An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her |
personality |
The importance of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences is of most central A) humanistic theories . |
psychodynamic theories. |
Psychoanalysis refers to the personality theory and therapeutic practices developed by |
Sigmund Freud. |
By professional training, Freud was a |
physician |
Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when e noticed that |
made no neurological sense |
Freud referred to the largely conscious "executive" part of the personality as the |
ego |
According to Freud, the component of personality that seeks to reconcile the demands of |
ego |
Freud suggested that the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasuresensitive |
erogenous zones. |
Two-year-old Damien frequently refuses to obey his parents because he derives immense pleasure from demonstrating his independence from their control. Freud would |
anal |
According to Freud, boys are most likely to experience the Oedipus complex during the |
phallic |
The Oedipus complex is the term used by Freud to describe |
boys' feelings of guilt and fear of punishment over their sexual desire for their mother. |
Reaction formation refers to the process by which people |
consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses. |
The defense mechanism by which people disguise threatening impulses by attributing |
projection. |
The defense mechanism in which self-justifying explanations replace the real, unconscious reasons for actions is |
rationalization |
Refusing to believe or even to perceive painful realities constitutes the defense mechanism known as |
denial. |
Karen Homey, a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freud's assumption that women |
have weak: superegos. |
Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to disagree with Freud's assumption that |
sexual drives are central to personality development. |
Humanistic theorists have been criticized for |
underestimating the inherent human capacity for destructive and evil behaviors. |
A characteristic pattern of behavior or tendency to act and feel in a certain way is called |
trait. |
The MMPI is an example of a(n) |
personality inventory. |
Frida was informed by a professional palm reader: "You generally communicate openly |
the Barnum effect |
Sheryl is very outgoing and fun-loving. She prefers to be around other people most of |
extraversion |
People are especially likely to demonstrate an increase in ______ during their twenties. |
conscientiousness |
Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates |
self-serving bias |
Narcissism refers to excessive |
self-love. |
Narcissism is associated with |
more gambling and more cheating. |
People are more critical of their ____ selves than of their _____ selves. |
past; current |
The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of traits and |
situations |
The humanistic perspective is to Maslow as the social-cognitive perspective is to |
Bandura |
Because Greta is an extravert, she frequently goes to parties where she is encouraged to laugh and socialize with her friends. Because Jim is an introvert, he frequently spends |
reciprocal determinism. |
Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and |
the spotlight effect |
A,sense of personal self-worth is called |
self-esteem. |
Self-efficacy refers to the experience of one's own |
competence. |
Mr. Dutoit was asked by his psychotherapist to look at some ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Dutoit was most likely completing |
a projective test. |
The famous test introduced by Hermann Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to |
meaningless inkblots |
Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it |
offers few testable hypotheses that allow one to determine its validity. |
The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of |
self-determination. |
Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for |
self-actualization. |
Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathic? |
Carl Rogers |
Some psychoanalysts in Freud's era believed that girls experienced unconscious sexual desires for their father during the phallic stage. These feelings, they thought, reflected |
an Electra complex. |
Freud suggested that a boy's identification with his father during the phallic stage illustrates the process of |
conflict resolution. |
Freud suggested that defense mechanisms protect an individual from |
anxiety |
When she was 8 years old, Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of A)repression. |
repression. |
Regression is a defense mechanism that involves |
retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage. |
Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from |
psychological processes. |
According to Freud, the unconscious is |
the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware. |
Reporting whatever thoughts come to mind even if they are trivial or embarrassing is characteristic of |
free association. |
According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate |
id |
Ego is to id as _____ is to _____ |
reality principle; pleasure principle |
According to Freud, the part of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong |
superego. |