|
Nicotine is a ________. |
B) stimulant |
|
What is the largest single preventable cause of premature death in the United States? |
B) cigarette smoking |
|
REM madness refers to the belief that ________. |
C) without REM sleep one will go mad |
|
Which of the following statements is TRUE? |
D) Night terrors are a rare disorder |
|
Which of the following neurotransmitters are associated with alcohol? |
D) GABA |
|
Heroin addiction has been treated with ________. |
A) methadone |
|
Narcolepsy occurs when ________. |
C) REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness |
|
You see an advertisement for a method of learning a foreign language that seems simple-just put on a tape and fall asleep. The accompanying description cites proof that people can learn while asleep. Being a good psychological detective, what question would you ask about the offered proof? |
B) What did the EEG indicate about the participants’ level of sleep? |
|
Short, rhythmic bursts of brainwave activity that appear during stage 2 sleep are called ________. |
B) sleep spindles |
|
Circadian rhythms are controlled by the ________. |
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
|
One of the main semantic problems with using sleepwalking as a defense for murder is ________. |
D) the correct term for this type of behavior is REM behavior disorder |
|
What do we call a state of consciousness that can result from the use of alcohol, drugs, or hypnosis? |
C) altered state of consciousness |
|
Interpretation of the ________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the ________ content. |
A) manifest; latent |
|
Drugs that speed up the functioning of the nervous system are called ________. |
B) stimulants |
|
Our awareness of various mental processes, such as making decisions, daydreaming, |
C) consciousness |
|
To treat your sleep problem you are told that you should not nap, you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and you should get out of bed if you cannot sleep. What sleep disorder have you been experiencing? |
C) insomnia |
|
Which of the following statements is true concerning cocaine use in the United States? |
C) At one time, cocaine was an ingredient in Coca-Cola |
|
All of the following result from sleep deprivation EXCEPT ________. |
D) hyperalertness |
|
Who among the following people might be a likely candidate for hypnosis? |
B) Dan, a 40-year-old man who fantasizes frequently and owns a water bedstore |
|
According to this theory, sleep is necessary for growth and repair of the body. |
B) restorative theory |
|
This early researcher did a study that seemed to suggest that people deprived of REM sleep would become paranoid, seemingly mentally ill, from lack of this one stage of sleep. |
A) Dement |
|
Mary is having insomnia. Which piece of advice would you give to help her deal with it? |
A) Don’t do anything but sleep in your bed. |
|
Which of the following pairs belong together? |
D) marijuana; tetrahydrocannabinol |
|
Interpretation of the ________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the ________ content. |
B) maifest; latent |
|
If your physician says you need a treatment called CPAP, you are suffering from ________. |
A) sleep apnea |
|
Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and suddenly falls to the ground. Your friend is probably suffering from ________. |
B) narcolepsy |
|
A biological cycle, or rhythm, that is approximately 24 hours long is called a(n) ________ cycle. |
D) ultradian |
|
Heroin addiction has been treated with ________. |
D) methadone |
|
Sleep research supports three of the following helpful hints. Which statement is NOT accurate? |
B) Sleeping pills help cure insomnia. |
|
Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing ________. |
D) drug tolerance |
|
Sleep spindles appear during ________ sleep. |
C) stage 2 |
|
Caffeine is a ________. |
C) stimulant |
|
The stage of sleep in which delta waves begin to appear is ________ sleep. |
D) stage 3 |
|
________ is a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke, |
D) Sleep apnea |
|
According to Sigmund Freud, the important underlying meaning of our dreams is found in the ________. |
C) latent content |
|
Sleep research supports three "helpful hints" to avoid insomnia. Which of the following statements is NOT a helpful hint? |
A) Try to nap as much as possible |
|
What is the largest single preventable cause of premature death in the United States? |
D) cigarette smoking |
|
This early researcher did a study that seemed to suggest that people deprived of REM sleep would become paranoid, seemingly mentally ill, from lack of this one stage of sleep. |
C) Dement |
|
The best adjectives associated with the activation-synthesis hypothesis are ________. |
C) bizarre, meaningless, and random |
|
People in stage 4 sleep ________. |
C) are hard to wake up |
|
The key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to ________. |
C) state of suggestibility |
|
Judith is startled when her 6-year-old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room. It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the ________ stage of the sleep cycle. |
D) first |
|
You meet a psychologist who says she views hypnosis from the social-cognitive perspective. Which of the following is the best description of what her view of hypnosis would be?A) People play the role of a hypnotized person; hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness. |
A) People play the role of a hypnotized person; hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness |
|
If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep? |
D) stage 2 |
|
Russell needs more of the drug he has been using to get the normal high he got when he first started. Russell is experiencing ________. |
B) drug tolerance |
|
According to research on sleep deprivation, a moderate amount of sleep loss ________. |
A) is still a serious problem |
|
Chemicals that can alter consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior are called ________. |
C) psychoactive drugs |
|
The activation-information-mode model suggests ________. |
D) events that occur during waking hours may influence dreams |
|
A circadian cycle is about ________ hours long. |
D) 12 |
|
After taking a drug for several years, Bruce decides to quit taking the drug. He begins to experience a variety of physical symptoms, psychological symptoms such as irritability, and a strong craving for the substance. What term is used to describe what Bruce is experiencing? |
D) withdrawal |
|
Which of the following people will be helped by hypnosis? |
B) Carlos, who wants to stop thinking about his foot pain |
|
Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT ________. |
B) REM rebound |
|
Upon just waking up, you report a vivid visual event. What term do psychologists use for such phenomena? |
A) hypnopompic image |
|
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of dreaming states that ________. |
D) the purpose of dreaming is to express unconscious wishes, thoughts, and conflicts |
|
According to this theory, sleep is a product of evolution. |
B) adaptive theory |
|
REM sleep refers to ________. |
C) sleep periods in which a person’s eyes move rapidly |
|
Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation? |
C) REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep |
|
The activation-synthesis hypothesis resulted from using ________. |
B) PET scans |
|
Morphine, heroin, and methadone ________. |
B) are derived from opium |
|
Which of the following is classified as a depressant? |
B) alcohol |
|
Tommy desperately wants to quit smoking. Which method has been shown to be the most effective one Tommy can use? |
D) delayed smoking method |
|
LSD is similar to which of the following drugs? |
A) PCP |
|
Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by ________. |
B) difficulty breathing while asleep |
|
REM behavior disorder most commonly occurs ________. |
A) in men over 60 |
|
Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as |
B) altered states of consciouusness |
|
Approximately ________ percent of children experience at least one episode of sleepwalking before adolescence. |
D) 20 |
|
Which of the following pairs belong together? |
B) marijuana; tetrahdrocannabinol |
|
All of the following are signs of physical dependence related to cocaine EXCEPT ________. |
A) obsessing about where to buy it |
|
You are listening to a person who keeps telling you to relax, attempting to create a situation in which you are likely to follow suggestions. What treatment are you undergoing? |
C) hypnosis |
|
The key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to ________. |
A) state of suggestibilty |
|
Which of the following is correct concerning recent theories of dreams? |
C) Activation-information-mode (AIM) model suggest we may use suppressed memories to influence dreams |
|
What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts? |
B) consciousness |
|
The stage of sleep marked by the production of very slow delta waves is ________ sleep. |
C) stage 4 |
|
Sigmund Freud would agree with all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) Freud never really believed that dreams represented the unconscious |
A) Freud never really believed that dreams represented the unconscious |
|
What used to be called "the gentle tyrant"? |
B) sleep |
|
Which of the following statements might help you determine if an individual has narcolepsy? |
A) "I sometimes fall into a deep sleep in the middle of a conversation." |
|
Surgery to which organ in the body may relieve symptoms of apnea? |
C) uvula |
|
Which of these individuals has the highest risk for having sleep apnea? |
A) John, 62 years old, who is overweight |
|
Melatonin is a ________. |
B) hormone |
|
How does the activation-synthesis hypothesis explain dreaming |
A) the cortex making sense of signals from the brain stem |
|
Jim is 56 years old and slightly overweight. His wife reports that he snores loudly. What sleep disorder seems to fit Jim’s symptoms? |
C) sleep apnea |
|
Freud believed that dreams ________. |
A) stem from unconscious conflicts, memories, and desires |
|
Benzedrine, methedrine, and dexedrine are all ________. |
B) smphetamines |
|
The state we are in when we are awake and reasonably alert is called ________. |
B) waking consciousness |
|
Social-cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________. |
B) people merely are playing a role |
|
When amphetamines are abused, the resulting effects may include ________. |
A) nervousness, loss of appetite, high blood pressure, and vomiting |
|
A student nurse looks at a patient’s chart and does not understand the meaning of serious sleep apnea, so she asks the head nurse for assistance. How might the head nurse describe this condition? |
D) The patient has a potentially life-threatening condition in which air does not flow into or out of his nose or mouth for periods of time while he is asleep. |
|
In comparing the dreams of men and women, researchers have found that generally ________. |
A) Men’s dreams more often involve cars, the outdoors, aggression, and sex |
|
If you have been waking up too early for several weeks, you are probably suffering from ________. |
D) insomnia |
|
The hormone melatonin reaches peak levels in the body during the ________. |
C) night |
|
The idea of a "hidden observer" part of the mind was suggested by ________. |
A) Hilgard |
|
Mescaline comes from ________. |
D) cactus buttons |
|
Your friend has experienced excessive daytime sleepiness. He is laughing with you and |
A) narcolepsy |
|
Which of the following statements is correct? |
C) There have been cases in which sleepwalking was a successful murder defense |
|
Our sleep-wake cycle follows a(n) ________ rhythm. |
D) circadian |
|
Which of the following indicators reflects the possibility of physical dependence? |
D) drug tolerance |
|
Human beings generally have an aversion to bitter and sour foods. Some researchers suggest that this is because foods that are inedible or even poisonous are often bitter or sour. The tendency of human beings to find these potentially harmful foods repulsive is an example of ________. |
C) biological preparedness |
|
The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of ________ to conditioning theory. |
B) expectancy |
|
What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery? |
D) Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished, the fear could come back. |
|
A mother tells a young child that when her father comes home, he will spank her because she was bad. One negative consequence of this punishment is that ________. |
D) All of these negative consequences may occur as they are known consequences of punishment |
|
When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ________. |
A) unconditioned response |
|
Neurofeedback, the newer version of biofeedback, involves trying to change ________. |
D) brain wave activity |
|
Kelsey just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself. In order to use a primary reinforcer to encourage her in her joke-telling, Kelsey’s dad might ________. |
A) offer her a piece of candy |
|
In order to get her 2nd grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Thyberg gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning 5 stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Mrs. Thyberg is using (a) ________ to modify the children’s behaviors. |
C) token economy |
|
Little Albert’s acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) ________ response. |
B) conditioned emotional |
|
Which is the most important characteristic of a food that is linked to a conditioned taste aversion for birds? |
D) vision |
|
In their 1961 paper on instinctive drift, the Brelands determined that three assumptions most Skinnerian behaviorists believed in were not actually true. Which is one of the assumptions that was NOT true? |
D) All of these were not tru |
|
Which of the following statements is true about behavior modification? |
B) it involves the process of shaping |
|
What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the case of Little Albert? |
C) a loud noise |
|
The person MOST closely associated with the Law of Effect is ________. |
C) Thorndike |
|
The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses ________. |
B) will be more resistnat to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct respone) |
|
A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of ________. |
A) learned helpessness |
|
In Bandura’s study of observational learning, the abbreviation AMIM stands for ________. |
D) attention, memory, imitation, motivation |
|
College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only halfhearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ________. |
B) learned helplessness |
|
Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. According to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur? |
D) Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry. |
|
Why does fear caused by punishment make the punishment ineffective in changing behavior? |
B) Fear interferes with the child’s ability to learn from the punishment. |
|
When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out"in a process called ________. |
A) extinction |
|
Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true? |
D) Learning is another word for "maturation". |
|
A person is connected to an electroencephalograph, a machine that records the brain’s electrical activity. The person is reinforced when his or her pattern of brain waves changes in order to treat a disorder such as epilepsy. This technique is best called ________. |
B) neurofeedback |
|
Rescorla’s modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ________. |
A) the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS |
|
A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children’s TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. What psychological process are the representatives probably considering as the reason that TV influences school violence? |
A) observational learning |
|
A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of ________ to accomplish this. |
D) conditioned taste aversions |
|
A young boy is watching TV. In one show he sees a bully steal a lunch from another child. The bully then enjoys eating the other child’s lunch. Because this boy feels that his mother makes him a rather skimpy lunch and he is always hungry at school, he starts stealing other kids’ lunches at school. According to Bandura’s theory of observational learning, his hunger at lunchtime most influenced which factor? |
D) motivation |
|
A school issues tokens to the children for good behavior. This issue of a token is an example of ________. |
D) behavior modification |
|
Unlike mammals, birds seem to develop conditioned aversions to food based on which sense? |
A) vision |
|
Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of ________. |
D) learning |
|
What kind of reinforcement is used if Sally’s parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six As on her tests? |
C) partial reinforcement |
|
Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called ________. |
C) the learning/performance distinction |
|
Who was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses? |
A) Thorndike |
|
The abbreviation CS stands for ________. |
B) conditioned stimulus |
|
What was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in the case of Little Albert? |
C) a loud noise |
|
Your parakeet eats some cooked spaghetti. Later, the parakeet gets ill. What would the research on biological preparedness predict? |
C) The parakeet will probably not eat shell macaroni because it tastes similar to spaghetti. |
|
Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of ________. |
D) maturation |
|
Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions? |
D) Watson |
|
Learning that takes place without actual performance (a kind of latent learning) is called ________. |
B) the learning/performance distinction |
|
The concept of latent learning was developed by ________. |
A) Tolman |
|
A behavioral psychologist tries to train a bird to climb a tree to get a reward of a piece of fruit. At first, the bird learns how to climb the tree with its legs and beak. After a while, it starts flapping its wings and hopping around before it starts to climb. Eventually, the bird flies up to the piece of fruit, even though that prevents it from getting the fruit. According to the Brelands’ analysis of biological constraints, the bird is demonstrating ________. |
B) that it was reverting to behavior that was instinctual for it |
|
Molly is sometimes loud and disruptive in class, and her teacher thinks she acts this way when she wants attention. The teacher worries that yelling at Molly might serve as a positive reinforcer for her bad behavior because it is giving Molly the attention she wants. One behavior modification that might help with this child is ________. |
B) use of time-outs to remove the positive reinforcement that even a scolding gives the child |
|
Dad is watching a home improvement show about how to install a new sink. He really wants to do it and watches the show intently. He knows that his wife will reward him when he is done. However, when he tests the new sink, water spurts everywhere. Taking the new sink apart, he finds that he has left out the crucial washers in the faucet assembly even though this was emphasized in the TV show. What part of Bandura’s theory of the necessary components of observational learning is most likely the reason for this disaster? |
D) memory |
|
Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries? |
C) The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov’s assistant and before they got the food. |
|
________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer. |
A) A cupcake; a cerificate of achievement given to a student |
|
Rescorla’s modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ________. |
B) the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS |
|
An example of a discriminative stimulus might be a ________. |
B) stop sign |
|
Karawynn Long attempted to toilet train her cat. The principle of learning that was in operation was ________. |
B) shaping |
|
Which of the following processes occur in both operant conditioning and classical conditioning? |
D) all of these |
|
Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________. |
A) latent learning |
|
What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert’s conditioned fear? |
A) Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following. |
|
You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated ________. |
D) insight learning |
|
"If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated."This is a statement of ________. |
D) Thorndike’s Law of Effect |
|
Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son’s face and yells at the top of their lungs "Shut up!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?A) The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage; their child’s screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to remain married. |
D) The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screamin |
|
Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an) ________. |
C) unconditioned stimulus |
|
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov’s analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as ________. |
B) an unconditioned response |
|
Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning? |
B) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement. |
|
Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael’s own relationships when he is older? |
D) Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father. |
|
A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl’s learning to share is an example of ________. |
C) observational learning |
|
Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called ________. |
B) biological preparedness |
|
Which of the following is NOT an example of operant behavior? |
B) a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented |
|
When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as ________. |
A) punishment by removal |
|
In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they CAN escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ________. |
C) learned helplessness |
|
The first time José sees a cat, his mother tells him, "That’s a cat. Can you say cat?"He repeats the word gleefully, and his mother praises him. The next day, he is watching a cartoon and sees a tiger on the television. He points at the tiger and says, "Cat!"This is an example of ________. |
A) generalization |
|
Seligman expanded his theory of learned helplessness to explain ________. |
A) depression |
|
As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor’s coat, she started to cry. This is an example of ________. |
B) classical condititioning |
|
Shaquin finished his term paper and handed it in. As he walked out of the classroom, he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in the paper. Shaquin’s problem is the ________ component of memory. |
D) retreival |
|
Craik and Lockhart’s model of memory states that how long a memory will be remembered depends on ________. |
C) the depth of processing associated with learning the materials |
|
In the parallel distributed processing model of memory, ________. |
D) information is simultaneously stored in a network that stretches across the brain |
|
Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. This is an example of the ________. |
C) serial position effect |
|
The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called ________. |
D) long-term memory |
|
Rochelle remembered getting "B’s"in her English lit classes in college. But years later when she applied for a job and took out her transcript, she was shocked to find that she had actually gotten "C—"grades. She then started telling everyone she remembers being a pretty poor student. Her erratic memory of her mediocre performance is most likely due to ________. |
B) hindsight bias |
|
Which type of long-term memory is most resistant to loss with Alzheimer’s disease? |
A) procedural |
|
________ appears to be responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. If it is removed, the ability to store anything new is completely lost. |
D) The hippocampus |
|
Studies have found that the best way to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue effect is to ________. |
D) None of these will work. |
|
The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are ________. |
B) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory |
|
In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a ________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a ________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word). |
D) deeper; shallower |
|
Jessica took psychology in the fall semester and is now taking sociology. Several of the concepts are similar, and Jessica finds that she sometimes has trouble recalling some of the major psychological theorists. She keeps getting them confused with sociological theorists. Jessica’s problem is most likely due to ________. |
A) retroactive interference |
|
The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the ________. |
D) serial position effect |
|
The only time selective attention is not working at its peak is ________. |
A) during stage 4 sleep, and it is still functioning even then |
|
When the sound of the word is the aspect that cannot be retrieved, leaving only the feeling of knowing the word without the ability to pronounce it, this is known as ________. |
C) the tip-of-the-tongue effect |
|
In the game show Jeopardy! contestants are tested on general information. The type of memory used to answer these kinds of questions is ________. |
B) semantic |
|
The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of the ________ model of memory. |
A) information processing |
|
Godden and Baddeley found that if you study on land, you do better when tested on land, and if you study underwater, you do better when tested underwater. This finding is an example of ________. |
B) encoding specificity |
|
Most people have difficulty actually recognizing the correct image of the Lincoln penny. The most likely cause of this problem is ________. |
A) encoding failure |
|
________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage. |
A) Memory |
|
In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer ________. |
A) form new memories |
|
Which type of long-term memory is most difficult to bring into conscious awareness? |
C) procedural memories |
|
Information is simultaneously stored across a network that stretches across the brain in the ________. |
A) parallel distributed processing model of memory |
|
As memories get older, they are most likely ________. |
D) to become changed or altered in some fashion |
|
People with dementia typically have a memory problem known as ________. |
B) anterograde amnesia |
|
The first step in the memory process is ________ information in a form that the memory system can use. |
A) encoding |
|
Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations? |
D) echoic memory |
|
In this view, memories are literally "built"from the pieces stored away at encoding. This view is called ________. |
D) constructive processing |
|
A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud. During the interview, Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school. When you ask him how he made it through, he says, "I had eidetic imagery."What does he mean by that? |
B) He had a photographic memory, which helped him remember the material he had to learn |
|
In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs ________. |
C) within the first hour after learning new material |
|
Which of the following statements about memory retrieval while under hypnosis is NOT TRUE? |
D) All of the statements are not true. |
|
When memories are stored in long-term memory, which of the following forms of information is used? |
D) all of the above |
|
The best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in ________. |
B) the biology classroom |
|
What type of stimuli did Hermann Ebbinghaus use in his memory experiments? |
A) nonsense syllables |
|
In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number ________. |
B) 7, plus or minus 2 |
|
Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to ________. |
C) interference from other information |
|
Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are ________. |
D) receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information, and retrieving the information from storage |
|
When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called ________. |
C) encoding |
|
Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that was!). Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Janie is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers the fifth point, but it is too late. Janie had a problem with ________. |
B) retrieval |
|
Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the ________. |
C) prefrontal lobes of the cortex |
|
Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades? |
A) long-term memory |
|
Your teacher has given each student the name of a key figure in the history of psychology. The assignment is to describe at least one significant contribution made by this person. If your historical figure is Hermann Ebbinghaus, what contribution might you describe to the class? |
D) He created nonsense syllables in order to study memory in a "pure" form |
|
Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ________ rehearsal. |
A) maintenance |
|
The Internet, with its series of links from one site to many others, is a good analogy for the organization of ________. |
C) long-term memory |
|
One major danger of barbiturates is ________. |
A) drug interaction |
|
The difference between insomnia and apnea is that ________. |
D) insomnia is characterized by sleeplessness, wheres apnea is characterized by breathing difficulties |
|
Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory. If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep, what brain waves will be detected? |
B) delta |
|
One major danger of barbiturates is ________. |
C) drug interaction |
|
Which of the following statements is correct concerning what hypnosis can NOT do? |
A) Hypnosis cannot give a person superhuman strength. |
|
Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT ________. |
A) REM rebound |
|
Consciousness is the ________. |
D) awareness of ourselves and the environment |
|
Which of the following can be an emotional symptom of sleep deprivation? |
B) depression |
|
Which of the following is NOT an altered state of consciousness? |
B) concentration |
|
Melatonin is a ________. |
B) hormone |
|
REM behavior disorder results from ________. |
D) failure of the brain mechanisms to block brain signals to the muscles |
|
SCN stands for ________. |
A) suprachiasmatic nucleus |
|
Drugs derived from opium are called ________. |
C) narcotics |
|
Sleep spindles appear during ________ sleep. |
A) stage 2 |
|
Mescaline comes from ________. |
D) cactus buttons |
|
Which statement is correct concerning marijuana? |
D) There is no evidence that marijuana is physically or psychologically addictive. |
|
A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ________. |
C) insomnia |
|
Melatonin is to ________ as an aspirin is to ________. |
A) insomnia; headache |
|
Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of ________. |
C) endorphins |
|
Which of the following statements is correct concerning hypnosis? |
C) A person who is under hypnosis is really in control of his or her behavior. |
|
How does Ernest Hilgard explain pain reduction through hypnosis? |
D) Hypnotized individuals dissociate the experience so part of the mind is unaware of the pain. |
|
The need to take a drug in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms is called ________. |
B) physical dependence |
|
A client tells his therapist about a dream in which he drives his wife to the airport where she boards a plane. As the plane takes off, he is smiling. The therapist says the dream suggests a desire for a divorce. The therapist’s interpretation represents what Sigmund Freud called the dream’s ________. |
D) latent content |
|
Jane is experiencing loss of equilibrium, decreased sensory and motor capabilities, and double vision. How many drinks is Jane likely to have had? |
B) 8-10 |
|
What two categories of dream content did Sigmund Freud describe?A) poetic and realistic |
B) latent and manifest |
|
What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1-4 of sleep? |
C) Non-REM sleep |
|
Stage 4 sleep is marked by ________ waves. |
C) delta |
|
Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of ________. |
B) endorphins |
|
What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response? |
B) punishment |
|
An animal is conditioned to salivate to a bell using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, the conditioned response is seen again. The effect is known as ________. |
B) spontaneous recovery |
|
One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a ________. |
C) physiologist who was studying digestion |
|
A box used in operant conditioning of animals that limits the available responses and, thus, increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur is called a ________. |
B) Skinner box |
|
The abbreviation UCS stands for ________. |
B) unconditioned stimulus |
|
Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true? |
C) Bill’s wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog |
|
The abbreviation UCR stands for ________. |
C) unconditioned response |
|
An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider? |
C) Punishment tends to increase the number of nightmares experienced |
|
After Pavlov’s dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. This represents the process called ________. |
B) extinction |
|
When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as ________. |
C) higher-order conditioning |
|
The "aha!"experience is known as ________. |
D) insight learning |
|
The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________. |
C) Pavlov |
|
Which of the following conditions have been treated with neurofeedback? |
D) All of these have been treated with neurofeedback |
|
A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that ________. |
B) provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement |
|
A key element in the use of biofeedback is teaching a person to induce a state of ________ to help gain control over biological functions. |
A) relaxation |
|
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________. |
C) operant conditioning |
|
Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________. |
A) latent learning |
|
What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert? |
B) a white rat |
|
After a CS comes to elicit the CR, the CS now can be paired with a new neutral stimulus and this second neutral stimulus will start to elicit a CR. This process is called ________. |
A) higher-order conditioning |
|
In order to learn anything through observation, the learner must ________. |
D) All of these processes are necessary |
|
Which of the following statements is TRUE? |
A) Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories. |
|
What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory? |
B) 7 |
|
False positives occur when a person incorrectly "matches"a stimulus that is merely similar to a real memory to that memory. One major problem with eyewitness testimony is that ________. |
B) false positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate |
|
Flashbulb memories ________. |
A) usually concern events that are emotionally charged |
|
When a person’s ________ is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia, or the inability to form new memories, results. |
C) hippocampus |
|
The case of Father Bernard Pagano, who was identified by seven eyewitnesses as a criminal, was an instance of a ________. |
B) false positive |
|
Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of ________. |
A) semantic networks or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge |
|
When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember ________. |
D) the items at the beginning and at the end more than those in the middle of the list |
|
Why did research participants in Sperling’s experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory? |
C) The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory. |
|
The research of Eich and Metcalf would suggest that if you were really happy when you were learning math, you should be ________ when taking the math exam to do well. |
B) happy |
|
You are invited to take part in a study by a researcher trying to replicate the work of Hermann Ebbinghaus. What might this researcher ask you to do? |
B) "Listen to me: BEC, DAX, FER, KOJ; now repeat what I said." |
|
Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten ________. |
B) quickly at first, then tapers off gradually |
|
Which of the following examples represents deep processing as described by Craik and Lockhart? |
D) thinking about the meaning of a word |
|
Which of the following statements is CORRECT concerning the concept of gender and dreams? |
C) Research reports that men and women differ in the things they dream about. |
|
The hypothalamus controls the ________. |
B) sleep-wake cycle |
|
Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of ________. |
A) altered states of consciousness |
|
Psychoactive drugs are ________. |
B) drugs capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior |
|
A newspaper advertisement describes a book that offers interpretations of dreams. In attempting to tell readers the meaning of the symbols of their dreams, the author intends to describe the ________. |
B) latent content |
|
Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located? |
D) hypothalamus |
|
Which of the following conditions would you least like the pilot flying your airplane to have? |
C) narcolepsy |
|
Which of the following statements is correct concerning what hypnosis can NOT do? |
B) Hypnosis cannot regress people back to childhood. |
|
One of the main semantic problems with using sleepwalking as a defense for murder is ________. |
A) the correct term for this type of behavior is REM behavior disorder |
|
What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response? |
B) punishment |
|
Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while he notices |
C) fish food |
|
A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch. |
B) primary |
|
Which of the following statements is true regarding punishment? |
D) All of these statements are true. |
|
An important example of conditioned taste aversions might be ________. |
C) Both of these are examples of taste aversions. |
|
Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants a GI JOE action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What will happen? |
B) extinction |
|
"The effectiveness of memory retrieval is directly related to the similarity of cues present when the memory was encoded to the cues present when the memory is retrieved."What concept does this statement describe? |
C) encoding specificity |
|
When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first items on the list than the middle of the list. This is known as the ________. |
B) primacy effect |
|
The duration of iconic memory is ________ than echoic memory, but iconic’s capacity is probably ________. |
A) shorter; larger |
|
Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information, the better it will be remembered? |
B) levels-of-processing model |
|
Our awareness of various mental processes, such as making decisions, daydreaming, reflecting, and concentrating, is called ________. |
C) consciousness |
|
Which of the following neurotransmitters are associated with alcohol? |
B) GABA |
|
Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________. |
A) it is thought that when learning occurs some part of the brain physically changes |
|
College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only halfhearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ________. |
A) learned helplessness |
|
Work with electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) for severe depression suggests that consolidation ________. |
C) may take years to complete |
|
Which statement is correct concerning how much sleep people need? |
A) Most people need between 7 and 8 hours of sleep. |
|
Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change ________. |
A) brain wave activity |
|
________ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term memory compared to ________ rehearsal. |
B) Elaborative; maintenance |
Share This
Flashcard
