Psych200 Exam 1

According to Piaget, which of the following abilities do children gain during middle childhood?

c. logic

According to Piaget, a child between the ages of 5 and 7 can apply logical principles to:

c. concrete and visible examples

The approach in teaching a second language in which children spend the entire day instructed in the second language is referred to as the:

b. immersion approach

Which of the following statements is true regarding gender differences in math and reading abilities?

c. differences between nations are far greater than differences between genders.

According to Erikson’s theory, children in middle childhood tend to judge themselves as either:

b. industrious or inferior

When children are able to understand social interactions, including the causes of consequences of behavior, they have acquired a measure of:

c. social cognition

Which of the following methods listed in the text is effective in stopping bullying in schools?

b. using a whole-school strategy

What period is the prime time for moral development?

c. middle childhood

Adolescent egocentrism is evident when teenagers believe that"

b. they personally are much more socially significant than they actually are

The science of human development may best be described as an attempt to understand:
A)
how and why people from diverse cultures are different.
B)
how children learn to speak and understand language.
C)
how and why people change across the life span.
D)
how humans and animals are similar and different.

c. how and why people change across the life span

A crucial element of the science of human development is the:
A)
focus on all kinds of people, young and old.
B)
search for the meaning of life.
C)
focus on middle-class American people.
D)
use of subjective research methods.

A) focus on all kinds of people, young and old.

Cohort refers to a group of people who:
A)
hold the same political beliefs.
B)
are born within a few years of one another.
C)
support each other in times of stress.
D)
participate in a scientific experiment.

B) are born within a few years of one another.

Socioeconomic status refers to an individual’s:
A)
culture.
B)
ethnicity.
C)
social class.
D)
race.

C) social class.

In an experiment, the group of participants who receive the imposed treatment or special condition is referred to as the ______ group.
A)
independent
B)
dependent
C)
experimental
D)
comparison

C) experimental

In an experiment, the group of participants who do not receive the independent variable is called the:
A)
dependent group.
B)
significant group.
C)
control group.
D)
experimental group.

C) control group.

What is one of the reasons that correlations do NOT indicate causation?
A)
Not applicable. Correlations do indicate causation if the correlation is a perfect -1.0 or +1.0.
B)
There could be a third variable not being taken into account that can interact with the other variables being examined.
C)
Correlations are unexpected.
D)
Social scientists do not know why correlations do not indicate causation.

B) There could be a third variable not being taken into account that can interact with the other variables being examined.

In seeking participants for research studies, researchers must explain the purposes and procedures of the study in advance, obtain written permission, and allow participants to stop at any time. This process is known as:
A)
holding harmless.
B)
informed consent.
C)
release of liability.
D)
rite of research.

B) informed consent.

If a change in one variable tends to go with change in another variable, it is clear that one variable causes the other variable to change.
A)
True
B)
False

B) False

According to the textbook, what three things do theories do?
A)
tell researchers how to ask questions, give definitive answers to problems
B)
give guidance on moral questions, generate discoveries, give solutions to problems
C)
produce hypotheses, generate discoveries, offer practical guidance
D)
offer practical guidance, concretely explain all aspects of development, produce hypotheses

C) produce hypotheses, generate discoveries, offer practical guidance

According to psychoanalytic theories, human development is mainly determined by:
A)
the choices we make for ourselves.
B)
the environment in which we are raised.
C)
our unconscious motives and drives.
D)
the way we think about and understand the world.

C) our unconscious motives and drives.

Unlike Freud, Erikson’s psychosocial theory emphasizes:
A)
the logic that underlies thought processes.
B)
the inherent rewards and punishments of living.
C)
active mental processes.
D)
the social and cultural environment.

D) the social and cultural environment.

The theory that arose in direct opposition to psychoanalytic theory is:
A)
cognitive theory.
B)
behaviorism.
C)
sociocultural theory.
D)
ecological theory.

B) behaviorism.

Behaviorism focuses on which of the following?
A)
observable behavior
B)
unconscious urges
C)
thoughts
D)
emotions

A) observable behavior

Which of the following is a primary difference between behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory?
A)
Psychoanalytic theory holds that the unconscious is unknowable and therefore irrelevant to describing behavior, while behaviorism believes that the only way to correct unwanted behavior is to understand the unconscious.
B)
Psychoanalytic theory places little emphasis on a child’s relationship with her parents, while behaviorism believes that this relationship is key in explaining behavior.
C)
Psychoanalytic theory believes that observable behavior is a symptom of unconscious drives, while behaviorism believes that observable behaviors are all that matter.
D)
Behaviorism believes that scientific scrutiny is of little importance in supporting theories, while psychoanalysis has its roots in the scientific method.

B) Psychoanalytic theory places little emphasis on a child’s relationship with her parents, while behaviorism believes that this relationship is key in explaining behavior.

Pavlov’s dogs salivated at the sound of the bell because they:
A)
were rewarded with a pat on the back each time they salivated on command.
B)
learned to associate the bell with food.
C)
learned to enjoy the music of the bell.
D)
believed the bell was food.

…

Rachel is a young child who has been given a vaccination each time she has been to the doctor’s office. She now starts to scream and cry each time she sees the doctor’s office building. According to the principles of classical conditioning, she is screaming and crying because she:
A)
is trying to use negative reinforcement to discourage her parents from taking her to the doctor.
B)
has learned to associate the car ride with the pain she feels when she gets a shot.
C)
is angry at the doctor and her mother for giving her shots.
D)
has learned to associate the building with the pain she feels when she gets a shot.

D) has learned to associate the building with the pain she feels when she gets a shot.

Cognitive theories emphasize the:
A)
development of thought processes and their effect on behavior, attitudes, and beliefs.
B)
role of unconscious urges and impulses.
C)
control that external forces have over the direction of human development.
D)
crisis that each individual must resolve at each stage of life.

A) development of thought processes and their effect on behavior, attitudes, and beliefs.

Piaget’s theory of development focused primarily on:
A)
how our thinking changes as we grow older.
B)
biological and physical changes.
C)
our unconscious issues.
D)
the ways in which our environment influences our physical development.

A) how our thinking changes as we grow older.

In Erikson’s psychosocial theory, resolutions to developmental crises depend on the interaction between the individual and:
A)
their genetic predisposition.
B)
their social environment.
C)
their ability to learn from experience.
D)
their physiology.

B) their social environment.