quickly engaged in apologetic behavior |
In a study conducted by Zahn-Waxler, 5-year-old girls acted out a disagreement between two female dolls. The researchers discovered that girls who _____ were more apt to be disruptive at age 9 than other girls |
Christine wears a dress, and her parents tell her how pretty she looks |
Which scenario demonstrates the behaviorist theory regarding gender development? |
permissive |
Abida is a nurturing parent and has good communication with her children whom she never disciplines. Her parenting style is: |
Preeminent Psychosocial Accomplishment |
between the ages of 2 and 6; Learning when and how to express emotions. Emotional Regulation. |
initiative vs guilt |
Erikson called the psychosocial developmental stage that occurs between 3 and 6 years of age: v |
one half |
Compared to parents in the United States, ______ as many Canadian parents use slapping, pinching, or smacking as a form of punishment. |
competition |
What is one of the functions peers provide in active play? |
fear |
Regulation of which emotion is MOST emphasized in the United States? |
use a play face |
Just as monkeys do in their rough-and-tumble play, human children: |
were unlikely to draw independently at a later time |
In 1973, Lepper and colleagues conducted an experiment in which children did drawings. Some of the children were promised a reward while others received a surprise reward. The researchers found that the children who received the expected award for drawing: |
identifying with their father |
According to Freud, little boys cope with the guilt of wanting to kill their fathers by: |
professionals something something |
What is the MOST probable reason child abuse is underreported? |
2:4 |
By age ______, children can consistently apply gender labels. By age ____, children are convinced that certain toys are appropriate for one gender but not the other. |
instrumental aggression |
Aggression used to obtain or retain a toy or other object is called: |
authoritarian |
When parents expect unquestioning obedience from their children, their parenting style is labeled: |
William’s positive self-concept |
William is at the toy store and sees a construction set. He asks his dad if he can have it for his birthday. His dad asks him if he thinks he would be able to use it. William reminds his dad that he is good at building with blocks. What does this example demonstrate? |
Using electronic media |
Today’s children, especially those living in urban areas, spend more time _______ than playing outdoors. |
They think that everyone wants to take advantage of them |
How do abused children come to view other people? |
Internalizing problems |
_____ are marked by excessive guilt, withdrawal, or fearfulness. |
evolutionary theory |
Which theory states that gender role differences are rooted in a basic urge to reproduce? |
Their peers |
Young children usually play best with: |
authoritative |
Young children tend to learn the most from teachers who use which style? |
permissive |
Children who lack self-control are most likely to have parents who have the ______ parenting style. |
antisocial behavior, including murder |
Rough and tumble play between boys and fathers may prevent _____ later on. |
an externalizing problem |
When 4-year-old Karen is angry, she lashes out by hitting. This is an example of: |
Example of proactive aggression |
hitman for the mob breaks someone’s arm to increase obedience |
Reactive Aggression example |
punch your spouse in the face because he cheated on you |
Example of indirect aggression |
spreading a rumor that your ex has an STD |
Psychopathology |
The clinical term of illness or disorder of the mind referred to as: |
D. Paul, who is unhappy and lacks self-control. |
The individual most likely to have grown up with permissive parents is: |
has been disproved by research |
The idea that child maltreatment is rare and perpetuated by disturbed strangers: |
flying kites |
Which is NOT a form of play engaged in by young children in all cultures? |
preconventional |
Carla is usually good because she is afraid that she will be punished if she isn’t. Carla is at which level of Kohlberg’s view of moral development? |
conventional; law and order |
Leon is asked whether a person should steal food if they are starving. Leon says no because it is against the law. Leon is in Kohlberg’s _____ moral reasoning level, in the stage called _____. |
the preoperational stage. |
The Piagetian stage of development that is similar to Kohlberg’s stage of preconventional morality is: |
functions of a family. |
Developing self-respect, nurturing friendships with peers, and encouraging learning are three of the: |
align themselves with their peers. |
When child culture conflicts with adult morality, children will: |
two-thirds |
About _____ of school-age children live in a two-parent family. |
Freud |
Who described middle childhood as a time of latency? |
Industrious |
According to Erikson, if 9-year-old Anna is successful in solving her psychosocial conflict, she should be developing a(n) ______ view of herself. |
keep quiet about it. |
Ten-year-old India caught Lyndsey, her best friend, lying to her own mom. India will probably: |
seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. |
Preconventional morality involves: |
middle childhood |
What period is the prime time for moral development? |
industry versus inferiority |
What is Erikson’s fourth stage of psychosocial development? |
Child Culture |
The particular rules and behaviors that are passed down to younger children from older children are what define: |
Reflecting her culture |
Astrid, age 6, helps her aunt make tortillas in the early morning and then she goes to school until noon. In the afternoon, she and her best friend watch their baby brothers while their mothers sell goods at the market. In the evening, her whole family talks and eats together. She knows her parents are proud of her and she feels proud too. According to the text, Astrid’s labor is: |
Stepparent Family |
Dimitri has been married before and has two biological children. He has just married Natasha, who has also been married before and has a biological son. Their family is an example of a: |
industrious, practicing the skills valued by their culture. |
More than people of any other age, children between the ages of 6 and 11 are: |
differential sensitivity theory |
Marissa and Jessica, sisters born two years apart, grew up in an impoverished, violent neighborhood. As adults, Marissa is chronically jobless and is addicted to drugs while Jessica is a professor of economics at a community college. Which theory might explain their different life outcomes? |
being actively involved in his church. |
Joel, age 8, lives in a very stressful, chaotic home where he sometimes witnesses his mother being physically abused by her boyfriend. Joel’s problems may be overcome by: |
members of their own sex. |
Most bullies pick on: |
self-concept |
Children’s ideas about their intelligence, personality, abilities, gender and ethnic background form their: |
functions of a family. |
Developing self-respect, nurturing friendships with peers, and encouraging learning are three of the: |
align themselves with their eers. |
When child culture conflicts with adult morality, children will: |
the universal needs of childhood. |
Ajay, age 8, sleeps in the back of the shop where he works. His gets a bowl of rice with vegetables to eat. He carries heavy loads. In Ajay’s village, his siblings sometimes have nothing to eat. None of them goes to school. His employer’s son sometimes brings a book in the evening to teach Ajay to read. In making a judgment about Ajay’s situation, one must consider: |
may change over time |
The quality of resilience is dynamic, which means that it: |
lower, at about 13 percent |
While 41 percent of all U.S. births were to single mothers in 2010, the number of children who grow up in a household with a single mother who never marries is: |
"I am careful not to get caught." |
The statement that best reflects moral reasoning at the preconventional level is: |
no child based on race or gender |
One study found that 98 percent of surveyed children believed that sports teams should exclude: |
the careful consideration of all options. |
Postconventional morality involves: |
her peers, parents, and culture. |
Adrionna has begun to participate in arguments on issues of right and wrong. She is developing her own moral thinking, guided by: |
decrease her self-esteem. |
Andrea is a typical 11-year-old whose growing self-consciousness and self-criticism drive her to frequently compare herself with her peers. If Andrea is like most children, such comparisons will: |
genes may have a stronger effect than familial environment on talents. |
Alan is an adopted child who lives with three siblings, all biological children of his adoptive parents. Alan’s math skills are far better than those of his adoptive parents or his adoptive siblings. This provides evidence that: |
African Americans |
In the United States, which ethnic group is MOST likely to accept and support single parents? |
their self-esteem may suffer as they compare themselves with others. |
Since schoolchildren judge their own talents and limitations more realistically than preschoolers: |
Marla, who was punished for not telling the teacher who threw a paper airplane |
School-age children would most admire: |
Industry |
Barbara is in the third grade. She spends many hours rehearsing her math skills, reading books, and collecting bugs. According to Erikson, Barbara is developing a healthy sense of _____ through these tasks. |
cognitive development. |
According to Kohlberg _____ is what advances a person’s morality. |
It provides a crucial defense against emotional problems. |
Why is it so important that children learn a sense of industry? |
Jean Piaget |
Lawrence Kohlberg built on the theories of ______ in his description of the stages of moral development. |
Newborns |
__________ prefer their mother’s language more than any other language. |
Slow-wave |
______________ sleep which is characterized by slow, deep breathing; a calm, regular heartbeat; and reduced blood pressure increases significantly at about three or four months of age. |
sensorimotor |
Piaget called an infant’s first period of cognitive development ________________ intelligence. |
cortex |
This makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing. |
15 to 17 |
Approximately how many hours per day does the average newborn spend asleep? |
triples |
The average newborn ________ his weight by 1 year. |
autism |
A hypothesis that has been repeatedly disproved is that the MMR vaccine causes ___________. |
vision |
The neonate’s __________ is clearest when objects are four to 30 inches away. Neonate- a newborn child |
8 and 10 |
Between _____ months of age, most infants can lift their midsections and crawl on "all fours." |
Piaget |
According to _________, a stage-five sensorimotor baby is like a scientist who experiments to see what will happen. |
malaria |
For which illness is an immunization NOT available? |
prefrontal cortex. |
The last part of the brain to mature is the _______________. |
fewer |
Studies comparing breast-feeding to bottle-feeding show that breast-fed babies have ________ allergies and stomachaches. |
neurotransmitters |
The function of _______________ is to carry information from one neuron to another. |
sensation |
The process that first detects an external stimulus is ____________. |
vision |
The sense that is the least developed at birth is an infant’s __________. |
stage three. |
The first of Piaget’s sensorimotor stages that involves an infant’s interaction with something else is ______________. |
28 |
A typical child at 24 months weighs about _____ pounds. |
sensation/perception/cognition |
You see a beautiful yellow flower while walking through a meadow. Your eyes seeing the flower is a matter of ______. Your brain determining that the flower is yellow is a matter of ______. Imagining how the flower will look in a vase would demonstrate ______. |
3 months |
Children as young as _____ old exhibit signs of the own-race effect. |
Skinner |
By 10 months of age, Alan has a vocabulary of a dozen words. ____________ would have attributed Alan’s rapid speech development mainly to the amount his parents talk to him. |
mother’s |
Newborns prefer their ____________ language more than any other language. |
neuron |
A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a(n): |
nouns |
As infants acquire language, they say more _____ than any other parts of speech. |
motherese |
Elaine communicates with her new baby using child-directed speech, which is also referred to as ______________. |
75 44 |
In the United States, _____ percent of babies are breast-fed at birth, and _____ percent are breast-fed at six months. |
less |
Jordan’s weight is in the 50th percentile. This means that 50 percent of children his age weigh ______ than he does. |
crawl |
Renee is concerned because her son is 13 months old and is starting to walk before learning to crawl. What advice would a pediatrician give to Renee? She should not be worried since some babies do not ______. |
fivefold |
From birth until age two, dendrites in the cortex increase __________. |
B |
The usual order of the development of spoken language in an infant is: A) cooing, babbling, reflexes, and spoken words. B) reflexes, cooing, babbling, and spoken words. C) babbling, cooing, spoken words, and reflexes. D) cooing, reflexes, babbling, and spoken words. |
sensation |
Whenever the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus, a(n) _____ has occurred. |
pruning |
The process through which unused and misconnected dendrites atrophy and die is called: |
500 and 1500 |
When they practice walking, babies average between _____ steps per hour. |
marasmus |
Lyrissa lives in Africa. She is 9 months old and does not weigh enough due to malnutrition. Her life is in danger. Lyrissa suffers from: |
infant and child mortality |
Clean water, immunizations, and nutritious food have all had a dramatic impact on: |
normally |
Trent is an infant who lacks the toys and videos that promote brain development. He spends much of his day in a playpen with kitchen items for toys, listening to his grandmother sing while his mother works outside the home. In this situation, Trent’s brain development will most likely proceed __________ due to the self-righting tendency. |
2 and 4 |
Binocular vision appears between _____ months of age. |
stage four |
In which of Piaget’s sensorimotor stages do infants adapt, anticipate, and become more deliberate in responding to people and objects? |
transient exuberance. |
The brain develops extremely quickly in the first few years, but not all of this growth is permanent. Due to its rapidity and temporary nature, this rapid brain growth is called: |
20 |
A newborn’s brain weight is _____ percent of an adult’s brain weight. |
almost as much |
Mothers who work full time outside the home play with their children ______ as mothers who stay at home play with their children. |
learning trust or mistrust. |
In Erikson’s theory, the infant’s earliest task is described as that of: |
awareness |
The emotions of shame, pride, and embarrassment require that a child first gain _________________ of other people. |
Watson |
Which theorist stated, "Failure to bring up a happy child, a well-adjusted child—assuming bodily health—falls squarely upon the parents’ shoulders"? |
trust versus mistrust |
The first crisis of life, according to Erikson, is: |
frustration |
An infant’s anger is usually triggered by ________________. |
disorganized |
Baby Carrie’s father is holding her. She is smiling at him one minute and then, unexpectedly, she slaps his face. Since this is typical behavior for her, she may have which type of attachment? |
first |
If a child successfully resolves Erikson’s __________ stage, he or she can be expected to explore his or her world. |
social awareness |
Which characteristics must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt? |
6 months |
The emotion of anger usually appears at the age of: |
responds |
The Strange Situation measures how a child ____________ to separations and reunions with a caregiver. |
temperament |
Research has found that a person’s _____________________ is linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy. |
sadness |
Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant’s: |
anterior cingulate gyrus |
This specific part of the brain is responsible for emotional self-regulation: |
secure |
A child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver is a scenario which portrays ______________ attachment. |
5 |
Parents of a typical ____ year-old girl in America are MOST likely to say: "She isn’t eating enough." |
myelination |
The ability to generate several thoughts in rapid succession is most specifically related to ___________________. |
scaffolding |
Sydney helps her 2-year-old daughter to make hot chocolate. She helps the child to measure teaspoons of cocoa into a cup, add water, stir the contents, and then microwave the cup. Sydney is providing _________________. |
Overregularization |
___________________________ in a child’s speech patterns indicates that the child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizations. |
fast-mapping |
When children hear a new word in a familiar context, they can simply add the word to the general category without fully understanding the word. This is called: |
focus on appearance |
A preschool child thinks a tall 20-year-old man is older than a short 40-year-old man. This is an example of: |
Montessori |
Learning Circle Preschool emphasizes individual pride and achievement while focusing on teaching young children literacy-related tasks. Learning Circle’s approach seems to most closely resemble a(n) ______________ program. |
critical period |
When Renee was 11 months old, she was injured in a car crash. She was in a coma for almost a year and then spent many months of recovery from a brain injury. By her third birthday, although she is making good process, she has not yet spoken, and her parents are fearful that she will never speak. The doctors, however, feel confident that Renee will learn speak. This is because language learning in the first four years is NOT a: |
developed |
In ________________ nations, calcium, iron, and zinc are MOST apt to be lacking in a child’s diet. |
Vygotsky |
According to ______________, guided participation requires that a child interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task. |
just right |
Kindra, age 4, is very particular about her daily routines, especially at mealtime. She will only eat from a certain plate, drink from one certain cup, and must have a folded napkin next to her plate. She is exhibiting the phenomenon called __________________. |
fine |
Using scissors to cut paper. an example of a ________ motor skill. |
1/3 |
What proportion of all children under the age of 6 in the United States suffer from tooth decay? |
decreases |
A child’s appetite _____ between the ages of 2 and 6. |
acid |
Sylvia wants to keep her son from getting cavities, so she lets him drink diet soda instead of regular soda. Her dentist tells her that her strategy won’t work because diet soda has as much _______ as regular soda. |
injury control |
Instead of accident prevention, health workers prefer the term ____________. |
fine |
Buttoning a coat is an activity that requires ________ motor skills. |
Logical extension |
_______________________ involves linking a newly-learned word to other objects in the same category. |
centration |
Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old woman who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a babysitter. According to Piaget, this is because Bobby’s thinking has moved beyond _____________. |
fine/gross |
Writing your name is a ______ motor skill, whereas kicking a ball is a ______ motor skill. |
static reasoning |
When children assume that the world is unchanging, they engage in: |
Math |
A study of 5-year-old children in Milwaukee showed that those who attended a Montessori preschool were more advanced in _____ skills than those who did not attend. |
centration |
A magician’s goal is to get the audience to focus on one aspect of his demonstration while he manipulates another. This is easy to do with preoperational children, as they are fooled by their tendency to demonstrate ___________________. |
corpus callosum |
Kayla is 4 years old and has recently begun coordinating the two sides of her body more efficiently. This improvement can be attributed to the growth of her _______________________. |
scaffolding |
Miriam helps her son Ben to make cookies. She measures all of the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon. This is an example of ______________________. |
left |
Ryan suffered a brain injury as a result of an automobile accident. His abilities to speak and to process language were severely affected. His injury was to the __________ side of his brain. |
learn |
The goal of most teacher-directed preschools is to make children ready to _________. |
Vygotsky |
Each time Juan puts a puzzle together, his father gives him a little less help. Which theorist would be MOST pleased with Juan’s father? |
emotions |
The amygdala is a brain structure that registers: |
static reasoning |
When Jennie sees her third-grade teacher in the grocery store, she is shocked to see her outside of school. This is likely due to Jennie’s: |
lowest |
An evaluation of Head Start found that benefits were MOST apparent for children with the _________ family income. |
Reggio Emilia |
The _____________________ early-childhood program focuses on children’s creativity and artistic talent. |
2/6 |
By the age of __, a child will typically have a vocabulary of 500 words; by the age of __, a child will typically have a vocabulary of 10,000 words. |
parent |
According to Vygotsky, a child’s first mentor is a ____________. |
4 years |
At what age do MOST children without older siblings develop theory of mind? |
logical extension |
Caitlin, age 4, visited the city zoo, pointed to a zebra, and exclaimed, "Look at the horse with stripes!" In describing the zebra, she used: |
logically |
Piaget believed that until about age 6, it is difficult for children to think __________. |
change |
The science of human development seeks to understand how and why people _________ over time. |
together |
Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of nature and nurture working _____________. |
sensitive |
Language learning is considered a __________ period. |
multidirectional |
With age, people experience losses in some domains and gains in others. This is consistent with the ____________ nature of development. |
exosystem |
Church is an example of an _______________? |
epigenetic |
The ___________ theory places the greatest emphasis on the interaction between genes and the environment. |
Freud |
Psychoanalytic theory originated with ________. |
master |
In Erikson’s industry versus inferiority stage, children try to _______ new skills. |
crisis |
Each of Erikson’s developmental stages is characterized by a particular challenge or developmental __________. |
learning theory |
Behaviorism is also called ________________. |
classical conditioning. |
Pavlov’s experiment in which he conditioned dogs to salivate after hearing a bell demonstrated what he called ______________ ________________. |
modeling |
In social learning theory, ____________ is a process by which people observe the actions of others and then copy them. |
operant |
According to behaviorists, almost all daily behavior, from combing your hair to joking with friends, is a result of past ____________ conditioning |
think |
Piaget was primarily interested in how children ________. |
experiment |
An ___________ is a research method that is used in order to establish what causes a behavior. |
first |
Posing a question is the ______ step of the scientific method. |
environmental |
In the science of human development, "nurture" refers to ______________ influences. |
multidirectional |
The idea that change does not always occur in a straight line defines the _____ characteristic of development. |
natural |
Throughout his life, Bronfenbrenner emphasized studying humans in __________ settings. |
microsystem |
The ______________ includes family and peers. |
social class |
What does "socioeconomic status" refer to? |
Epigenetic |
The ______________ theory arises from biology, genetics, and neuroscience. |
epigenetic |
Development is the result of interaction between biological and environmental forces. This statement most closely describes the _______________ theory. |
sexual |
According to Freud, each stage of development in the first six years of life is characterized by ______________ pleasure. |
difference |
Freud emphasized psychosexual development, whereas Erikson emphasized psychosocial development. This is a major ____________ between Erikson and Freud is that |
adolescence |
At what age does Erikson’s stage of identity versus role confusion occur? |
learning |
Behaviorists are also referred to as ___________ theorists. |
operant |
The type of learning in which either a reinforcement or punishment follows a particular behavior is called _________ conditioning. |
Bandura |
Social learning theory was first described by _________. |
Formal Operational |
____________ _____________ is Piaget’s stage in which one expect would expect to see the development of an interest in ethics, politics, and social and moral issues. |
cognitive |
Five-year-old Jada is learning to speak Dutch. In this example, what would be the primary domain of development? |
experiment |
In an ____________, tests of significance are used to indicate whether the results might have occurred by chance. |
one |
For several months after birth, newborns gain approximately _____ ounce per day. |
50 |
By 24 months, most children are about ____ percent of their adult height. |
billions |
At birth, the brain has ____________________ of neurons. |
synapses |
The axon of one neuron meets the dendrites of other neurons at intersections called _____. |
pruning |
Unused neurons and misconnected dendrites shrink and die. This process occurs during ___________. |
Shaken baby syndrome |
___________ ________ __________ is seen in one in five children hospitalized for maltreatment. |
REM |
Sleep characterized by flickering eyes and rapid brain waves is called ________ sleep. |
focus |
Typically, infants’ eyes can _______ on a single thing between two and four months. |
gross |
Crawling is an example of a _______ motor skill. |
fine |
Holding a bottle is an example of a _______ motor skill. |
malaria |
According to your text, which of the following diseases does NOT have an immunization available? |
whooping cough |
Lack of immunization is blamed for a spike in _____ in California in 2010. |
colostrum |
The thick, high-calorie fluid secreted by the mother’s breasts at birth is called ___________. |
reduces |
Breast-feeding ________ the risk of cancer, asthma, and diabetes. |
sensorimotor intelligence |
Piaget’s cognitive development period that lasts from birth to two years is called ____________ ________________. |
adaptation |
What occurs when infants change from sucking their mother’s breast to sucking a pacifier? |
four |
Stage _______ of sensorimotor intelligence is characterized by new adaptation and anticipation. |
deferred imitation |
One-year-old Danielle watches her sister talk on a cell phone. The next day Danielle holds the cell phone to her ear as if she is using the phone. Danielle is demonstrating ________ ___________. |
spoken |
Reflexive, cooing, babbling, and simple words is the typical order of ________ language development. |
reinforcement |
Behaviorists believe that a mother who gives _________ will stimulate her child’s communication skills. |
20 |
The average length of a newborn at birth is approximately ___ inches. |
50 |
Typical two-year-olds are already ___ percent their adult height. |
before |
Most neurons are created ________ birth. |
pruning |
Which term is used to describe the process in which unused neurons die? |
shaken baby syndrome |
Which of the following may result in brain damage, coma, or death? |
self-righting |
The inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit is known as __________________. |
decreases |
Over the first few months of infancy, the amount of time spent in REM (dreaming) sleep ___________. |
sensation |
When a sensory system detects a stimulus, _____ occurs. |
perception |
Which term describes what occurs when the brain notices and processes a sensation? |
sight |
Which of the following senses is the least developed at birth? |
gross |
Large body movements, such as walking and jumping, are ______ motor skills. |
MMR |
The ______ vaccine protects against measles, mumps, and rubella. |
less |
Breast-fed babies are often _____ sick than formula-fed babies. |
Benefits |
__________ for breast-fed babies include fewer cavities, better childhood vision, and protection against many childhood diseases. |
sensorimotor intelligence |
The thought process in infants that relies on senses and motor skills is known as ___________ _________________. |
object permanence |
Isaiah is seven months old. His sister takes a toy and hides it behind her back. Isaiah cries and does not look for the toy. It is likely that he has not yet acquired _______________ _____________. |
Tertiary |
____________ circular reactions are characterized by active exploration and experimentation. |
computer |
The information-processing theory compares human thinking to _____________ functioning. |
motherese |
Child-directed speech is preferred by newborns over other sounds, is high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive speech used by adults. It is also called _______________. |
innate |
According to Chomsky’s theory of language development, __________ ability predicts communication. |
expressions |
The first emotional ________________ to emerge at birth are crying and contentment. |
6 |
An infant normally begins to express anger at ___ months. |
Separation |
______________ anxiety is normal at age one but not after age three. It happens when a child shows distress when his or her caregiver leaves. It intensifies by age two and then usually subsides by age three. |
self awareness |
When an infant realizes that he or she is a distinct individual whose actions are separate from others, she is exhibiting _______ ______________. |
self recognition |
Pretending and using the words "I," "me," "mine," and "myself" are evidence that the child has developed ____ ______________. |
synchrony |
A mutually coordinated, rapid, smooth interaction between a caregiver and an infant is called _____________. |
attachment |
When a toddler begins to walk and talk, the social bond with the caregiver changes from synchrony to ____________. |
proximity |
When one-year-old Albert exhibits ___________ seeking behavior, he crawls after his father when his father leaves the room. |
Mary Ainsworth |
Although cultural differences exist, most infants worldwide develop special attachments to their caregivers. This discovery is attributed to _________ ___________. |
insecure |
_____________ resistant/ambivalent attachment pattern describes a child who both welcomes and resists contact with his caregiver after being apart for some time. |
Secure |
____________ attachment is more difficult when the parents were abused as children, when families are socially isolated, and when infants are unusually difficult. |
cautious |
According to the text, father encourage infants to explore, whereas mothers tend to be more ___________. |
development |
The psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the need for responsive maternal care and connects biosocial with psychosocial ________________. |
anus |
According to Freud, the primary source of gratification during the second year of life is the ________. |
trust vs mistrust |
What does Erikson call the first crisis of life? |
Proximal |
________ parenting involves close physical contact with a child. |
distal |
_______ parenting involves engaging the child more intellectually rather than with close physical contact. |
cognitive theory |
The idea of a working model is from ____________ ___________. |
schema |
A ______ is an organized conception of something. |
allocare |
The care of children by people other than the biological parents is called ___________. |
family day care |
According to the text, nonrelative child care in a home is referred to as __________ ____ _______. |
6 |
An infant smiles at someone who is holding her. We can assume that the infant is probably about _____ weeks old. |
stranger |
When an infant is fearful of strangers, he or she is exhibiting __________ wariness. |
separation |
An infant’s distress when his or her caregiver leaves is known as ____________ anxiety. |
self awareness |
The realization that one’s body, mind, and activities are distinct from those of other people is known as _____ _______________. |
proximity |
Albert crawls after his father when his father leaves the room. In doing so, Albert is exhibiting ____________ seeking behavior. |
still face |
The experimental practice in which adults stare at their baby and remain expressionless is called the ______ ________ technique. |
secure |
When an infant is comfortable and confident in the presence of his or her caregivers, the infant is said to have a _________ attachment. |
contact |
insecure resistant/ambivalent attachment pattern involves an infant who both resists and seeks ___________ when reunited with his or her caregiver |
toys |
Exploration of ______ is one of the key aspects of the Strange Situation. |
responsiveness |
One of the most influential factors that determine a child’s type of attachment is the ___________________ of the parents. |
fathers |
Synchrony, attachment, and social referencing are all apparent with ________ in all cultures. |
autonomy vs shame and doubt |
Erikson’s second crisis of life that begins when self-awareness emerges is known as _____. |
psychoanalytic |
The theory that emphasizes the need for responsive maternal care and connects biosocial with psychosocial development is _________________. |
Freud |
__________ would trace a person’s excessive eating, drinking, or talking to how that person’s mother handled his or her urge to suck during infancy. |
trust vs mistrust |
What is Erikson’s first crisis of life? |
Behaviorists |
_____________ believe that emotions and personality are molded as parents reinforce or punish a child. |
proximal |
Research indicates that toddlers with ________ mothers were more compliant but less self aware. |
internal working model |
A set of assumptions that become a frame of reference for later life is known as the _______ __________ __________. |
low |
High-quality day care during infancy has a ______ turnover rate. |
almost |
A time-use study found that mothers who worked full time outside the home spent ________ as much time playing with their babies as mothers with no outside jobs. |
developed |
By age six, the average child in a ____________ nation weighs between 40 and 50 pounds. |
just right |
The _________ _______ phenomenon refers to young children’s insistence on routine. |
motor skills |
Environmental hazards such as pollution interfere with the development of ______________. |
tertiary |
Removing an abused child from the home is an example of ___________ prevention of child maltreatment. |
inevitable |
Experts prefer the term "injury control" over the term "accident prevention, because the use of the term "accident" suggests that no one is at fault and that certain events are _________. |
prefrontal cortex |
Which area is said to be the "executive" area of the brain? |
corpus callosum |
The _________ allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain. |
perseveration |
The tendency to stick to one thought or action for a long time is known as _____________. |
limbic system |
The ________ ________ is crucial for the expression and regulation of emotions. |
hippocampus |
The ________________ is a central processor of memory, particularly for remembering locations. |
egocentrism |
Which Piagetian term literally means "self-centered"? |
focus on appearance |
Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child ignoring all attributes that are not obvious? |
guided |
After noticing that her younger brother was having difficulty with a jigsaw puzzle, Rose helped him by praising his successes and recognizing his progress. From Vygotsky’s perspective, this as an example of ____________ participation. |
zone of proximal development |
Vygotsky believed that everyone learns within their _________________, which is an intellectual area where new skills can be mastered. |
theory-theory |
__________ refers to the idea that children naturally construct theories to explain what they see and hear. |
suddenly |
Theory of mind typically appears rather __________. |
fast mapping |
The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called ________ __________. |
overregularization |
The tendency of a young child to apply rules of grammar when he or she should not is ______________. |
Vygotsky |
Child-centered programs recognize that children learn through play with other children. This is most consistent with the views of ____________. |
head start |
According to the text, these programs vary in length, curriculum, and goals which complicates the evaluation of ______ ________ programs? |
6 |
By age ___, the average child in a developed nation is at least three and one-half feet tall. |
just right |
When a young child insists that he brushes his teeth before he reads a story – not after – he or she is exhibiting the _______ ________ phenomenon. |
motor |
Exposure to high levels of lead does not cause a decrease in ________ skills. |
prefrontal cortex |
The __________ _________ is involved in planning and goal-directed behavior. |
lateralization |
The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain is ________________. |
amygdala |
The _______ is the brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. |
egocentrism |
A three-year-old who gives his mother a toy car for HER birthday and expects that she will love it is demonstrating _________________. |
static reasoning |
_________ ___________ is a characteristic of preoperational thought which involves a child assuming that the world is unchanging. |
intelligence |
Vygotsky emphasized the ability to learn as a measure of _____________. |
scaffolding |
________________ refers to temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and aimed at helping him or her master a new skill. |
overimitation |
The tendency of children to copy an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned is known as ________________. |
theory of mind |
The understanding that others can have thoughts and ideas unlike one’s own describes _______________________. |
fast mapping |
As a hobby, Jessica and her husband work on car engines. Jessica doesn’t always know what a particular car part is, but she typically understands its function and places it in an appropriate mental category. This is an example of ________________. |
grammar |
Overregularization demonstrates a child’s understanding of __________. |
quality |
Research on early-childhood education programs finds that _________ matters most. |
Montessori |
___________ schools emphasize individual pride and accomplishment. |
Reggio Emilia |
Which of the following preschools, named after the town in Italy where it began, encourages students to master skills such as writing and using tools? |
teacher |
_________ directed programs stress readiness for school, emphasizing letters and numbers that all children should understand. |
1965 |
Head Start, the federally-funded early-childhood education program for four-year-olds, began in ________. |
hispanic |
The young children who are least likely to attend preschool in the United States are typically ____________. |
emotional regulation |
Children who have mastered ___________ have learned when and how to express emotions. |
third |
Initiative versus guilt is Erikson’s _____ developmental stage. |
protective optimism |
Preschoolers predict that they can solve impossible puzzles or control their dreams. These naive predictions are called __________ ____________. |
motivation |
The impulse that propels someone to act is called _____________. |
intrinsic |
A musician who plays for the delight of making music has an _________ motivation. |
prefrontal cortex |
Four-year-old Brooks is afraid of certain things, such as the sound of a train whistle and going to bed without a light on. His excessive fears are an expression of immature development of his ___________ ____________. |
psychopathology |
An illness or disorder of the mind is referred to as ____________________. |
externalizing |
When a person expresses powerful feelings through uncontrolled physical or verbal outbursts, he or she is _________________ problems. |
internalizing |
An example of an externalizing problem is attacking other people, while an example of an ______________ problem is being withdrawn. |
Peers |
_________ provide practice in emotional regulation, empathy, and social understanding. |
parallel |
When children play with similar toys, but not together is an example of ___________ play. |
Baumrind |
Many researchers have traced the effects of parenting on child development, but the researcher whose findings continue to be very influential is _____________. |
authoritarian |
What is the parenting style in which parents are more likely to use physical punishment? |
electronic media |
On average, young children of every ethnic and economic group spend three to five hours a day exposed to __________ _______. |
empathy |
___________ refers to a true understanding of the feelings and concerns of another person. |
antisocial |
Six-year-old Johnny suddenly makes an angry face at Alan and kicks him hard for no apparent reason. Johnny is displaying _____________ behavior. |
relational |
_____________ aggression is type of aggression which is characterized by insults or social rejection aimed at harming the victim’s friendships. |
discipline |
The ultimate goal of ____________ is to teach the child the standards of behavior within his or her culture. |
physically |
Longitudinal research has found that children who are __________ punished are more likely to become bullies, delinquents, and then abusive adults. |
time out |
A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people for a specified time is called a _______ ____. |
regulation |
The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed is referred to as emotional ________________. |
third |
Erikson’s _______ developmental stage, in which self-esteem emerges, is called initiative versus guilt. |
Imaginary |
__________ friends are increasingly common between ages three and seven. |
intrinsic |
Drive that comes from inside a person is called ____________ motivation. |
emotion |
The part of the brain in which neurological advances significantly affect the ability to regulate ________ is the prefrontal cortex. |
less |
In an experiment by Lepper and colleagues (1973), children who knew they would receive an award for drawing were _______ likely to draw. |
reparative |
Girls whose behavior problems got worse over the first years of primary school were more likely to engage in _____________ behavior than boys were. |
hormonal |
According to the text, neurological and ___________ effects may make boys more vulnerable to externalizing problems and girls more vulnerable to internalizing problems. |
peers |
People of about the same age and social status are known as _______. |
Solitary |
________ play is the first to appear in Parten’s progression of social play. |
warmth |
The researcher Diana Baumrind found that parents differ in expressions of _________ of child rearing. |
permissive |
Parents who have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children are characterized by Baumrind as ___________. |
sex |
Biological differences between males and females are referred to as _____ differences. |
Erikson |
__________ explained that with maturity and adult guidance, children develop guilt and self-control. |
empathy |
A parent might ask a child, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?" to encourage ___________. |
prosocial |
Feelings and actions that are helpful and kind without a personal motive are ____________. |
Bullying |
_____________ is a kind of aggression that is unprovoked and involves repeated physical or verbal attacks. |
intrumental |
Hurtful behavior, common among two-year-olds, that is intended to get something that another person has is called ______________ aggression. |
Physical |
____________ punishment increases the possibility of aggression and temporarily increases obedience. |
fourth |
Industry versus inferiority is Erikson’s _________ stage of psychosocial development. |
inferior |
According to Erikson, if eight-year-old Kristina does NOT solve the fourth stage of her psychosocial conflict, she will come to view herself as _________. |
latency |
Freud referred to middle childhood as the period of __________. |
comparison |
The tendency to assess one’s own abilities by measuring them against those of other people, especially peers, is social _____________. |
resilience |
The capacity to develop well by adapting positively to significant adversity is called ______________. |
function |
The way in which a family works to meet the needs of its members is referred to as family ___________. |
structure |
The legal and genetic connections among people living in the same household are known as family _________. |
stability |
A child that grows up in a military family is usually lacking in ________. |
nuclear |
The most common type of family structure for U.S. children between ages six and 11 is __________. |
extended |
An ___________ family is a family that may include cousins, uncles, and grandparents. |
function |
According to your text, two factors that significantly interfere with family ___________ in every nation are low income and high conflict. |
culture |
A characteristic of the _______ of children may include spouting curses, accents, and slang. |
peers |
Psychosocially, one of the most important tasks of a middle-school child is to learn how to get along with _______. |
change |
Research on social acceptance among children indicates that some children are well liked – others aren’t – and those in both groups ________ over time. |
cognition |
The ability to understand human interactions is called social _________. |
aggressive rejected |
Rita, who is unpopular among her peers, frequently ridicules and antagonizes other children. Her behavior suggests that she is an _________ ____________ child. |
bullying |
Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person is the definition of ____________. |
guided |
Research has shown that children develop their own standards of right and wrong, and are ________ by peers, parents, and culture. |
Kohlberg |
The theorist associated with the six stages of moral reasoning is ___________. |
middle |
Civic sense and virtue begins in __________ childhood. |
skills |
During Erikson’s crisis of industry versus inferiority, children attempt to master many ________. |
fourth |
Marisol can’t wait to begin her first karate class. This represents the typical child in Erikson’s ________ stage. |
latency |
Freud believed that children’s emotional drives and psychosocial needs are quiet during the _______ stage. |
social |
School-aged children tend to be aware of their classmates’ opinions, judgments, and accomplishments. This development enables school-aged children to engage in _______ comparison. |
dynamic |
Resilience is _________. |
function |
According to your text, the most important overall family ________ is to provide love and encouragement. |
lower |
Children in U.S. military families move often and have _______ school achievement. |
nuclear |
A family that consists of a father, a mother, and their biological children younger than age 18 is referred to as a ________ family. |
30 |
According to your text, approximately _____ percent of six to 11-year-olds currently live in a single-parent family. |
stress |
The family __________ model examines crucial questions about the effect of risk factors such as poverty, divorce, or job loss on the family. |
blames |
Ten-year-old Julian’s parents frequently yell and argue. He will more likely feel lonely if he _________ himself for his parents’ fights. |
egocentrism |
The difference in the psychosocial development of young children compared to middle-school children is that young children’s _____________ makes them less affected by other children’s acceptance or rejection of them. |
strongly |
One interesting aspect of the culture of children is that gender stereotypes and gender segregation are _________ maintained. |
cognition |
Social _________ refers to the ability to understand social interactions. |
popular |
According to research, the most _________ young children are kind and cooperative. |
withdrawn rejected |
A child who is rejected by peers because of timid and anxious behavior is referred to as __________ __________. |
bullying |
Characteristics of _________ are repeated, systematic attacks intended to harm a weaker person. |
Kohlberg |
__________ described three levels of moral reasoning with two stages at each level. |
moral |
Preconventional moral reasoning is one of Kohlberg’s levels of _______ thought. |
Kohlberg |
_____________ would expect a child whose thought processes are egocentric to display moral reasoning with a punishment and obedience orientation. |
spermarche |
For boys, the event that most closely parallels menarche is __________. |
puberty |
In the twenty-first century, early ___________ correlates positively with aggression and antisocial behavior in boys. |
limbic |
José enjoys sports, especially running. As an adolescent, he has the potential to become a star athlete. The development of his _______ system and the influence of male hormones will be MOST beneficial to him in reaching his full potential. |
bulimia nervosa |
Josefina is obsessed with her weight. She sometimes eats a whole package of Oreos at once and then makes herself vomit. Josefina is of normal weight, but she constantly has heartburn. She MOST likely suffers from ________ ________. |
hypothetical |
Justine is 14 years old. Her parents are frequently annoyed because Justine tends to ask critical questions such as, "Why can’t I have wine with dinner? You do." or "I don’t understand why I’ll be able to vote when I’m 18, but I have to wait until I’m 21 to buy alcohol!" This demonstrates Justine’s _______________ thinking. |
precocious |
Latisha experienced menarche when she was 8 years old. She experienced __________ puberty. |
imaginary |
Marsha says, "There is no way I am going to school today with this bruise on my cheek. Everybody is going to laugh at me." Marsha is demonstrating her belief in an ______________ audience. |
anxiety |
One reason adolescents’ nutritional habits may be poor is ________ about their body image. |
formal operational |
Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence ___________ __________ thought. |
hypothetical |
Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines ________________ thought. |
strongly |
Research has shown that adolescents who drop out of high school are __________ influenced by their middle school experiences. |
caution |
Since adolescents’ prefrontal cortex is not fully developed, many of them tend NOT to exercise __________ in most situations. |
perspective |
Since adolescents regard themselves as uniquely special it is difficult for them to envision another person’s _______________. |
developmental |
The common middle-school schedule that involves classroom changes every 40 minutes creates a ________________ mismatch. |
hypothetical |
What-if propositions require ____________ thought. |
growth |
Some teenagers seem able to skate, play basketball, or dance for hours without rest. This increased endurance is best explained by the _______ of the heart and lungs. |
intuitive |
Thinking or drawing conclusions based on past personal experience, emotions, or a gut feeling is referred to as __________ thought. |
secondary |
Graduates of vocational programs earn less than students who do not attend them. This is a challenge associated with vocational education at the ____________ level in the United States. |
puberty |
There is no correlation between body fat and the early onset of ___________. |
prefrontal cortex |
Xavier, 16, invites a group of his high school friends to swim in a neighbor’s pool late at night while that neighbor is away. They climb the fence and jump in, playing wildly and loudly in the water. Just a few minutes later, the police arrive. His ___________ __________ is underdeveloped. This helps explain Xavier’s poor decision making. |
psychosocial |
During _____________ development, the adolescent is trying to figure out "Who am I?" |
fifth |
During the __________ stage of psychosocial development, an adolescent who isn’t sure which role to adopt is said to be experiencing a crisis of identity versus role confusion. |
diffusion |
It is typical for an adolescent experiencing identity __________ to sleep too much, care little about school, and be indifferent to parental criticism. |
identity |
In achieving full __________, an adolescent should understand his or her goals and values regarding religion, sex, politics, ethnicity & vocation. |
vocational |
Today, _______________ identity is postponed because many vocations require specialized skills that take years to attain. |
gender |
An example of _______ role is when there is a pattern of behavior that society considers appropriate for only men or only women. |
bickering |
Petty, peevish arguing that is usually ongoing is known as ____________. |
closeness |
Adolescents are said to have _____________ with family when there is open communication, support, emotional connectedness, and parental control. |
Facilitation |
_____________ specifically in adolescent peer relationships, refers to the way that peers encourage each other to do things that most wouldn’t do on their own. |
decreased |
In the past 50 years, teen births have _____ in every nation. |
third |
According to Dunphy, the ________ event in the sequence of male-female small mixed-sex groups. |
10 |
___ percent of heterosexual adults report having had same-sex encounters during their adolescence. |
programs |
The best sex-education ____________ are those that start before high school, require parent-child communication, focus on behavior, and last for years. |
familism |
The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom if necessary, is called __________. |
more |
Serious depression among adolescents is ________ common in females than in males. |
ideation |
Suicidal _________ is common among adolescents, but completed suicides are not. |
normal |
Most longitudinal studies on adolescent destructiveness conclude that increased anger at puberty is _________ and is usually expressed in acceptable ways. |
predictor |
The best __________ of drug abuse in adulthood is drug use before age 18. |
tobacco |
____________ is a psychoactive drug used during adolescence inhibits growth and may result in the adolescent becoming a shorter and heavier adult. |
more |
Adolescents who regularly smoke marijuana are ______ likely to drop out of school, become teenage parents, be unemployed. |
identity vs role confusion |
What is Erikson’s fifth stage of psychosocial development? |
role confusion |
Understanding oneself based on past experiences and future plans is called identity achievement, and lack of commitment to any goals or values is called _______ ____________. |
foreclosure |
Erikson’s term for premature identity formation is ______________. |
religious identity |
Within which type of identity does society expect some debate and questioning during late adolescence? |
Gender Identity |
________ ___________ refers to a person’s self-definition as male or female, and sexual orientation refers to a person’s erotic desires. |
conflicts |
Parent and adolescent __________ occur when a child’s drive for independence clashes with the parents’ supervision and control. |
parental monitoring |
Parents’ ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom is called _________ _______________. |
parental monitoring |
Mr. Sanchez gives the car keys to his son and asks, "Who is going to the movies with you, and what time will you be home?" This questioning is an example of _________ ___________. |
conform |
Peer pressure or encouragement to ___________ to a friend’s behavior or fashion style can be positive. |
year |
High school romances are short-lived, rarely lasting more than a _______. |
decreased |
From 1991 to 2001, the rate of sexual activity among U.S. high school students __________. |
criminal |
In many nations of Africa and the Middle East, same-sex behaviors are considered _________ and pathological. |
Asian |
Which immigrant youth seem to suffer from lower self-esteem than the other groups? |
adolescence |
Research has shown that the dip in self-esteem during ______________ is experienced by both sexes. |
depression |
Two causes of ____________ in adolescence are genetics and having a mother who is often belligerent and disapproving. |
suicidal ideation |
Thinking about suicide is called _________. |
parasuicide |
A failed suicide is called __________. |
neurological |
Early ____________ impairments increase the risk of a child becoming a life-course persistent offender, and a teen experiencing a negative psychosocial development is at greater risk of becoming an adolescence limited offender. |
inhalants |
The only drug(s) used by more eighth-graders than twelfth-graders is __________________. |
Alcohol |
The most frequently abused drug among North American teenagers is __________. |
marijuana |
Longitudinal research on ______________ use suggests that drug use causes more problems than it solves. |
ideal |
Biologically, the years from 18 to 25 are the ________ time for physical work and successful reproduction. |
emerging adult |
According to the text, the term used to describe a person between the ages of 18 and 25 is ___________ _____________. |
96 |
Approximately what percentage of young adults in the United States rate their health as good, very good, or excellent? |
30 |
Most women under age ___ who gave birth in 2011 were not married. |
heart disease |
Young adults rarely die from ________ _______. |
53 |
In the United States, ___ percent of people in their mid-20s feel that premarital sex "is not wrong at all" |
26 |
Half of all new cases of STIs occur in people younger than ____. |
brazil |
Which of the following nations are making progress in its effort to halt AIDS? |
Stereotype threat |
The possibility that one’s appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another person’s prejudice is known as __________ _______. |
Massification |
______________ is the idea that establishing higher learning institutions and encouraging college enrollment could benefit everyone. |
developed |
In every ___________ nation, more than half of college students are female. |
intimacy vs isolation |
During which stage did Erikson believe that adults seek someone with whom to share their lives in an enduring and self-sacrificing commitment? |
emerging |
Worldwide, ____________ adults think about their identities in terms of political loyalties, religious commitments, gender roles, and ethnic and vocational identities. |
likely |
During late adolescence and early adulthood, people are _____ to be proud of their ethnic background. |
personality |
Research reveals that ____________ is genetically influenced, environmentally influenced, not fixed; plasticity is evident. |
increasing |
In general, emerging adults experience ____________ self-esteem. |
women |
Severe anxiety and depression are not unusual during adolescence and emerging adulthood, especially for young ________. |
schizophrenia |
Distorted thinking, lack of energy, and flat affect can all be signs of ____________. |
30 |
After age _____, few people are newly diagnosed with schizophrenia. |
Ireland |
In which of the following countries is cohabitation considered unusual? |
emerging adulthood |
The period of _________ ________ occurs between 18 and 25 years old. |
20 |
According to the text, by age ____, the immune system can fight off just about everything from the sniffles to cancer. |
25 |
Historically, most couples had their first child as teenagers, whereas now most women are having their first child at age _____. |
premarital |
Most people over age 65 think that __________ sex is wrong. |
50 |
What percentage of emerging adults has at least one sexually transmitted infection? |
AIDS |
The leading cause of death for young men in South Africa is ________. |
destructive |
Driving fast without a seat belt, abusing drugs, carrying a loaded gun are _____________ risks which are common in emerging adulthood. |
extreme |
Forms of recreation that risk causing injury or death, and are attractive and thrilling as a result, are referred to as _________ sports. |
stereotype threat |
The possibility that one’s appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another person’s prejudices is __________ _________. |
salary |
U.S. Census data confirm that a college degree adds about $20,000 per year to a worker’s _______. |
more |
College trends indicate that ______ girls than boys attend college. |
adulthood |
Erikson’s fifth stage of development, identity versus role confusion, starts in adolescence and is completed later during _____________. |
more |
A longitudinal study found that students at four-year colleges were ______ likely to be involved in extra-curricular activities than were students at two-year colleges. |
Personality |
____________ patterns of adults are affected by cultural norms, social context, and genetic continuity. |
Aggressive |
________ young adults rated themselves as quite conscientious. |
20 |
Social phobia is most likely to be diagnosed in women around age ____. |
schizophrenia |
Which disorder is characterized by having irrational thoughts, delusions, and hallucinations? |
intimate |
A commonality among _________ relationships is that they progress from attraction to close connection to ongoing commitment. |
self expansion |
The idea that each of us enlarges our understanding, our experiences, and our resources through our intimate relationships is known as _____ ___________. |
primary |
Changes in __________ sex characteristics include growth of the uterus or the testes. |
anorexia nervosa |
The absence of menstruation, close to normal weight, and distorted body image are symptoms associated with ____________ _____________. |
personal fable |
Many adolescents feel that their own thoughts and experiences are far more extraordinary than those of other people. This is part of their _____________ ________. |
hypothalamus |
The biological events that begin puberty involve a hormonal signal from the ___________________. |
10 |
When Piaget and Inhelder asked children of different ages to balance a scale using several different weights, they found that by age ___, children used trial-and-error strategies. |
growth |
Some teenagers seem able to skate, play basketball, or dance for hours without rest. This increased endurance is best explained by the ________ of the heart and lungs. |
sequence |
During puberty, the growth spurt __________ typically occurs in this order: weight, height, muscle. |
pituitary |
Which gland(s) receive(s) signals directly from the hypothalamus? |
nipple |
The first outward sign of puberty in a typical girl is the onset of ___________ growth. |
tenth |
Allen, who is in the ________ grade is MOST likely to fall asleep during class. |
40 |
Researchers predict that if PISA scores in the United States rose by 25 points, the result could mean an increase of _____ trillion in the nation’s Gross Domestic Product over an 80-year time span. |
teasing |
Ellie is 10 years old and well into puberty. She will probably experience ____________ and name-calling from her classmates. |
decreased |
As the age of puberty has ____________, secondary education now starts with grade five. |
healthier |
No matter where they live, individuals who complete secondary education are ___________. |
economic |
A nation’s ___________ growth advances when its population completes secondary education. |
circadian |
The day-night cycle that occurs approximately every 24 hours is the ____________ rhythm. |
hypothetical |
What-if propositions require _____________ thought. |
hypothalamus |
The biological events that begin puberty involve a hormonal signal from the _________________. |
middle |
Research has shown that adolescents who drop out of high school are strongly influenced by their ___________ school experiences. |
Deductive |
_________ reasoning is also referred to as top-down reasoning. |
torso |
During the adolescent growth spurt, what is the last part(s) of the body to grow? |
highest |
According to the results of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), the countries with the ___________ math test scores are China and Singapore. |
puberty |
The period when children’s bodies become adultlike is called ______________. |
clinically |
Bulimia nervosa is ___________ present in 1 to 3 percent of young women in the United States. |
invincibility |
Sixteen-year-old Paul drinks heavily and drives dangerously fast, believing that he cannot be hurt. Paul is demonstrating the _____________ fable. |
spurt |
One of the first signs of the growth _______ is growth of fingers and toes. |
imaginary |
When adolescents fantasize about how others will react to their new hairstyle, they are creating an ____________ audience. |
analytical |
Fifteen-year-old Latrina has a 10 P.M. curfew. She asks her parents to extend her curfew to 11 P.M. on weekends. When her parents ask her why, Latrina replies, "I’ve never been late for my 10 P.M. curfew. You can trust me. Can we at least give it a try?" This is an example of what kind of thinking? |
intuitive |
Thinking or drawing conclusions based on past personal experience, emotions, or a gut feeling is referred to as ___________ thought. |
inductive |
______________ reasoning refers to the ability to begin with specifics, such as accumulated facts, and then make general conclusions. |
more |
Compared with younger children, when thinking about historical or other serious problems adolescents tend to consider _____ possibilities. |
stress |
Research indicates that female children who experienced a great deal of _____ while very young also experienced early puberty. |
menarche |
Rebecca, who is of African descent adolescent is statistically most apt to experience __________ first. |
formulas |
The nations with the best PISA results do NOT focus on memorization of math __________. |
puberty |
For both girls and boys, __________ typically begins as young as 8 years of age or as late as 14 years of age. |
calcium |
The recommended daily dose of _______ is 1300 milligrams; most teens consume less than 500 milligrams per day. |
without |
Jeremy is 7 years old and has been asked to balance a scale with weights that can be hooked to the arms of the scale. Jeremy will probably put weights on both sides ___________ considering distance from the center of the scale. |
25 |
At what age does the brain become fully mature? |
invincibility |
The power of the ____________ fable may be observed in young military recruits who hope to be sent into combat. |
Romance |
Miko is a 16-year-old girl who lives in Japan with her family. If she is typical, she will MOST likely seek her parents’ advice on ____________. |
intercourse |
Those who have sexual ___________ before the age of 16 are twice as likely to catch a STI than those who begin sexual activity after age 19. |
drugs |
The two most common ______ used by adolescents are tobacco and alcohol. |
rumination |
Elyse broke up with her boyfriend after a fight. She has spent the last week repeatedly going over the fight in her mind, which has caused her to sink into depression. Her continual reliving the fight is known as ____________. |
diffusion |
According to Erikson, the identity status characterized by not questioning and making no commitment is ______________. |
stops |
An adolescence-limited offender refers to someone who ______ committing crimes by age 21. |
alcohol |
One study found that less than 1 percent of parents of 6th graders thought their children had tried ________, yet 22 percent of the children said they had. |
declines |
In general, as children become adolescents, their self-esteem __________. |
decline |
Higher cigarette prices, warnings printed on tobacco products, and better law enforcement of tobacco sales has contributed to a _________ in the number of young adolescent smokers in the United States. |
depressed |
Nate’s parents are restrictive and controlling. Compared with Nate’s peers whose parents engage in less psychological control, Nate is more likely to be ______________. |
decrease |
A __________ in juvenile criminal behavior can be attributed to fewer school dropouts, smaller families, and less lead poisoning. |
deviancy |
Isaac and Derek persuaded Robert to cut school and steal alcohol from a store. Isaac and Derek provided __________ training to Robert. |
damaging |
Heavy drinking impairs memory and self-control by ______________ the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. |
interests |
Mr. and Mrs. Cortina have discovered that their son has been skipping classes and cutting school with a group of boys. Their son chose this group because he shares their _________. |
worse |
The cognitive and psychosocial effects of sex abuse can be _________ than the biological harm it causes. |
early |
In the United States, parent-child conflict is most common when children are in ______ adolescence. |
neurological |
Life-course-persistent offenders may show signs of ______________ impairment. |
pressure |
Peer _________ usually leads to socially desirable behaviors. |
depression |
Restrictive and controlling parenting practices are associated with adolescent ____________. |
clinical |
Approximately 1 in 10 adolescent boy is affected by __________ depression. |
20 |
Research indicates that adolescents who work ____ hours a week or more tend to hate their jobs and achieve less in school. |
not |
In communities and families that forbid adolescent sex, teenagers are _____ likely to receive medical care when they contract an STI. |
expected |
An example of a behavior that demonstrates identity foreclosure is working in the family business because it is ____________. |
less |
Compared to when they were children, many adolescents are _______ self-confident. |
NOT |
The legal smoking age has _____ contributed to a decline in the number of young adolescent smokers in the United States. |
Magolda |
Following Erikson’s lead, ________ distinguished four specific ways young people cope with this life stage. |
apathy |
Identity diffusion is typically characterized by ________. |
more |
Children of young parents have _______ medical, educational, and social problems than children of older parents. |
backgrounds |
One study found that the short allele of the serotonin transporter promoter gene (5-HTTLPR) contributes to increased rates of depression in all girls, but only in boys who come from low-SES ______________. |
social |
Most drug abuse begins as _______ use. |
US |
Which developed nation has the highest rate of teenage pregnancy? |
Few |
_____ adolescents totally reject the religion in which they’ve grown up. |
abandoning |
Mary is an adolescent. According to Erikson, her new identity will be established by choosing to embrace some parental and societal values while ______________ others. |
understanding |
Psychosocial development during adolescence involves the search for an _____________ of oneself. |
clique |
Chris typically can be found with the same group of close friends on the gym steps at lunchtime. He and his friends do not ask others to sit with them. Psychologists call Chris’s group a ________. |
gender |
Enrique believes that males should always be the ones to ask females out on dates. He thinks that if a man accepts an invitation for a date from a girl it makes him a wimp. This is an example of Enrique’s ____________ identity. |
higher |
Teenagers have a _______ rate of gonorrhea, genital herpes, and chlamydia when compared to sexually active people of other age groups. |
sex |
One reason that the teenage pregnancy rate in most European nations is less than half of that in the United States may be because most European schools begin offering _____ education in elementary school. |
marriage |
Arranged _________ occurs in 1/3 of families around the world. |
serious |
Emerging adults are in a high-risk category for _______ injury and violent death. |
sociology |
Research indicates that if a person wants to increase his or her critical thinking ability in college, that person should take a _________ class that requires lots of reading and writing. |
postformal |
In late adolescence and emerging adulthood, people are able to use both emotion and logic when grappling with personal and social problems; such thinking demonstrates _____ thought. |
vector |
A _______ is a person who spreads a disease. |
acceptable |
Delilah is currently a 22-year-old college student. Like most of her peers she believes that premarital sex is __________. |
China |
When parents disagree with an emerging adult’s choice of partner, the young adult in _____ will be MOST apt to stop dating that person. |
better |
According to the 2011 research conducted by Pryor et al, the number one reason more than 9 out of 10 U.S. students cite for selecting a major is based on getting a _________ job. |
cognitive |
The increased diversity of the college atmosphere encourages ____________ development. |
personality |
College success can improve one’s _____________. |
HIV |
Largely due to the sexual activities of young adults, _____ has become a worldwide epidemic in the past 20 years. |
faithfulness |
What is rated as most important for successful marriage by Western emerging adults? |
higher |
In spite of the new challenges and stressors that emerging adults face, their self-esteem is _________ than earlier and continues to rise throughout emerging adulthood. |
50 |
About _____ percent of all new cases of STIs worldwide occur in people under the age of 26. |
divorce |
Research suggest caution with regard to cohabitation because Cohabitators who marry have a high rate of _________. |
first |
According to Perry’s research, the ________ phase of college students’ thinking is believing in the existence of absolute right and wrong. |
love |
For most Western emerging adults, what is considered the primary prerequisite for marriage? |
optimal |
During emerging adulthood, fertility is _________. |
linked |
All members of a family have _____ lives, as the experiences and needs of individuals at one stage of life are affected by all those at other stages. |
change |
Talal is 23 and works in an entry-level sales position at a local company. If he is typical, in the next few years, he will __________ jobs more than once. |
everyone |
The term massification means that college could benefit ____________. |
decreasing |
The number of single-sex campuses is ___________ in the U.S. higher education system. |
extreme |
Statistically, Stanley, who is a 20-year-old college junior, would be the most likely to engage in _________ drinking. |
emerging |
A person between the ages of 18 and 25 is entering a stage developmentalists call ____________ adulthood. |
schizophrenia |
The onset of _____ peaks around age 21, with men more likely to develop the disorder than women. |
aggressiveness |
According to one study (Asendorf et al., 2008), which personality traits were still evident in individual emerging adults after first being observed in them at the age of 4? |
restrict |
Recent research suggests that commitment to one career may _______ vocational success compared to vocational flexibility. |
society |
Risk taking during early adulthood may benefit or harm ________. |
childbearing |
Emerging adulthood has traditionally been the optimal time for hard physical work, athletic achievement, and ___________. |
more |
Compared to 1970, today’s college population in developed countries worldwide is ________ diverse. |
whites |
In 2008, members of which group were LEAST apt to marry someone of another ethnicity? |
disorders |
On average, well-being increases in emerging adulthood, as does the incidence of psychological _____________. |
without |
Genevieve is about to complete her bachelor’s degree. If she is typical, once she is established in her career she will earn approximately $20,000 more per year than a peer ___________ a college degree. |
abuse |
Using a drug in a quantity or a manner that harms physical, cognitive, or psychosocial well-being is called drug _______. |
PSYCHOLOGY 160 Practice Quizzes Compilation
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