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An individual’s relatively stable and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions is known as his or her _____. |
Personality |
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A relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone is known as a(n) _____. |
Trait |
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Cattell and Eysenck both used the statistical technique called _____ to determine a cluster of personality traits they believe are universally shared. |
Factor analysis |
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The trait theory that explains personality in terms of openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism is called the _____. |
Five-Factor model |
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Which of the following is the CORRECT list of traits in the Five-Factor model? |
Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (OCEAN) |
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is defined as a person’s overall evaluation of his or her self-worth. |
Self-esteem |
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Researchers have found a link between high self-esteem and _______. |
Increased aggression |
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A major premise underlying psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theories of personality is that _____. |
Unconscious forces have an enormous impact on our behavior, such as feelings, thoughts & actions |
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According to Freud, the thoughts and information that you are currently aware of, or remembering, is called your _____. |
Conscious |
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The thoughts and motives that lie beyond a person’s normal awareness are found in what Freud calls the _____. |
Unconscious |
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Harmony just learned that her brother is gay, and wants him to know that she cares about him. She compliments him before he leaves for school by saying, "I really like your skirt…I mean shirt." This could be an example of _____. |
A Freudian slip |
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According to Freud, the three mental structures that form personality are the _______. |
Id, ego, and superego |
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The _____ is concerned with immediate gratification and the avoidance of discomfort. |
Id |
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The rational part of the psyche that deals with reality and tries to meet the needs of the other two mental structures is called the _____. |
Ego |
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When a child learns the rules and values of parents and society, and incorporates them into his own psyche, that child has developed his _____. |
Superego |
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. "I’m going to take this candy because I want it NOW!" said the _____. "But, stealing is wrong," said the _____. "Let’s ask mom if she’ll advance our allowance so we can buy it today," said the _____. |
Id; superego; ego |
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Defense mechanisms are strategies employed by the to reduce anxiety and avoid conflict. |
Ego |
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The first and most basic defense mechanism, which blocks unacceptable impulses from coming into awareness, is called _____. |
Repression |
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You would rather have fun with your new dating partner than study for your math exam. You know you will do poorly on the exam if you don’t study, but tell yourself that having fun will help you relax for the exam. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____. |
Rationalization |
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Pedro was just diagnosed with testicular cancer. Rather than deal with his feelings about this, he searches the Internet for information, academically discusses the disorder with his family and friends, and endlessly debates the pros and cons of treatment with his doctor. This is an example of the defense mechanism called _____. |
Intellectualization |
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Fixation at this psychosexual stage of development would, according to Freud, lead to either a very neat person or one who is messy and disorderly. |
Anal |
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According to Freud, each stage of development is characterized by a conflict between the id and the _____. If unresolved, Freud believed a person would become _____. |
Social demands; fixated |
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According to Freud, if an individual’s needs were _____ during a particular stage of development, that person would remain stuck at that stage. |
Overindulged or not met |
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Three of the most influential neo-Freudians were _____. |
Adler, Jung, and Horney |
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Adler believed the primary motivation in life is to overcome _____. |
Feelings of inferiority |
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According to Jung, our collective unconscious consists of _____. |
Inherited archetypes |
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Jung believed that the anima and animus represent _____. |
Feminine and masculine components of personality |
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Horney believed that the strongest influence on an individual’s personality was that person’s _____. |
Relationship with his or her parents |
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According to your text, Freud’s contribution to psychology was _____. |
The concept of the unconscious and its influence on behavior; the notion that people experience conflict between three personality structures; and the source and consequences of the defense mechanisms |
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Two theorists associated with the humanistic perspective of personality development are _____. |
Rogers and Maslow |
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In Rogers theory of personality, maladjustment is the result of _____. |
Incongruence between self-concept and life experiences |
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Unconditional positive regard is a Rogerian term for _____. |
Positive behavior toward a person without attaching any contingencies |
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Rogers thought that _____ is necessary for a child’s uniqueness and positive self-concept to unfold naturally. |
Unconditional positive regard |
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Mr. Polanski listens without judgment to his daughter’s reasons for being late, then informs her that he disapproves of her behavior, and provides consequences. This is an example of _____. |
Unconditional positive regard |
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The innate tendency toward growth that motivates all human behavior and results in the full realization of a person’s highest potential is called _____. |
Self-actualization |
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According to Maslow, what did Albert Einstein, Mahatma Ghandi, and Eleanor Roosevelt have in common? |
They were all fully self-actualized |
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According to Bandura, _____involves a person’s belief about whether he or she can successfully engage in behaviors related to personal goals. |
Self-efficacy |
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Rotter believed that personality or behavior is determined by your _____. |
Cognitive expectancies |
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Your beliefs about who or what is in charge of the outcomes in your life are called your _____. |
Locus of control |
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Della believes she earned an "A" in chemistry because the test was easy and she made a lot of lucky guesses. It is likely that Della has a(n) _____ locus of control. |
External |
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This is the study of the extent to which behavioral differences are due to genetics rather than the environment. |
Behavioral genetics |
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_____ appear(s) to have the largest influence (40% to 50%) on personality. |
Genetics |
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The _____ approach represents a blending of several theories of personality. |
Biopsychosocial |
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On _____ personality tests, people are asked to describe themselves on paper-and-pencil tasks that have a limited number of response options and a standardized scoring system. |
Objective |
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A multiphasic personality test measures _____. |
A range of personality traits |
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According to your text, the major objective of the MMPI-2 is to _____. |
Assist in the diagnosis of psychological disorders |
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The Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test are examples of _____ tests. |
Projective personality |
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On the Thematic Apperception Test, people are asked to look at an ambiguous scene and ______. |
Tell a story about what has, is, and will happen in the scene |
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With regard to personality testing, _____ refers to the ability of a test to measure the trait it says it will, rather than some other trait; whereas _____ refers to the extent to which the same person receives the same score on a personality test when it is administered more than once. |
Validity; reliability |
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One reason people tend to believe in pseudo personality tests is because they have "something for everyone." This is called the _____. |
Barnum Effect |
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