, every cell in a person's body contains: A)a complete copy of that person's genotype. |
A)a complete copy of that person's genotype. |
21.The diverse characteristics of different body cells develop because: A)each cell type contains a distinct set of genes that is specific to that type of cell. |
D)different genes are activated. |
22.Which of the following statements about genes is TRUE? A)Each gene controls the development of a single characteristic or trait. |
C)Genes direct the manufacture of proteins, the body's building blocks, and are activated in different body cells at different times. |
23.Alleles are: A)different forms of a particular gene. |
A)different forms of a particular gene. |
24.Dominant and recessive genes are examples of: A) genetic predispositions. |
D) alleles. |
25.Both Bonnie and Brendan spend a lot of time in the sun. Bonnie has freckles but her brother Brendan doesn't have freckles. You can safely assume that: A)Bonnie and Brendan have the same genotype, even though their phenotypes differ. |
B)Bonnie and Brendan have inherited different alleles for the trait of freckles. |
26.Michelle has freckles. It is likely that she inherited: A)two recessive "no freckles" genes, one from each biological parent. |
B)a dominant version of the "freckles" gene from either or both of her biological parents. |
27.The human genome: A)is the complete map of the DNA in the human organism. |
A)is the complete map of the DNA in the human organism. |
28.According to the latest findings from the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium, the human genome consists of about _____ genes. A)20,000 to 25,000 |
A)20,000 to 25,000 |
29.Although all humans have the same basic set of genes, these genes can come in different versions. These different forms of a particular gene are called: A) alleles. |
A) alleles. |
30.The best known, although not the most common, pattern of allele variation is the simple: A)karyotype variation. |
B)dominant-recessive gene pair. |
31.Which of the following statements is TRUE? A)If your genotype contains a copy of the dominant "freckles" gene, you will develop freckles regardless of environmental factors, such as exposure to sunlight. |
D)To be "freckle free" you would have to inherit two recessive "no-freckles" genes, one from each biological parent. |
32.The term genotype refers to: A)a recessive gene that is found only on the X chromosome. |
B)the genetic makeup of an organism. |
33.If Gerry's genotype contains a copy of the dominant freckles gene: |
C)he will not develop freckles unless the expression of that dominant gene is triggered by a specific environmental factor, sunlight. |
34.Because different genotypes react differently to environmental factors, psychologists and other scientists speak of _____ to develop in a particular way. A)the genetic predisposition |
A)the genetic predisposition |
35.Phenotype is to genotype as: A)inherited genes are to expressed characteristics. |
B)expressed characteristics are to inherited genes. |
36.The term phenotype refers to: A)a dominant gene found only on the X chromosome. |
C)the observable characteristics of an organism as determined by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors |
37.One problem with the genotype-as-a-blueprint analogy is that: A)environmental factors influence the actual phenotype displayed. |
A)environmental factors influence the actual phenotype displayed. |
38.People with a particular genetic configuration will be more or less sensitive to particular environmental factors. This is referred to as a person's _____ to develop in a particular way. A)epigenetic tendency |
D)genetic predisposition |
39.Unlike Donna, who usually gets a nice tan when exposed to sunlight, Derek has a tendency to sunburn easily. Donna and Derek obviously have different sensitivities to the same environmental factor. This example illustrates their different _____. A)epigenetic predispositions |
D)genetic predispositions. |
40.Which of the following factors was listed in your textbook as a possible trigger for gene activity? A)internal chemical changes |
D)All of the Answers are correct. |
41.A male has an _____ combination in the _____. A)XX; 1st pair of genes |
D)XY; 23rd pair of chromosomes |
42.A female has an _____ combination in the _____. A)XX; 1st pair of genes |
B)XX; 23rd pair of chromosomes |
43.The _____ pair of chromosomes, called the sex chromosomes, determine a person's biological sex. A) 22nd |
C) 23rd |
44.Humans carry all of the genes necessary to develop a tail but we typically don't develop tails because: A)those genes are never activated. |
A)those genes are never activated. |
45.Epigenetics refers to: A)the study of the mechanisms that control gene expression and its effect on behavior and health. |
A)the study of the mechanisms that control gene expression and its effect on behavior and health. |
46.Most developmental psychologists believe that gene expression is: A)inflexible and unresponsive to both internal and external factors. |
C)flexible and responsive to both internal and external factors. |
47.In his research, Dr. Maxwell investigates how gene activity is regulated within a cell, what signals switch genes "on" or "off," and in particular, what determines whether a given cell will become a skin cell, a nerve cell, or a heart muscle cell. His area of research is called: A)genetic mutation research. |
C)epigenetics. |
48.Sheena and Tina are identical twins who developed from a single zygote and share identical DNA. Nevertheless, as they develop, differences in physical and psychological characteristics become evident. These differences are due to: A)each twin's unique genetic blueprint. |
B)epigenetic change. |
49.In an experiment it was found that newborn rats who were genetically predisposed to be skittish, nervous, and high-strung would develop into calm, exploratory, and stress-resistant adult rats when raised by genetically unrelated, attentive mothers. Although the rats' DNA did not change, the chemicals that controlled their gene expression did change, a phenomenon called: A)epigenetic change. |
A)epigenetic change. |
50.In an experiment it was found that newborn rats who were genetically predisposed to be skittish, nervous, and high-strung would develop into calm, exploratory, and stress-resistant adult rats when raised by genetically unrelated, attentive mothers. The researchers concluded that: A)although the rats' DNA did not change, the chemicals that controlled their gene expression did change. |
A)although the rats' DNA did not change, the chemicals that controlled their gene expression did change. |
51.In an experiment it was found that newborn rats who were genetically predisposed to be calm and stress-resistant grew up to be nervous, high-strung, and easily stressed adult rats when raised by genetically unrelated, inattentive mothers. The explanation for these results was that: A)the rats' DNA changed because of their upbringing. |
B)epigenetic changes had taken place that changed their brain chemistry and literally "reprogrammed" their behavior. |
52.In addition to interactions among genes, and between genotype and environmental influences, another crucial factor in the relationship between genotype and phenotype is: A)the fact that gene expression is inflexible and unresponsive to internal factors. |
B)that genes can mutate or spontaneously change from one generation to the next. |
53.Two crucial factors in the relationship between genotype and phenotype are interactions among genes, and interactions between genotype and environmental influences. Which of the following is NOT listed as important in considering the relationship between genotype and phenotype? A)DNA can be damaged by environmental factors, such as exposure to ultraviolet light, radiation, or chemical toxins. |
D)Epigenetic changes determine how an individual's genetic blueprint directs and controls all aspects of development as it unfolds over the lifespan. |
54.During the germinal period: A)the zygote becomes implanted on the mother's uterine wall. |
A)the zygote becomes implanted on the mother's uterine wall. |
55.Which of the following represents the correct order of prenatal development? A)embryonic period, germinal period, fetal period |
C)germinal period, embryonic period, fetal period |
56.Shannon is in the seventh week of her pregnancy. In terms of prenatal development, Shannon's pregnancy is in the _____ period. A) zygotic |
B) embryonic |
57.During the embryonic period, the: A)Mother can feel the fetus moving. |
C)organs and major systems of the body form. |
58.Which of the following is TRUE of the placenta? A)It is the fluid-filled sac that houses the developing embryo and fetus. |
D)It prevents the mother's blood from mixing with the blood of the developing embryo and fetus. |
59.Elizabeth is in the fifteenth week of her pregnancy. In terms of prenatal development, Elizabeth's pregnancy is in the _____ period. A) fetal |
A) fetal |
60.One question on the midterm exam asked which period of prenatal development is the third and longest period, extending from the ninth week until birth. The correct Answer would be: A)The fetal period. |
A)The fetal period. |
61.When does a fetus double in weight, gaining an additional three to four pounds of body fat? A)during the last two months of the fetal period |
A)during the last two months of the fetal period |
62.Heather is in her fifth month of a healthy pregnancy and sometimes she can feel the fetus moving, a common experience during this period called: A) Epigenetic movement. |
B) Quickening. |
63.The fetal period of prenatal development lasts from _____ until _____. A)the ninth week; birth |
A)the ninth week; birth |
64.As a general rule, the greatest vulnerability to _____ occurs during the _____ period of prenatal development. A)teratogens; embryonic |
A)teratogens; embryonic |
65.A teratogen is a: A)Specific type of genetic mutation that typically results in severe birth defects. |
B)Harmful agent, such as a chemical, drug, or disease that can cause malformations or defects in an embryo or fetus. |
66.Which of the following is NOT one of the teratogens listed in your textbook? A)radiation exposure |
D)deoxyribonucleic acid |
67.By the third week after conception, a sheet of primitive neural cells has formed: A)A hollow tube called the neural tube. |
A)A hollow tube called the neural tube. |
68.Which of the following is (are) TRUE regarding the neural tube? A)The neural tube is formed from a sheet of primitive neural cells. |
D)All of these statements are true regarding the neural tube. |
69.Researchers at State University study cells that can divide indefinitely, renew themselves, and give rise to a variety of other types of cells. These researchers are investigating: A) Epigenetic cells. |
C) stem cells. |
70.Stem cells are: A)Long, threadlike structures composed of twisted parallel strands of deoxyribonucleic acid. |
B)Cells that can divide indefinitely, renew themselves, and give rise to a variety of other types of cells. |
71.Cells that can divide indefinitely, renew themselves, and give rise to a variety of other types of cells are called: A) epigenetic cells. |
C) stem cells. |
72.Monika was amazed to read in her textbook that during the peak periods of brain development in the prenatal period, new cells are being generated at the rate of _____ per minute. A) 100 to 150 |
C) 250,000 |
73.A structure called _____ eventually thickens into three bulges that will form the three main regions of the brain: the hindbrain, the midbrain, and the forebrain. A)the ventricle |
B)the neural tube |
74.As the neural tube expands during development, it develops cavities, called _____, that are found at the core of the fully developed brain and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid. A) chromosomes |
C) ventricles |
75.The fetal brain is constantly changing, forming as many as 2 million synaptic connections per second. By the_____ month of prenatal development, the fetus has all the brain cells it will have at birth. A) first |
D) fifth |
76.Sarah gave birth to a full-term healthy baby boy who weighed just over 9 lbs. Assuming that the infant is normal, his brain will be about _____ the size of an adult human brain and will weigh about _____. A)one-half; one pound or more |
B)one-quarter; one pound or less |
77.Janeen touches her newborn's cheek. Her baby turns toward Janeen's hand and opens her mouth. Janeen has triggered which reflex? A)the sucking reflex |
C)the rooting reflex |
78.When you put your finger on your newborn nephew's palm, he curls his own fingers around yours, grasping your finger tightly. You have triggered what sort of behavior? A)the grasping reflex |
A)the grasping reflex |
79.Touching a newborn's lips evokes the _____ reflex. A) grasping |
B) sucking |
80.The rooting, sucking, and grasping reflexes: A)become stronger and more pronounced during the first six months of life. |
B)gradually disappear over the first year of life and are replaced by voluntary behaviors. |
81.Of the following senses, which is LEAST developed at birth? A) vision |
A) vision |
82.The newly born infant: A)is capable of a variety of voluntary behaviors, including rolling over. |
B)is able to see near objects more clearly than distant objects. |
83.The newborn's senses are most keenly attuned to what sort of stimuli? A)brightly colored objects, especially moving objects |
B)people, especially faces |
84.Although Baby Emma was only a few hours old, she would turn her head to visually follow which sort of moving stimulus? A) a red ball |
C) a human face |
85.If Claudia wishes to make sure that her newborn infant can see her face as clearly as possible, Claudia should position her face so that she is about _____ away from her newborn's face. A)six to twelve inches |
A)six to twelve inches |