Psychology 101 Final

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Joshua has received low grades in math throughout his school years. In the lower grades, he would try to study hard, but the results were always the same. Eventually, he stopped trying to do better in math because nothing he tried seemed to work. Joshua has developed _____.

learned helplessness

Which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and emotion?

Neuroticism is related to feeling more negative emotion

Sam is a participant in a study moral development. In response to the Heinz moral dilemma story, Sam says that "Heinz shouldn’t steal the drug because if he steals he will go to jail. Jail is bad place so Heinz shouldn’t take the risk of such a harsh punishment." Sam appears to be operating at which of the stages of moral development?

Preconventional

Jack and John were recently dumped by their girlfriends. Jack believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she is a selfish and unhappy person, whereas John believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make commitment right now. Jack is making a(n) ______ about his girlfriend’s behavior, whereas John is making a(n) _________.

Jack- Internal attribution John- External attribution

What has behavioral genetic research found in the domain of autobiographical memory?

…..

Xanax, Valium, and Librium are benzodiazepines that are commonly used for treating ______.

anxiety disorders

The broaden-and-build model begins with_______.

the difference between high and low arousal emotions

Bill believes that his culture expects men to be aggressive leaders who provide the sole income for the family and do not participate actively in child care. Taken together, these are components of Bill’s _______.

gender schema

Which class of drugs is believed to treat schizophrenia with fewer side-effects than the neuroleptics?

Atypical antipsychotics

Which of the following is NOT a method by Rogers to develop a more positive self-concept?

Defense mechanisms

Which of the following forms of treatment relies on paraprofessionals?

Self-help groups

Developmental psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a person’s genes or biological inheritance.

Nature

The tendency to favor one’s own cultural group over other groups is called ______.

ethnocentrism

All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder EXCEPT _______.

hallucinations

Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy ______.

shows that psychoanalysis is more effective than cognitive therapy.

Which is an example of the central route to persuasion?

……

Dr. Crane is looking for a test that he can use to understand more about his clients’ unconscious motivations. He would be very likely to use a(n) ________.

projective measure

What infant perception research technique involves giving an infant a choice at what to look at and then looking for a reliable preference for one stimulus over the other?

Preferential looking

William has volunteered to work in a war-torn country to try to improve the lives of residents there. The citizens currently have enough to drink and eat. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, what would these citizens be in need of next?

Safety

Within conformity, ______ is based on a person’s desire to be accepted by the group.

Normative social influence

Individuals who suffer from _____ have an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in public/collective situations.

Social phobia

You lauged out loud a lot when you saw a movie in the theater; however, when you watch it later at home, you don’t find it that funny. This example demonstrates the effects of ____.

Social contagion

Research show that ______ is the most important determinant of therapy outcome.

the quality of the client’s participation

When Sandra was 18 years old, she was in a serious car accident. Although she made a full recovery from her injuries, she experienced extreme anxiety afterward. Sandra is now very anxious when driving, has nightmares about the accident, and flinches when she does through intersections. Sandra has symptoms suggestive of ____.

Post-traumatic stress disorder

Accumulated information and verbal skills are components of ______, whereas the ability to reason abstractly is component of _______.

Crystallized intelligence/ fluid intelligence

Your psychotherapist ask you to "free associate." What are you being asked to do?

You are being asked to just "talk" in an undirected manner without reflecting on what you are about to say

Children of permissive parents tend to ________.

expect to get their own way and often show difficulties respecting others and controlling their behavior

Which of the following statements about dissociative identity disorder is false?

Each personality has knowledge of the memories, behavior, and relationships of the other personalities

A main conclusion of the Stanford Prison Study was that:

Situational factors powerfully affect human behavior

Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. It is important to her that her clients learn to evaluate themselves and not depend on the opinion of others. Brittney is practicing _________.

humanistic counseling

Luanne is being treated for depression after a breakup with her boyfriend. Her therapist points out that her thoughts, and not the situation itself, cause her depression. Luanne’s therapist seems to practice ______.

Beck’s cognitive

Parents warn a new babysitter of their son, Dennis, is very aggressive and mischievous. As result of this initial expectation, the babysitter starts calling Dennis "Dennis the Menace," and the babysitter behaves in ways that cause aggressive and mischievous behaviors from Dennis. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon called __________.

the self-fulfilling prophecy

You are having dinner with your friend Sophia when she experiences a sudden onset of intense terror, without warning and no specific cause. Sophia would most likely be diagnosed as suffering from _____.

panic disorder

Mischel developed his CAPS theory in part through research in which domain?

Delayed gratification

Which of the following statements about brain development is false?

Aside from growing larger, the brain does not undergo anatomical change after birth

Research into stereotype threat indicates that performance on a test may go down if:

you suggest to the test-takers that people like them typically struggle on this type of test

A preterm infant is one born prior to _________ after conception.

37

Whenever Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes it was due to the fact that she is an intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a D on an exam, she blames the instructor’s ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions. Claudia’s behavior is an example of ________.

the self-serving bias

You are feeling upset when you r mother turns toward you and says "turn that frown upside down." you turn your frown into a smile and realize you now feel happy. This experiences can best described by the _________>

facial feedback hypothesis

Freud believed that prime motive in human existence is ___, Karen Horney believed that the prime motive in human existence is ______.

sex/ security

Marsha does a good job because she knows her performance will result in a bonus if she meets her goals. Georgia does a good job because she feels a sense of accomplishment when she meets her goals. Both women do the same kind of work. Who is most likely to perform better?

Georgia is most likely to perform better

Research on adolescent brain development has show that the ______ is involved with emotional reactions, whereas the _________ is involved with reasoning and decision making.

amygdala/ prefrontal cortex

According to Eysenck’s theory, introversion and extraversion are characteristic patterns of behavior that _______.

aim to regulate arousal around baseline

Jacqueline has been relentless pursuit of thinness for the past six months. She has been starving herself to reach this goal. Jacqueline is exhibiting symptoms of ___________.

anorexia nervosa

Infants who display secure attachment_____.

use their caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the environment

According to Jung, the collective unconscious contains ________.

archetypes

Mischel nearly derailed the scientific study of personality by challenging the assumption that personality traits are _________.

consistent

Four-year-old Jennifer mistakenly believes that her mother would like to receive an Elmo doll for Christmas. This best illustrates Piaget’s concept of _____.

egocentrism

Which of the following neurotransmitters is associated with neuroticism?

Dopamine

Dr. Patterson tries to create a warm supportive atmosphere to help her clients improve their self-concepts and to encourage insight into problems. Dr. Patterson says little to her depressed client. Instead, she waits for him to express his feelings and for him to decide what he wants to do about his problems. This emphasis on encouraging self-reflection indicates that Dr. Patterson is practicing _____.

client-centered therapy

Marilyn is depressed a great deal of the time and seeks help from a doctor. She is diagnosed as having a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance. Marilyn is most likely being treated by someone who adheres to the _____ model of psychological disorders.

medical

Which of the following is true of the sympathetic nervous system?

It prepares the individual for fighting or running away

According to self-determination theory, people must fulfilled when they satisfy which three fundamental needs?

Competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Janet has maintained her composure in the face of the death of her mother. Her brother, Joe, has gone into a deep depression and is unable to face work or family obligations. These two siblings appear to differ significantly in terms of what characteristic, which reflects our ability to adapt to difficulties?

Resiliency

Systematic desensitization involves ______.

pairing a feared stimulus with a state of deep relaxation by being exposed to feared situations in a gradual hierarchical fashion

You are personality researcher and want to continue after the tradition of Henry Murray. This means you will be more interested ______.

the whole person rather than specific traits

Regulation of which neurotransmitter is strongly implicated in schizophrenia?

Dopamine

Problems in regulating ______ are related to both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.

serotonin

________ are sensory experiences in the absence of real stimuli. _______are false, unusual and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual’s culture.

Hallucinations/ Delusions

According to Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory, the behavioral inhibition system is_________.

sensitive to punishments in the environment

Katie, who is moderately liberal, attends a very liberal college. After four years at this college, Katie is likely to become _____ as a result of _____.

more liberal/ group polarizaiton

When thinking about a situation, the actor is more likely to think about ______ factors, while the observer is more likely to view it in terms of ______ factors.

situational/ personality

Kohlberg’s model is based on the ________ perspective, wheras Carol Gilligan’s is based on the ________ perspective.

justice; care

Face validity refers to whether _______.

the content of test items appears to be a good indicator of personality traits

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals _______.

adjust their schemas to new information

Shawn graduated from college with honors and approaches most aspects of life with the expectation that he will be successful. He expects a great deal of himself and sets his goals high. After his interview for a job in the most prestigious company in his state, he was convinced that he would get the job. You could say that he _____.

displays high self-efficacy

What is one of the challenges in identifying people with antisocial personality disorder?

they often are able to con even skilled mental health professionals

Results of Milgram’s experiment showed that participants were less likely to comply with the authority figure’s requests when _____.

the victim was made to seem more human

_____ involves a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least 2 weeks.

Major depressive disorder

_____ is the tension that arises when people realize that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes.

Cognitive dissonance

Although _____ did not believe that culture and education play important roles in children’s cognitive development, _____ believed that cognitive development is very much an interpersonal process that happens in a cultural context.

Jean Piaget/ Lev Vygotsky

Dr. Billings is a therapist who specializes in psychoanalysis. The types of techniques that she is likely to use would include _____.

free association, dream interpretation, transference, and interpreting the client’s resistance to discussing painful memories

A psychologist who practices cognitive therapy might try to help a patient who suffers from a major depressive disorder by _____.

trying to get the patient to stop having irrational thoughts and dysfunctional attitudes

By the end of the _____ period, the heart begins to beat, the arms and legs become more differentiated, the face starts to form, and the intestinal tract appears in human beings

fetal

Psychologists believe that the social facilitation effect occurs because _____.

the presence of other individual arouses us

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of _____ test of personality.

adult

The Cannon-Bard theory predicts that after witnessing a shocking event, a person will
_____.

experience physiological and emotional reactions simultaeously

Which perspective encourages people to understand themselves and to grow personally, with a clinical emphasis on self-healing capacities?

Humanist

Nicotine and rubella are examples of:

teratogens

When people pay close attention to the facts, the _____ is (are) the most persuasive, but when subjects are not paying full attention, such as during a television commercial, the _____ may work better.

central route/ emotional appeals

Within conformity, _____ is based on a person’s desire to be accepted by the group.

normative social influence

Sucking, swallowing, coughing, blinking, and yawning are all examples of:

Reflexes

According to Eysenck’s theory, introversion and extraversion are characteristic patterns of behavior that _____.

aim to regulate arousal around baseline

Which of the following is a negative symptom of Schizophrenia?

Flat affect

According to Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory, emotion is determined by two factors: _____.

physiological arousal and cognitive labeling

According to Dan McAdams, our _____ are our identities

life stories

Which of the following is a behavior therapy based on classical conditioning?

Aversive therapy

One aspect of family therapy is the idea that a family member’s symptoms are a function of the family relationships. If, for example, a teenage son is the scapegoat of the parents, which family therapy technique would be the most appropriate to use?

Detriangulaiton

Katie, who is moderately liberal, attends a very liberal college. After four years at this college, Katie is likely to become _____ as a result of _____.

more liberal/ group polarization

David Rosenhan sent eight fake patients to various hospitals, reporting hearing voices. Which of these best describes what happened to these eight people?

All were diagnosed with schizophrenia, and kept in the hospital from 3 to 52 days

_____ is the tension that arises when people realize that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes

Cognitive dissonance

Individuals who suffer from _____ have an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in public/collective situations

social phobia

Gordon Allport believed that healthy, well-adjusted individuals _____.

show a positive but objective sense of self and others, and have a sense of humor, common sense, and a unifying philosophy of life

According to Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory, the behavioral inhibition system is _____.

sensitive to punishments in the enviorment

Collectivistic cultures

demonstrate more conformity than do individualistic cutlures

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment sometimes used for _____.

depression

Alex regularly gives donations of blood in part because he hopes others do the same, so that blood is available for him if he ever needs a transfusion. His helping behavior is best explained by _____.

the concept of reciprocity

Professor Rothbaum surveys students about their motivation for attending college. Which of the following responses is the best example of strong intrinsic motivation

"I’m in college because I love learning. Education satisfies my curiosity and makes me feel like a confident well-informed person."

Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy _____.

clearly shows that psychotherapy works

Darrin is a good piano player. When he is alone and bored his arousal is low and he often gets distracted and makes mistakes. When he is in a recital with strangers, he sometimes gets too nervous and aroused and also makes mistakes. His best performances are typically at home when family and friends are nearby, and his arousal level is moderate. The variations in Darrin’s performance can be best explained by the _____.

Yerkes- Dodson Law

Chloe is a baby who cries a lot. She does not eat or sleep on a regular schedule and she often has difficulty adapting to new experiences. Psychologists would say that Chloe’s temperament can be described as _____.

difficult

Lithium is an effective _____ drug

mood-stablizing

Which of the following statements about instincts is false?

instincts are learned behavioral responses

Dr. McCall found that class projects were of poorer quality when students worked in groups compared to when each student did an individual project. This difference can be explained by the phenomenon of _____.

social loafing

Which of the following is true of neuroleptic drugs?

if an individual with schizophrenia stops taking neuroleptic drugs, the symptoms return

Which is not a component of Bonanno’s theory of grieving?

Determination

Which is the current edition of the classification manual used by most psychologists and psychiatrists in the United States?

DSM-5

According to _____, as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.

cellular-clock theory

Which of the following features of group therapy helps individuals who share a psychological disorder observe that others feel anguish and suffering as well?

Universality

Systematic desensitization involves _____.

associating a pleasant relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli

Evan received an ugly pair of pajamas for his birthday. Even though he didn’t like the gift, he smiled and thanked his grandmother for the present because that was the expected behavior for that situation. Evan’s behavior can be explained in terms of

a display rule

Which of these reflects a change included in the newest (fifth) edition of the DSM?

the removal of Asperger’s Syndrome

Problems in regulating _____ are related to both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa

serotonin

According to the circumplex model of mood, a wheel of mood states can be created from the two independent dimensions of _____.

valence and arousal level

Justin enjoys watching pornography on the internet. He believes it is in everyone’s best interests if he isolates himself from them. This behavior is not only jeopardizing his job, but it is also interfering with his relationships. Justin’s girlfriend is upset that he spends too much time on the computer, and she is threatening to break up with him. Which of the following criteria for abnormality does Justin’s behavior meet?

Maladaptive

When thinking about a situation, the actor is more likely to think about ______ factors, while the observer is more likely to view it in terms of ______ factors

situational/ personality

What statement best describes the relationship between dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue

Dissociative fugue cannot exist without dissociative amnesia

Results of cross-cultural and animal studies on the big five model of personality _____.

support the fundamental predictions of the big five model

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals _____.

adjust their schemas to new information

You tried to play peek-a-boo with your 6-month-old nephew, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your nephew has begun to develop _____.

object permanence

Which of the following characterizes pubertal change in adolescents?

The peak of pubertal change occurs at an average age of 11½ for girls and 13½ for boys.

The concept of _____ pertains to a psychological state, whereas _____ involves a physiological state

drive/ need

Face validity refers to whether _____.

the content of test items appears to be a good indicator of personality traits

Prozac, Paxil, and Zoloft are what type of antidepressant drugs?

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

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