In a(n) ___________ view, consciousness is generated by a set of action potentials in the communication among neurons just sufficient to produce awareness. |
cognitive neuroscience |
When people’s thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized, and they feel alert, they are generally said to be in a state of |
waking consciousness. |
When under the influence of a stimulant, you are likely to be in a state of |
increased alertness. |
After taking medication for his back, Todd’s thoughts become fuzzy and disorganized. Todd was in a state of |
alerted consciousness. |
Which of the following is TRUE about the circadian rhythm? |
A.) It is a cycle that takes about a day to complete |
As _______ accumulate(s) in the body, a person will begin to feel sleepy. |
melatonin |
As a person relaxes and becomes drowsy, ______ waves appear. |
alpha |
Many researchers believe that reports of ghostly visions and alien abductions can be explained by ________ during the first stage of sleep. |
hypnogogic images |
_______ is a rare disordering which the mechanism that inhibits the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares. |
REM behavior disorder |
Night terrors are experienced |
during deep non-REM sleep. |
The real inquiry into the process of dreaming was begun by |
Freud. |
People under hypnosis |
can be made to forget what happens during the hypnotic session. |
For which of the following would hypnosis probably be most effective? |
C.) controlling pain |
The _________ of hypnosis suggests that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are playing the role expected of them in that situation. |
social-cognitive theory |
Just before every test, Juan closes his eyes, relaxes, and visualizes himself passing all of his exams with high scores. Juan appears to be engaging in the practice of ________. |
meditation |
When someone is properly meditating, brain waves change to include |
more theta and alpha waves. |
Whenever Caroline goes more than a day without drinking, she begins to experience severe headaches, irritability, nausea, cramping, and shaking. Caroline is experiencing symptoms of _________. |
withdrawal |
Evelyn smoked cigarettes when she was younger but had no problem quitting. Though ten years have passed since Evelyn has touched a cigarette, every now and then she gets a strong craving to smoke again. Evelyn’s craving is most likely the result of ___________. |
psychological dependence |
Minor tranquilizers |
are commonly used to treat anxiety. |
Depressant drugs derived from the opium poppy are called |
narcotics. |
________ are sometimes used to treat narcolepsy |
Methamphetamines |
Alcohol indirectly stimulates the release of _______, the brain’s major depressant. |
GABA |
Which of the following situations best demonstrates waking consciousness? |
A.) Orlando carefully calculates his taxes two weeks before taxes are due |
Antwon can’t seem to focus in class today. Though he’s not asleep, his mind appears to be drifting off, leading to thoughts of his girlfriend, his job, and upcoming events of the day. Antwon appears to be in which of the following states pf consciousness? |
D.) altered |
Eventually, everyone must sleep due to our |
biological rhythms. |
The sleep-wake cycle is controlled by _________. |
the brain |
Some instances of automobile accidents have been caused by the driver falling asleep at the wheel, even though the person was certain that he or she had not slept. Which of the following may explain why the happens? |
C.) The person was in the N1 stage of sleep |
Melatonin is secreted by the _______ gland. |
pineal |
The body is at its lowest level of functioning during |
N3 (R&K Stages 3 & 4). |
Which of the following is TRUE about REM sleep? |
A.) it is when most dreams occur |
Jonah is often a victim of bad dreams, frequently centered around being left at a store or getting lost at an amusement park. He sometimes wakes up from them, and calls for his parents to help him calm down. These episodes take place during REM sleep. Jonah is experiencing |
nightmares. |
Which statement about sleep apnea is TRUE? |
D.) The person experiencing sleep apnea may stop breathing for 10 seconds or more |
David often experiences "sleep seizures" during the day. He probably suffers from |
narcolepsy |
Freud believed that dreams were a kind of _________ for his patients. |
wish fulfillment |
According to researchers, men tend to |
have more physical aggression in their dreams than women |
About _____ percent of people are good hypnotic subjects |
40 |
Archie believes that people who think they are hypnotized are not actually hypnotized at all. In fact, they are simply acting out everything they are being told to do by the hypnotist. Archie’s way of thinking is similar to which of the following theories? |
D.) social-cognitive theory of hypnosis |
Every night, Pricilla increases her dose of pain medication, noting that the initial dose no longer works. Pricilla seems to have developed |
drug tolerance |
Darren uses cocaine recreationally. Darren’s drug of choice is a ___________. |
stimulant |
Ecstasy is classified as a |
stimulatory hallucinogenic |
Both marijuana and hashish contain |
cannabinoids |
Smoking marijuana |
may cause cardiovascular disease in chronic users |
Psychology 101- Chapter 4
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