creativity |
the ability to generate original ideas of develop novel solutions to problems is known as: convergent thinking insight creativity syllogistic reasoning |
you brush your teeth with it |
someone relying on convergent thinking would answer _____ to the query "what can you do with a tooth brush?" you brush your teeth with it you use it for painting you use it for cleaning tools you use it to make toys |
speech sounds |
phonology is the study of combination of words speech sounds word order meaning |
learning-theory |
the theory that language acquisitions follow the principles of reinforcement and conditioning is known as the ____ approach learning-theory nativist interactionist prescriptive |
nativist |
the theory that a genetically determined, innate mechanism directs language development is known as the ____ approach learning-theory nativist interactionist prescriptive |
intelligence |
psychologists define ____ as the capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively cognition intelligence sensation perception |
interpersonal |
kyana is an excellent salesperson because she can always find a way o connecting with a potential client. based on his information, in which kind of intelligence would gardner expect kyana to be high? analytic bodily kinesthetic interpersonal spatial |
motivation |
______ refers to the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms development intelligence cognition motivation |
motivation |
dr. schmidt studies the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms. dr. schmidt studies personality intelligence cognition motivation |
instincts |
when psychologists first tried to explain motivation, they turned to ____ notions instincts incitements stimulates |
instincts |
inborn biologically determined patterns of behavior are called reflexes instincts notions motives |
1940’s |
drive-reduction approaches first appeared in the psychology of motivation in the 1920’s 1940’s 1960’s 1980’s |
drive |
motivational tension that energizes behavior to fulfill a need is termed a (n) drive reflex incentive instinct |
a built-in tendency to regulate bodily conditions |
what is homeostasis? a theory of need reduction a built-in tendency to regulate bodily conditions the psychological representation of a need the diffusion of fluids in a cell |
artie, who loves to bungee jump |
of the following individuals, whose behavior may most easily be explained using an arousal approach to motivation? artie, who loves to bungee jump barry, who buys an expensive watch he can’t resist callista, who studies long hours to earn good grades brooke, who sleeps extra after having a tiring week at work |
incentive |
______ approached to motivation emphasize the appealing properties of external objects or goals drive-reduction arousal incentive cognitive |
theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people’s thoughts, expectations, and goals |
cognitive approaches to motivation are: theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need beliefs that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people’s thoughts, expectations, and goals |
intrinsic |
"dance like no one’s watching. work like you don’t need the money. love like you’ve never been hurt, "exhorts a sign on dr. elliott’s office door. this sign underscores the importance of _____ motivation explicit intrinsic implicit external |
actualization |
according to maslow, our highest level need is the need for self esteem efficacy love actualization |
competence |
according to self-determination theory, ____ is the need to produce desired outcomes development autonomy relatedness competence |
autonomy |
according to self-determination theory, ____ is the perception that we have control over our own lives reliance autonomy relatedness competence |
obese |
people with a bmi great that 30 are considered overweight obese normal underweight |
overweight |
people with a bmi between 25 and 30 are considered overweight obese normal underweight |
overweight |
natalie’s bmi is 26. she is best described as overweight obese normal underweight |
varies from one culture to another |
society’s view of the ideal body has always emphasized thinness varies from one culture to another has remained constant over time emphasizes the perfect ratio of height and weight |
metabolism |
____ is the rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body neutralization phagocytosis metabolism emulsification |
anorexia nervosa |
___ is severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance-which can become skeleton like-, are unusual anorexia nervosa compulsive eating bulimia binge eating |
bulimia |
____ is a disorder, in which a person binges on large quantities of food, followed by efforts to purge the food through vomiting or other means anorexia nervosa compulsive eating bulimia binge eating disorder |
at least 30 consecutive minutes, three times each week |
how often should you exercise? at least 30 consecutive minutes, three times each week at least seven hours a week at least 100 minutes every alternate day at least two hours every day |
need for achievement |
the ____ is a stable, learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and meeting challenging goals need for achievement need for survival need for affiliation need for power |
fluid |
Intelligence that reflects the ability to reason abstractly is termed ____ intelligence fluid reflexive spatial crystallized |
affiliation |
larissa is highly invested in initiating and maintaining relationships. she is high in the need for association assembly affiliation affinity |
need for power |
the _____ is a tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others and to be seen as an influential individual. need for achievement need for survival need for power need for affiliation |
alcohol consumption |
men with high power needs tend to show high levels of alcohol consumption nurturing behavior participation in cultural events concern for other |
nurturing behavior |
women with high power needs display high levels of alcohol consumption nurturing behavior aggression sexually exploitative mannerisms |
sympathetic |
"fight or flight" response entail acitivity of the _____ nervous system somatic parasympathetic asympathetic sympathetic |
helping us interact more effectively with others |
according to the text, the functions of emotions include which of the following? preparing the individual for rest facititating learning shaping our past behavior helping us interact more effectively with others |
stress is a very personal thing |
which of the following is true of stress? although adaptation is often major, it requires minimal effort when stress is very severe or long lasting stress is a very personal thing positive events never produce stress out attempts to overcome stress may produce biological and psychological responses that improve our overall health |
cataclysmic events |
which of the following are strong stressors that occur suddenly and typically affect many people at once? personal stressors cataclysmic events background stressors daily hassles |
being stranded in an earthquake affected area |
which of the following would qualify as an example of a cataclysmic event? being stranded in an earthquake affected area getting ready for the first day at work getting irritated due to slow internet connection at work suffering from a severe headache |
personal stressor-being fired |
which category of stressor is correctly matched with an example? background stressor-the 2010 bp oil spill in the gulf of mexico personal stressor-being fired cataclysmic event-spending time on hold in the phone personal stressor-realizing that there is no fuel in your car when you have to rush to work |
16% |
approximately how many soldiers returning from iraq show symptoms of ptsd? 50% 25% 20% 16% |
background stressors and daily hassles are the same thing |
which of the following statements best captures the relationship between background stressors and daily hassles? background stressors are less severe than are daily hassles background stressors and daily hassles are the same thing daily hassles are less severe than background stressors daily hassles are a type of background stressor |
background stressor |
misplacing one’s keys illustrates a personal stressor background stressor cataclysmic event catastrophic event |
stress produces both biological and psychological consequences |
which of the following is true of the consequences of stress? only negative stressors affect you psychologically stress produces both biological and psychological consequences stress does not have direct physiological results stress increases the immune system response |
the general adaptation syndrome |
in the psychology of health and stress, hans selye is associated with the study of the hardy personality coping strategies the general adaptation syndrome type a and type b personalities |
exhaustion |
at which stage of selye’s general adaptation model (gas) are individuals the most likely to show negative consequences of stress? exhaustion resistance alarm mobilization |
lymphocytes |
stress may impair our production of disease-fighting white blood cells called leukocytes lymphocytes monocytes hemocytes |
coping |
efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress are termed coping adaptation resistance reactance |
emotion-focused |
eve was stressed as she had got transferred to italy. she decided to look at the brighter side of her relocation by telling herself that it will be a new experience, that she will be able to meet different people, and see new places. eve is observing _____ coping emotion-focused proactive avoidant defensive |
avoidant |
wishful thinking and the use of drugs exemplify the use of ____ coping problem-focused emotion-focused proactive avoidant |
avoidant coping |
which of the following is found to be the least successful coping method for dealing with stress? avoidant coping proactive coping emotion-focused coping problem-focused coping |
defense mechanisms |
which of the following refer to unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source from themselves and others? subjective well-being tactics defense mechanisms cataclysmic events type b behavior patterns |
learned helplessness |
people sometimes stop even trying to cope with stress if they feel that they have no control over the bad things that happen to them; that is, people might experience emotional insulation learned helplessness avoidant reactance denial |
one should change one’s appraisal of the situation |
which of the following should be followed to cope with a stressful situation? one should stick to one’s goal one should change one’s appraisal of the situation one should avoid taking physical action one should try to turn a challenge into a threat |
proactive |
the strategy of preparing for stress before it happens is termed _____ coping anticipatory proactive preventive reactive |
hostile |
annie is a type a individual. she would be characterized by ______ behavior hostile patient cooperative noncompetitive |
type b |
the ____ behavior pattern is characterized by a patient and nonaggressive manner type a type b type c type d |
cooperation |
martha has a type b behavior pattern. which of the following characteristics would be observed in martha? hostility time urgency competitiveness cooperation |
nonaggressive |
patrick is s typical type b personality. patrick would be characterized by hostile competitive insecure nonaggressive |
type b |
jane is a calm and composed person, who believes in working patiently. she hates the idea of employees working aggressively to win more incentives than their coworkers. she is cooperative with her coworkers and helps them whenever they are in need. jane is a _____ individual type c type a type b type d |
noncompetitive |
owen is a type b personality. owen would be characterized by ______ behavior noncompetitive stressful hostile panicky |
hostility |
the component of the type a pattern most strongly linked to coronary heart disease is that of hostility competitiveness time urgency ambitiousness |
produces excessive physiological arousal in stressful situations |
the key component of the type a behavior pattern, hostility, is highly toxic because it produces excessive physiological arousal in stressful situations affects the course of cancer through links to the immune system decreases heart rate and blood pressure results in decreased production of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine |
75% |
approximately what percentage of current smokers report that they would like to quit? 90% 75% 65% 50% |
25 |
approximately ______% of high school students are active cigarette smokers by the time they graduate 10 15 25 35 |
10% |
according to the world health organization, about what percentage of the world’s population will die as a result of smoking? 2% 5% 10% 20% |
50% |
what proportion of patients cannot say how long they are supposed to continue a course of prescribed medication? 10% 20% 35% 50% |
25% |
what proportion of patients cannot state the purpose of the medication prescribed for them 10% 25% 35% 50% |
patients prefer same-sex physician |
which of the following statements is true regarding patients’ preference for the male or female physicians? patients prefer female physicians patients prefer male physicians patients prefer same-sex physician patients prefer opposite-sex physicians |
positively |
andrew was told by his physician that he would be able to control his diabetes if he controls his diet and avoids the use of sugar in his diet. andrew was given a (n) _____ framed health message by his physician positively neutrally negatively ambiguously |
negatively |
tim was told by his doctor that if he did not stop eating fast foods, he would turn diabetic and obese. this is an example of a ______ health message neutrally positively ambiguously negatively |
happy people have high self-esteem |
which of the following is true of happy people? happy people see themselves as less intelligent happy people feel they are the pawns of others happy people enjoy more as they have less firm sense of control happy people have high self-esteem |
abnormality as deviation from the average |
______ is a statistically based approach that observes what behaviors are rare or occur infrequently in a specific society or culture and labels those deviations from the norm "abnormal" abnormality as deviation from the average abnormality as deviation from the ideal abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort abnormality as the inability to function effectively |
abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort |
_____ refers to behavior considered abnormal if it produces a sense of distress, anxiety, or guilt in an individual or if it is harmful to others in some way abnormality as the inability to function effectively abnormality as a legal concept abnormality as deviation from the ideal abnormality as a sense of personal discomfort |
cognitive |
____ treatment approaches teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional notions about the world and themselves cognitive psychodynamic behavioral humanistic |
cognitive-behavioral |
_____ approach is a treatment approach that incorporates basic principles of learning to change the way people think psychodynamic-cognitive humanistic-behavioral cognitive-behavioral psychodynamic-humanistic |
humanistic |
___ therapy is therapy in which the underlying rational is that people have control of their behavior, can make choices about their lives, and are essentially responsible for solving their own problems cognitive psychodynamic behavioral humanistic |
the inability to find meaning in life and connection to others |
according to humanistic therapists, psychological disorders result from the inability to find meaning in life and connection to others unconscious conflicts and early experiences irrational thought patterns faulty learning |
humanistic |
person-centered therapy is a specific type of ___ therapy cognitive psychodynamic behavioral humanistic |
depression |
transcranial magnetic stimulation (tms) is used to treat depression bipolar disorder schizophrenia obsessive-compulsive disorder |
1930s and ’40s |
in the _____, surgeons performed prefrontal lobotomy on thousands of patients often with little precision 1920s and ’30s 1930s and ’40s 1940s and ’50s 1950s and ’60s |
five |
according to the text, college students in counseling are treated in only _____ sessions on average three five 10 12 |
legal |
insanity is a (n) _____ term legal psychological archaic colloquial |
marking two ends of a continuum |
it is best to view abnormal behavior and normal behavior as discrete categories two well-demarcated and non-overlapping terms marking two ends of a continuum absolute states |
medical perspective |
which of the following perspectives on psychological disorders assumes that physiological causes are at the root of psychological disorders? medical perspective psychoanalytic perspective humanistic perspective behavioral perspective |
psychoanalytic perspective |
which perspective on psychological disorders primary argues that psychological disorders stem from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression? sociocultural perspective medical perspective humanistic perspective psychoanalytic perspective |
examining early childhood experiences |
psychoanalytic treatment typically involves administering drugs to maintain hormonal balance examining early childhood experiences using electroconvulsive therapy employing trephination techniques |
learned responses |
the behavioral perspective on psychological disorders assumes that abnormal behaviors are genetic anomalies learned responses hormonal imbalances chemical deficiencies |
emphasis on observable behavior |
the greatest strength of the behavioral perspective on psychological disorders is its emphasis on observable behavior emphasis on the client’s rich inner life focus on childhood conflicts that affect adult behavior explicit recognition of the biological underpinnings of behavior |
maladaptive thoughts |
the cognitive perspective on psychological disorders assumes that abnormal behaviors are the result of vitamin deficiency maladaptive thoughts hormonal imbalances genetic mutation |
explicitly teach new, more adaptive ways of thinking |
a primary goal of treatment using the cognitive perspective on psychological disorders is to: explicitly teach new, more adaptive ways of thinking use electroconvulsive therapy detect the genetic anomalies that cause abnormal behaviors use the technique of trephination for the purpose of treating mental illness |
abraham maslow |
the humanistic perspective on psychological disorders is associated with the work of sigmund freud abraham maslow alfred kinsey carl jung |
responsibility people have for anomalies in their own behavior |
the humanistic perspective on psychological disorders emphasizes the responsibility people have for anomalies in their own behavior influence of genetic abnormalities that are responsible for anomalies in human behavior impact of hormonal imbalances that bring about changes in human behavior influence of the society that is capable of causing behavioral abnormalities |
sociocultural perspective |
which perspective on psychological disorders assumes that people’s normal and abnormal behavior is shaped by factors such as poverty and prejudice? sociocultural perspective psychoanalytic perspective cognitive perspective medical perspective |
poverty |
according to the sociocultural perspective on psychological disorders, which of the following factors is viewed as a possible cause of abnormal behavior? genetic mutation poverty maladaptive thoughts chemical deficiency |
cognitive; focuses on thoughts and beliefs, not just behaviors |
which of the following perspectives on psychological disorders is correctly matched to its strength? behavioral; recognizes that people have rich inner lives psychoanalytic; offers a precise, objective approach to the symptoms of specific disorders humanistic; offers effective drug treatments for many psychological disorders cognitive; focuses on thoughts and beliefs, not just behaviors |
intellectual disability |
the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition removes the outdates term "mental retardation" with neurocognitive disorder gender dysphoria intellectual disability conversion disorder |
anxiety |
the feeling of apprehension and tension experienced in reaction to stressful situations is referred to as mania dyslexia anxiety paralysis |
phobic disorder |
which of the following is major types of anxiety disorder? phobic disorder down syndrome cyclothymic disorder bipolar disorder |
phobias |
intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations are referred to as compulsions manias phobias obsessions |
phobic disorder |
brett has an intense, irrational fear of needles and other sharp objects. brett is most likely to be diagnosed with manic disorder phobic disorder bipolar disorder cyclothymic disorder |
judged or embarrassed by others |
social phobia is the fear of being suffocated in confined spaces judged or embarrassed by others attacked by a clown sexually abused |
agoraphobia |
fear of places, such as unfamiliar or crowded spaces, where help might not be available in case of emergency is referred to as acrophobia claustrophobia xenophobia agoraphobia |
there is a specific, identifiable stimulus that sets off the anxiety reaction |
phobic disorders differ from generalized anxiety and panic disorders in that they are always preceded by a panic disorder there is a specific, identifiable stimulus that sets off the anxiety reaction the feeling of anxiety lasts longer people experience "free-floating" anxiety |
a sense of impending, unavoidable doom |
which of the following is a symptom if panic disorder a sense of impending, unavoidable doom the inability to register new information loss of memory loss of motor function |
generalized anxiety disorder |
thomas has been suffering from insomnia for the last two years. he has also been experiencing tension, headaches, and heart palpitations. his medical reports show that he is not suffering from any physiological or genetic disorder. thomas is most likely suffering from down’s syndrome generalized anxiety disorder hemophilia hypochondria |
compulsion |
an irresistible urge to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable is referred to as mania hypomanic episode compulsion agnosia |
obsessive-compulsive disorder |
sam washes his hands very frequently. in spite of this he feels that his hands are not clean and that he might acquire a viral disease due to poor hygiene. given this information, we can conclude that sam has bipolar disorder cyclothymic disorder dyskinesia obsessive-compulsive disorder |
any anxiety disorder |
posttraumatic stress disorder is classified as any anxiety disorder a type of amnesia a type of somatoform disorder a dissociative disorder |
posttraumatic stress disorder |
people with _____ typically re-experience a stressful event in vivid flashbacks or dreams agnosia posttraumatic stress disorder dissociative identity disorder anorexia |
an overactive autonomic nervous system may be at the root of panic attacks |
which of the following is true of the causes of anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder? if one member of a pair of identical twins has a panic disorder, the other twin will not have it an overactive autonomic nervous system may be at the root of panic attacks an overstimulated limbic system helps prevent chronic anxiety environmental factors do not play a role in anxiety disorders |
thalamus |
increased levels of gray matter occur in the ____ in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder as compared to people without it amygdala thalamus hippocampus hypothalamus |
hypochondriasis |
____ is a disorder in which people have a constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with their health akinesia hemophilia hypochondriasis agnosia |
she misinterprets minor symptoms as evidence of serious illness |
paige has hypochondriasis. this means that she is faking physical symptoms to gain attention she misinterprets minor symptoms as evidence of serious illness she is experiencing an actual, dramatic physical disturbance she is suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder |
dissociative disorders |
_____ are psychological dysfunctions characterized by the separation of different facets of a person’s personality that are normally integrated conversion disorders dissociative disorders chromosomal disorders somatoform disorders |
dissociative identity disorder |
____ is a disorder in which a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities bipolar disorder conversion disorder cyclothymic disorder dissociative identity disorder |
dissociative amnesia |
____ is a disorder in which a significant, selective memory loss occurs agnosia anorexia dissociative amnesia conversion disorder |
dissociative fugue |
_____ is a form of amnesia in which the individual leaves home and sometimes assumes a new identity anorexia conversion disorder bipolar disorder dissociative fugue |
they allow people to escape from some anxiety-producing situation |
the common thread among dissociative disorders is that they allow people to escape from some anxiety-producing situation people suffering from these disorders experience a significant loss of memory they involve an actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to see or hear people suffering from these disorders leave their home to lead a life of anonymity |
disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to intrude on everyday living |
mood disorder refers to a form of amnesia in which the individual leaves home and assumes a new identity disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to intrude on everyday living actual physical disturbance, such as the inability to use a sensory organ actual loss of information from memory that typically results from a physiological cause |
repressed memories |
the term _____ is sometimes used to describe the lost memories of people with dissociative amnesia "free-floating" memories la belle indifference repressed memories selective memories |
major depression may have no clear trigger and is more intense than normal depression |
which of the following is true of major depression? it is abnormal to experience sadness after experiencing disappointment in life people suffering from major depression have high levels of energy major depression may have no clear trigger and is more intense than normal depression for reasons unknown, the rate of depression is decreasing throughout the world |
mania |
____ is an extended state of intense, wild elation mania depression anxiety insomnia |
bipolar disorder |
___ is a disorder in which a person typically alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression amnesia conversion disorder bipolar disorder dissociative fugue |
bipolar disorder refers to a condition in which a person alternates between periods of depression and mania |
which of the following is true of mood disorders? mania refers to a severe state of depression bipolar disorder refers to a condition in which a person alternates between periods of depression and mania dissociative fugue refers to a disturbance in emotional experience that is strong enough to intrude on everyday living manic-depressive disorder refers to a severe condition of short-term memory loss |
serotonin |
which of the following neurotransmitters plays a major role in depression? endorphins serotonin acetylcholine morphine |
schizophrenia |
____ is a class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs schizophrenia parkinson’s disease hypochondriasis bipolar disorder |
a severe distortion of reality |
which of the following occurs in schizophrenia? an extended sate of intense, wild elation a severe distortion of reality a loss of motor functioning a loss of eyesight |
disturbances of thought and speech |
a characteristic that reliably distinguishes schizophrenia from other disorders is disturbances of thought and speech improvement from a previous level of functioning lack of emotional disturbances no withdrawal tendency |
it has proved more difficult to treat than reactive schizophrenia |
which of the following statements is true of process schizophrenia? it is also known as type ii schizophrenia it is primarily characterized by positive symptoms, such as hallucinations it has proved more difficult to treat than reactive schizophrenia it is characterized by sudden and conspicuous onset o symptoms |
type ii schizophrenia |
in _______, negative symptoms are more prominent reactive schizophrenia process schizophrenia type i schizophrenia type ii schizophrenia |
type i schizophrenia |
in ______, positive symptoms are dominant type ii schizophrenia reactive schizophrenia process schizophrenia type i schizophrenia |
abnormalities in limbic systems |
which of the following brain abnormalities is associated with schizophrenia? reduce activity in the brain’s dopamine pathways increased activity in the frontal lobe of the brain abnormalities in limbic systems inactive brain receptors related to hearing and color during hallucinations |
depression |
according to a massive study done on the prevalence of psychological disorders in the us, which of the following is the most common disorder reported? depression alcohol dependence panic disorder posttraumatic stress disorder |
48% of those interviewed had experienced a disorder at some point in their lives |
based on the study conducted with more than 8,000 men and women between the ages of 15 and 54 in the us, it was found that 48% of those interviewed had experienced a disorder at some point in their lives comorbidity was nonexistent posttraumatic stress disorders were infrequent 30% of those interviewed had experienced narcissistic personality disorder |
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder |
____ is characterized by temperamental outbursts grossly out of proportion to the situation, both verbally and physically, in children between the ages of 6 and 18 disruptive mood dysregulation disorder somatoform disorder premenstrual dysphoric disorder dissociative identity disorder |
psychotherapy |
____ is treatment in which a trained professional—a therapist—uses psychological techniques to help someone overcome psychological difficulties and disorders, resolve problems in living, or bring about personal growth phototherapy psychotherapy biomedical therapy physiotherapy |
biomedical therapy |
therapy that relies on drugs and other medical procedures to improve psychological functioning is referred to as phototherapy psychotherapy biomedical therapy physiotherapy |
eclectic |
today therapists use a (n) ___ approach to therapy, which means they use a variety of methods with an individual patient existential behavioral psychoanalytical eclectic |
clinical psychologists |
___ are professionals with a ph.d. or psy.d who have also completed a postgraduate internship. they specialize in assessment and treatment of psychological difficulties, providing psychotherapy and, in some us states, can prescribe drugs psychoanalysts psychiatrists psychiatric social workers clinical psychologists |
counseling psychologists |
___ are professional with a ph.d. or ed. d who typically treat day-to-day adjustment problems, often in a university mental health clinic counseling psychologists psychiatrists licensed professional counselors psychoanalysts |
licensed professional counselors |
professionals with a master’s degree who provide therapy to individuals, couples, and families and who hold a national or state certification are called counseling psychologists psychiatrists licensed professional counselors psychoanalysts |
psychiatric social workers |
professionals with a master’s degree and specialized training who may provide therapy, usual regarding common family and personal problems are called counseling psychologist psychiatric social workers licensed professional counselors psychoanalysts |
psychodynamic |
____ therapy seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscious, where patients may deal with the problems more effectively cognitive psychodynamic behavioral humanistic |
the consideration of unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses |
psychodynamic therapy involves the consideration of unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses the use of drugs and medical procedures behavioral modification techniques an attempt to challenge the patient’s current thinking patterns |
repression |
the most common defense mechanism is dissociation projection reaction formation repression |
manifest |
the surface description of a dream is called the ____ content latent philological semiotic manifest |
latent |
the underlying meaning of a dream which is the true unconscious meaning of the dream is called ____ content latent philological semiotic manifest |
resistance |
___ is an inability or unwillingness to discuss or reveal particular memories, thoughts, or motivations resistance transference dissociation projection |
the transfer of strong feelings about parents or authority figures to a psychoanalyst |
what is transference? the transfer of a learned response from one tsk to another similar task the transfer of irrational cognitions to the self the transfer of strong feelings about parents or authority figures to a psychoanalyst a behavioral technique invented to facilitate the transfer of learned behaviors from the session to the outside world |
it facilitates the development of deep insight into one’s life |
why has psychodynamic therapy remained a viable approach to psychological treatment, despite criticism of it? it facilitates the development of deep insight into one’s life it is brief and inexpensive it is more objective than are some other forms of therapy it doesn’t differentiate between articulate and less verbal patients |
behavioral |
____ treatment approaches make use of the basic processes of learning, such as reinforcement and extinction, and assume that normal and abnormal behavior are both learned cognitive psychodynamic behavioral humanistic |
aversive conditioning |
____ is a form of therapy that reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing an unpleasant stimulus with undesired behavior systematic desensitization aversive conditioning manifest structuring exposure treatment |
systematic desensitization |
____ is a behavioral technique in which gradual exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus is paired with relaxation to extinguish the response of anxiety systematic desensitization aversion conditioning manifest structuring exposure treatment |
systematic desensitization |
a hierarchy of fears may be used in aversion conditioning systematic desensitization transference manifest structuring |
empathetic |
which of the following terms most nearly captures the essence of unconditional positive regard? directional empathetic judgmental challenging |
group |
therapy in which people meet collectively with a therapist to discuss problems is specifically known as ____ therapy client-centered person-centered interpersonal group |
self-help |
alcoholics anonymous (aa) is an example of ___ therapy client-centered self-help person-centered interpersonal |
75-80 |
according to the text, the effectiveness of various approaches to therapy found that although success rates vary somewhat by treatment form, most treatments show that success rates range from about ____% greater success for treated compared with untreated individuals 15-20 25-30 75-80 90-95 |
70 |
according to the text, research shows that behavioral therapy is roughly ____% more effective than no treatment at all 15 25 60 70 |
50% |
approximately what percentage of us families includes a member who has taken an antianxiety drug? 10% 25% 35% 50% |
subtle of even unspoken social pressure results in conformity |
which of the following is true of conformity? people working on ambiguous tasks and questions (those with no clear answer) are less susceptible to conformity the less attractive a group appears to its members, the greater its ability to produce conformity conformity is considerably lower when people must respond publicly subtle of even unspoken social pressure results in conformity |
conformity |
____ refers to a change on behavior or attitudes brought about by a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of other people dissonance conformity schema incongruity |
personality |
______ refers to the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person Personality Maturation Development Cognition |
personality |
Ashworth is interested in the pattern of enduring characteristics of people that produce consistency and individuality in a given person. Ashworth is interested in people’s _____ personality perception emotions cognitive growth |
psychodynamic |
_____ approaches to personality are approaches that assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control humanistic behavioral evolutionary psychodynamic |
psychodynamic |
Dr. Chase believes that one’s personality largely reflects inner forces over which one has not control. Dr. Chase appears to take a (n) _______ approach to personality humanistic behavioral psychodynamic evolutionary |
conscious experience |
According to Freud’s theory, _____ is only a small part of our psychological makeup and experience unconscious conflicts preconscious processes conscious experience instinctual drive |
the unconscious |
According to Freud, much of our behavior is motivated by the unconscious semi-conscious processes conscious experience the subconscious mind |
unconscious |
The _____ is part o the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware. semi-conscious conscious subconscious unconscious |
unconscious |
To Freud, much of our personality is determined by our unconscious semi-conscious conscious subconscious |
preconscious |
The ____ contains material tha tis not threatening and is easily brought to mind, such as the knowledge that 2+2=4 preconscious semi-conscious conscious subconscious |
unconscious |
the ____ provides a "safe haven" for our recollections of threatening events semi-conscious unconscious conscious subconscious |
id |
The ___ is the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses ego id superego conscience |
pleasure |
The id operates according to the _____ principle in which the goal is the immediate reduction of tension and the maximization of satisfaction pleasure reciprocity attitude reality |
ego |
The ____ is part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world ego alter ego superego conscience |
reality |
The ego operates according to the _____ principle in which instinctual energy is restrained to maintain the individual’s safety and to help integrate the person into society pleasure reciprocity attitude reality |
ego |
Which of the following components of personality is related to the reality principle? ego id superego conscience |
superego |
The ____ is the final personality structure to develop in childhood, represents the rights and wrongs of society as taught and modeled by a person’s parents, teachers, and other significant individuals ego alter ego superego id |
superego |
The ____ includes the conscience, which prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way by making us feel guilty if we do wrong ego alter ego superego id |
they are both unrealistic |
What do the id and the superego have in common they both reflect society’s rules and constraints they are both unrealistic they are both motivated by primitive drives they are direct opposites |
psychosexual |
Developmental periods tha children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges are known as _____ stages psychosexual behavioral cognitive socio-culture |
fixations |
In Freud’s theory, concerns tha tpersist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur are termed fixations defense mechanisms complexes conflicts |
oral |
According to Freud, the ___ stage is a stage from birth to age 12 to 18 months, in which an infant’s center of pleasure is the mouth oral phallic anal genital |
phallic |
According to Freud, a period beginning around age 3 during which a child’s pleasure focuses on the genitals is known as the ____ stage oral phallic anal gential |
phallic |
According to Freud, the developing child must negotiate the Oedipal conflict during which stage of psychosexual development? oral genital anal phallic |
identification |
Young children resolve the Oedipus conflict by wanting to be as much like the same sex parent as possible, a process termed identification projection reflection sublimation |
identification |
____ is the process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitation that person’s behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values identification projection reflection sublimation |
latency |
After the resolution of the Oedipal conflict, typically around age 5 or 6, children move into the ____ period, which lasts until puberty oral genital anal latency |
genital |
According to Freud, the ____ stage is the period from puberty until death, marked by mature sexual behavior (that is, sexual intecourse) oral genital anal phallic |
genital stage |
In Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, mature adult sexuality develops during the latency period genital stage phallic stage oral stage |
defense mechanisms |
In order to protect herself from experiecing anxiety, Nancy is attributing her won unacceptable aggressive impulses to another individual. Nancy is using a (n) self-actualization principle fixation process defense mechanisms preconscious process |
repression |
Probably the most primary of the defense mechanisms is that of denial repression projection sublimination |
repression |
______ is the primary defense mechanism in which unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious denial repression projection sublimation |
anna freud |
The study of defense mechanisms is associated not only wih Sigmund Freud but also with bertha pappenheim alfred adler davis buss anna freud |
behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development |
When regression is used as a defense mechanism people divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behaviors behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else |
reaction formation |
In order to protect herself from unconscious anxiety, Susie convinces herself that she hates action movies, whereas on an unconscious level she actually loves them. This illustrates the defense mechanism known as repression reaction formation projection rationalization |
rationalization |
Which of following defense mechanisms is used when people provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior? rationalization reaction formation projection sublimation |
archetypes |
According to Jung, ______ are universal symbolic representations of a particular person, object, or experience (such as good and evil) prototypes archetypes stereotypes subtypes |
jung’s |
The Myers-Briggs type Indicator is a personality assessment widely used in business, industry, and education. Ultimatley, it seems from ______ theory. freud’s jung’s adler’s erikson’s |
karen horney |
_______ is often considered the first feminist psychologist karen horney mary calkins mertha pappenheim anna freud |
1930’s and 1940’s |
Karen Horeny’s conceptualizations were developed in the 1920’s 1930’s and 1940’s 1950’s 1960’s and 1970’s |
adler; helping them overcome feelings of personal inferiority |
According the _____, parents can facilitate their childrens development by: adler; helping them overcome feelings of personal inferiority horney; helping them master key tasks like weaning and toilet training horney; providing consistently and adequately for their needs adler; helping them master key tasks like weaning and toilet training |
cardinal |
A _____ trait is a single characteristic that directs most of a person’s activities. secondaru central primary cardinal |
secondary |
_____ traits are characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential than other traits secondary central primary cardinal |
factor |
A graduate student is using a statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns. She is performing a _____ analysis trend matrix factor correlation |
trait |
Dr. Montgomery, a personality theorist, seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality and consistencies in individuals’ behaviors. Dr. Montgomery is a (n) ______ theorist trait psychosexual humanistic cognitive |
openness |
Garner is imaginative, independent, and prefers variety. Brandy is is conventional, down to earth, and has limited interests. It is likely that Garner scores high while Brandy scores low on the Big Five personality dimensions of neuroticism openness extraversion agreeableness |
bandura’s social cognitive approach |
Which approach to personality emphasizes the role play by self-efficacy bandura’s social cognitive approach skinner’s behaviorist approach allport’s trait theory roger’s humanistic theory |
self-efficacy |
_____ is the belief that we have the persona; capabilities to master a situation ad produce positive outcomes self-efficacy self-regulation self-esteem self-actualization |
efficacy |
Rhiannon is confident she can complete a difficult problem set in one of her engineering courses. Rhiannon has high self- esteem efficacy actualization awareness |
efficacy |
Mrs. Linley is a middle school math teacher. She provides constant, consistent feedback on her student’s math assignments. She wants her students to have faith in their abilities to produce positive outcomes. Mrs. Linley is trying to develop her students’ self- awareness regulation efficacy actualization |
self-esteem |
______ is the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations self-regulation self-esteem self-actualization self-awareness |
biological and evolutionary |
________ approaches to personality are theories that suggest that important components of personality are inherited biological and evolutionary trait and learning humanistic and trait learning and evolutionary |
temperament |
the inborn behavioral style and characteristic way of responding that emerges early in life is known as outlook attachment style trait temperament |
temperament |
Baby Celeste is busy, active, and sleeps fitfully; her sister, by contrast, was calm and placid as a baby. this vignette illustrates differences in outlook intelligence temperament attachment style |
thrill-seeking |
According to the text, studies of the potential genetic basis of personality have identified a gene that may contribute to differences between people in the trait of thrill-seeking conscientiousness intuitiveness aggressiveness |
dopamine |
The text suggests that the neurotransmitter most closely related to individual differences in thrill- or sensations-seeking is norepinephrine serotonin acetylcholine dopamine |
humanistic |
_____ approaches to personality emphasizes peropl’s inherent goodness and their tendency to move toward higher levels of functioning evolutionary humanistic learning biological |
humanistic |
Which approach to personality takes the most optimistic view of people’s nature- that individuals are essentially good evolutionary humanistic learning biological |
rogers |
______ is a prominent psychologist associated with the humanistic perspective bandura skinner rogers freud |
actualization |
Humunistic psychologist suggest that people are consciously motivated to reach their maximum potential, each in a unique way; that is. people have a fundamental drive toward self- regulation esteem actualization efficacy |
yields consistent measurements |
A psychological test is reliable when it measures what it is suppose to measure has been normed using a sample representative of those for whom the test has been designed yields consistent measurements measures the positives |
was discontinued in the early 1990’s |
Because of federal legislation, race norming on tests such as the General Aptitude Test Battery was discontinued in the 1970’s continues today was discontinued in the early 1990’s was reinstated in the 1980’s |
projective |
The TAT and the Rorschach are ____ tests of personality objective reflective projective self-report |
observing people in their own settings |
Behavioral assessment relies most heavily on the use of ambiguous stimuli observing people in their own settings the rigorous standardization of personality questionnaires the interpretive skill of the examiner |
cognitive |
_____ Psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes, including thinking, language, memory, problem solving, knowing, reasoning, and judging Clinical Developmental Cognitive Evolutionary |
concepts |
Mental groupings of objects, events, or people that share common features are called Concepts Ideas Heuristics Algorithms |
the most typical or highly representative example of a concept |
A prototype is The most typical or highly representative example of a concept The first example of a concept that one encounters The most frequent or common example of a concept The most unusual or distinctive example of a concept |
algorithm |
A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is termed as a (n) Heuristic Algorithm Premise Syllogism |
assuming that something is typical of its class |
When you use the representativeness heuristic, you are: Making frequency estimates based on the ease with which things come to mind Overcoming a mental set Mistaking visual images and other forms of mental representations for reality Assuming that something is typical of its class |
availability |
The _____ heuristic involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory Availability Representativeness Confirmation Frequency |
trial and error |
Thomas Edison invented the light bulb only because he experimented with thousands of different kinds of materials for a filament before he found one that worked (carbon). This shows that at the most basic level, we can solve problems through The availability heuristic Means-ends analysis Insight Trial and error |
means-ends analysis |
______ involve repeated tests for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists Forming sub goals Means-ends analysis Insight Trial and error |
insight |
___ is defined as a sudden awareness of the relationship among problem elements; it is thought to lead rapidly to the problem’s solution Convergent thinking Divergent thinking Insight Creativity |
may rest in part on the foundation of trial and error |
According to the text, the apparent suddenness of insightful problem solutions: May rest in part on the foundation of trial and error May be based on the availability heuristic Has been affirmed by empirical research Requires the application of confirmation bias |
mental set |
____ refers to the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist Mental set Representativeness heuristic Availability heuristic Syllogistic frame |
the confirmation bias |
Nigel often cites newspaper editorials favoring the presidential candidate he supports; he appears to ignore editorials critical of the candidate. Nigel appears prone to: Functional fixedness Mental set The confirmation bias The representativeness heuristic |
exposure |
___ is a behavioral treatment for anxiety in which people are confronted either suddenly or gradually with a stimulus that they fear aversion conditioning systematic desensitization transference exposure |
the token system |
_____ rewards a person for desired behavior with a poker chip or some kind of play money the token system contingency contracting observational learning the appraisal technique |
contingency contracting |
in ___ the therapist and client (or teacher and student or parent and child) draw up a written agreement the token system contingency contracting observational learning the appraisal technique |
observational learning |
_____ is the process in which the behavior of other people is modeled, to systematically teach people new skills and ways of handling their fears and anxieties the token system contingency contracting observational learning the appraisal technique |
dialectical behavior therapy |
___ is a form of treatment in which the focus is on getting people to change their behavior and view of themselves by accepting who they are regardless of whether it matches their ideal observational learning contingency contracting dialectical behavior therapy behavioral activation |
atypical |
the newest antipsychotics are called _____ antipsychotics depot atypical tricyclic typical |
antipsychotic drug |
prozac is an example of a (n) antipsychotic drug antidepressant drug mood stabilizer antianxiety drug |
antidepressant drugs |
____ are a class of medications used in cases of severe depression to improve a patient’s mood and feeling of well-being mood stabilizers antianxiety drugs antipsychotic drugs antidepressant drugs |
antianxiety drugs |
drugs that reduce the level of worry or tension a person experiences essentially by reducing excitability and increasing feelings of well-being are known as mood stabilizers antianxiety drugs antipsychotic drugs antidepressant drugs |
psychology final
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