gametes |
the sex cells from the mother and father that form a new cell at conception |
zygote |
the new cell formed by the process of fertilization |
genes |
the basic unit of genetic information |
DNA |
the substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how it will function |
chromosomes |
rod-shaped portions of DNA that are organized in 23 pairs |
monozygotic twin |
twins who are genetically identical |
dizygotic twins |
twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time |
dominant trait |
the one trait that is expressed when two competing traits are present |
recessive trait |
trait within an organism that is present, but is not expressed |
genotype |
the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism |
phenotype |
an observable trait; the trait that actually is seen |
homozygous |
inheriting from parents different forms of a gene for a given trait |
polygenic inheritance |
inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for the production of a particular trait |
x-linked genes |
genes that are considered recessive and located only on the x chromosome |
behavioral genetics |
the study of the effects of heredity on behavior and psychological characteristics |
down syndrome |
a disorder produced by the presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair; once referred to as mongolism |
fragile x syndrome |
a disorder produced by injury to a gene on the x chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation |
sickle-cell anemia |
a blood disorder that gets its name from the shape of the red bood cells in those who have it |
tay-sachs disease |
a disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment |
klinefelter’s syndrome |
a disorder resulting from the presence of an extra x chromosome that produces underdeeloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts |
genetic counseling |
the discipline that focuses on helping people deal with issues relation to inherited disorders |
ultrasound sonography |
a process in which high-frequency sound waves scan the mother’s womb to produce an image of the unborn baby, whose size and shape can then be assessed |
chorionic villus sampling |
a test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo |
anmiocentesis |
the process of identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into the amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn fetus |
temperament |
patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual |
multifactorial transmission |
the determination of traits by a combination of both genetic environmental factors in which a genotype provides a range within which a phenotype may be expressed |
fertilization |
the process by which a sperm and an ovum–the male and female gametes, respectively–join to form a single new cell |
germinal stage |
the first, and shortest, stage of prenatal period, which takes place during the first two weeks following conception |
placenta |
a conduit between the mother and fetus, providing nourishment and oxygen via the umbilical cord |
embryonic stage |
the period form two to eight weeks following fertilization during which significant growth occurs in the major organs and body systems |
fetal stage |
the stage that begins at about eight weeks after conception and continues until birth |
fetus |
a developing child, from eight weeks after conception until birth |
infertility |
the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant |
artificial insemination |
a process of fertilization in which a man’s sperm is placed directly into a woman’s vagina by a physician |
in vitro fertilization |
a procedure in which a woman’s ova are removed from her ovaries, and a man’s sperm are used to fertilize the ova in the labratory |
fetal alcohol syndrome |
a disorder causd by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy, potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child |
fetal alcohol effects |
a condition in which children discplay some, although not all, of the problems of fetal alcohol syndrome due to the mother’s concumtion of alcohol durin gpregnancy |
teratogen |
a factor that produces a birth defect |
psychology ch. 2
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