A manipulative, callous individual with no apparent conscience might be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder. schizotypal |
antisocial |
"Negative reinforcement contributes to the maintenance of not only phobias but also obsessive-compulsive disorder." This statement BEST reflects a _____ perspective on psychological disorders. sociocultural |
psychological |
According to the textbook, normal and abnormal behavior are BEST viewed as: discrete categories. |
ends of a continuum |
Perception is to _____ as cognition is to _____. compulsion; obsession |
hallucination; delusion |
Although Zebulon realizes his behavior is unreasonable, he is so distraught by high bridges that he avoids them, causing him to take an unnecessarily lengthy route to and from work each day. Zebulon appears to suffer from: obsessive-compulsive disorder. |
specific phobia |
Obsession is to compulsion as _______ is to _______. cognition; behavior |
cognition; behavior |
The text suggests that dissociative disorders generally occur as a result of: neurotransmitter deficits. |
extreme stress or trauma. |
Which piece of evidence does NOT directly support a sociocultural perspective on the etiology of psychological abnormality? Traumatic childhood experiences are associated with bipolar disorder. |
Traumatic childhood experiences are associated with bipolar disorder. |
Kyle is extremely manipulative. He can look anyone in the eye and lie convincingly. His deceit often endangers the safety and well-being of those around him, but he is indifferent to their suffering as a result of his actions. His behavior BEST illustrates: obsessive-compulsive disorder. |
antisocial personality disorder. |
Hallucination is to delusion as _____ is to _____. perception; action |
perception; cognition |
The textbook describes a study in which researchers tracked 144 people with obsessive-compulsive disorder for more than 40 years. Recall the research designs used in developmental psychology. Skoog and Skoog's study exemplifies _____ research. longitudinal |
longitudinal |
Abnormal activity in the orbital frontal cortex is implicated in: agoraphobia. |
obsessive-compulsive disorder. |
The brain areas involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder also contribute to: movement. |
movement. |
Carrie has had trouble sleeping for the past two weeks. She has no energy and feels "blue." Carrie may be suffering from: obsessive-compulsive disorder. |
major depressive disorder. |
Mr. James incorrectly believes that FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Mr. James is suffering from a(n): hallucination. |
delusion. |
In obsessive-compulsive disorder, compulsions relieve or offset troubling obsessions. Thus, compulsions are therefore maintained through: negative reinforcement. |
negative reinforcement. |
Paulette cannot recall long stretches of her difficult childhood; Paulette's case is an example of dissociative: fugue. |
amnesia. |
The _____ perspective is the most integrative approach to psychological disorders. biopsychosocial |
biopsychosocial |
Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of _____ disorder. bipolar |
obsessive-compulsive |
Some people in Japan and Korea suffer from taijin kyofu, a variant of _____ anxiety disorder in which people fear _____. social; causing distress to others |
social; causing distress to others |
The brain abnormalities seen in schizophrenia are thought to be related to psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions. In other words, brain abnormalities may underlie some of the _____ symptoms of the disorder. primary |
positive |
Chase stole money from the local grocery store on the corner to buy beer. He later assaulted a 72-year-old woman and stole her purse. In the alley, he dumped the purse, went to Starbucks for a cup of coffee, and proceeded to take the train. On the train, a woman accidentally stepped on his shoes, and he threw the hot coffee on her and laughed. Chase would be considered to have a(n) _______ personality disorder. schizotypal |
antisocial |
How might the results of David Rosenhan's study inform an evaluation of the DSM-5's system of classifying psychological disorders? The study's results are worrying because they suggest that diagnostic labels strongly affect how a person's behavior is perceived. |
The study's results are worrying because they suggest that diagnostic labels strongly affect how a person's behavior is perceived. |
Rhonda is constantly worried about many aspects of her life. She is having trouble sleeping and is experiencing muscle tension. Rhonda is showing signs of: agoraphobia. |
generalized anxiety disorder |
Classic films such as Sybil and The Three Faces of Eve as well as the recent television series United States of Tara focused on a disorder called _____ in which an individual presents several distinct personalities. histrionic personality disorder |
dissociative identity disorder |
Thirty-five-year-old Lucy needs to have her blood drawn. She is so distraught by this that she must mentally prepare herself for it as well as take a short-acting sedative. Lucy seems to be suffering from: generalized anxiety disorder. |
specific phobia |
Which choice BEST expresses historical trends in psychologists' views of schizophrenia's etiology? Psychologists have always attributed schizophrenia mainly to environmental factors. |
Psychologists once attributed schizophrenia largely to environmental factors. They now believe that genetic factors play a critical role in the disorder's etiology. |
Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a(n): inability to develop a stable sense of identity. |
exaggerated sense of self-importance. |
The police brought Gabriella to the emergency room after she was seen running down the street in her underwear yelling that she "has the power!" Gabriella was also spending large amounts of money and was agitated and reckless during the past 5 days. In the emergency room, Gabriella would not be quiet long enough for the nurse to ask her questions. Gabriella is MOST likely suffering from _____ disorder. bipolar |
bipolar |
Nick has felt depressed most of the time for the past two years. On this basis, he may be diagnosed with _____ disorder. disruptive mood dysregulation |
persistent depressive |
Cross-cultural variants of panic disorder do NOT include: khyal. |
taijin kyofu. |
With respect to depression, Beck is to Seligman as _____ is to _____. negative thinking; dopamine hypothesis |
negative thinking; learned helplessness |
Disorganized speech is to decreased speech as _____ is to _____. positive symptom; negative symptom |
positive symptom; negative symptom |
Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between the diathesis-stress model of psychological disorders and the biopsychosocial perspective? The diathesis-stress model is an alternative to the biopsychosocial perspective. |
The diathesis-stress model reflects the biopsychosocial perspective. |
Suicide rates are highest among: White Americans. |
White Americans. |
Brett has an intense, irrational fear of needles and other sharp objects. Brett might be diagnosed with: specific phobia. |
specific phobia |
The textbook suggests that the language often used to discuss psychological disorders BEST reflects the _____ perspective. sociocultural |
medical |
Schizophrenia: affects women earlier in life than it does men. |
affects men earlier in life than it does women. |
The neurotransmitters involved in depression include each of these EXCEPT: dopamine. |
acetylcholine. |
Elaine feels that her life is empty. She has lost interest in her career and hobbies, and she wonders if she would be better off dead. She is MOST likely suffering from _____ disorder. generalized anxiety |
major depressive |
Insanity is a _____ term. psychological |
legal |
Among individuals who commit suicide, the most common psychological disorders are major depressive disorder and: schizophrenia. |
substance abuse disorder. |
Which is NOT one of the "three Ds" of psychological disorders mentioned in the textbook? distress |
disability |
The two personality disorders that have received the MOST research attention are _____ personality disorder and _____ personality disorder. antisocial; borderline |
antisocial; borderline |
These days, Adam is sleeping very little. He seems full of energy and enthusiasm. His extreme optimism has led him to take foolish risks. He lost a lot of money, for instance, betting on a horse that he was sure would win. Adam may be in a _____ state. dissociative |
manic |
People who are troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions are suffering from ____ disorder. generalized anxiety |
obsessive-compulsive |
A(n) _____ is a false belief that often accompanies schizophrenia. obsession |
delusion |
_____ disorders are defined by an enduring, inflexible pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from the expectations of an individual's culture. Dissociative |
Personality |
In any given year, the most common type of psychological disorder is: substance disorders. |
anxiety disorders. |
Heather has been feeling depressed and listless lately. She has had no motivation and has lost interest in activities she once enjoyed. For Heather to be diagnosed with major depression, these symptoms must last for at least: 1 week. |
2 weeks. |
Alex is prone to drastic mood swings. Alex may suffer from a condition known as _____ disorder. bipolar |
bipolar |
Compared to chronic medical conditions, psychological disorders are _____ impairing and are _____ often treated. less; less |
more; less |
Recall the "three Ds" of psychological disorders mentioned in the textbook. Which "D" is correctly matched with its definition? dysfunction - the extent to which a behavior interferes with daily life and relationships |
dysfunction - the extent to which a behavior interferes with daily life and relationships |
Anxiety disorders are: equally common among men and women. |
twice as common among women as among men. |
Individuals suffering from _____, a disorder seen in _____, believe their souls have left their bodies. The disorder usually develops after a frightening situation. susto; Latin America |
susto; Latin America |
According to the World Health Organization, which psychological disorder causes the MOST disability in terms of missed work days? bipolar disorder |
major depressive disorder |
Major depressive disorder is a set of distressing, disabling cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. Major depressive disorder is a _____ disorder. behavioral |
psychological |
The subfield in which psychological disorders are studied is generally known as _____ psychology. abnormal |
abnormal |
An individual with a fear of public speaking, going to parties, or eating out MOST likely suffers from _____ disorder. obsessive-compulsive |
social anxiety |
Individuals suffering from bipolar disorder cycle between periods of depression and periods of: psychosis. |
mania. |
The rates of major depressive disorder may be up to 3 times _____ for women than for men beginning in _____. higher; adolescence |
higher; adolescence |
Omar was found wandering outside a Boise, Idaho discount store. His last memories are of his previous life in Greensboro, North Carolina; he had no memory of his journey to Idaho. Omar's condition is known as dissociative: identity disorder. |
fugue. |
Several times in the past two months, Petra has experienced a racing heart, intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and an inability to breathe. Petra most likely is suffering from _____ disorder. generalized anxiety |
panic |
Pam is experiencing a major depressive episode. She is upset that she doesn't feel "like herself," and it bothers her that she has too little energy to participate fully in her family and work life. Pam's discomfort is an example of the _____ associated with psychological abnormality. disability |
distress |
Diane is concerned about things at work even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life even when she is at work. Diane has a free-floating anxiety that leaves her tense and irritable, impairs her concentration, and results in many sleepless nights. Diane is MOST likely suffering from _____ disorder. social anxiety |
generalized anxiety |
Gloria is a real "diva": She expects special treatment from others but completely disregards others' feelings. Gloria may have _____ personality disorder. borderline |
narcissistic |
Sheila, who has schizophrenia, displays virtually no emotion, no matter how dramatic the event; this is a _____ symptom of schizophrenia. primary |
negative |
An intrusive, repetitive thought, urge, or image is called a(n): compulsion. |
obsession. |
Specific neurotransmitters are being implicated in an increasing number of psychological disorders. This fact most directly affirms the _____ perspective on abnormality. biopsychosocial |
medical |
Dr. Fritsch and Dr. Gupta are debating why depression is more prevalent among women than among men. "Women have fewer economic opportunities than do men, and they experience role conflicts more often," notes Dr. Fritsch. Dr. Gupta remarks that women experience fluctuations in estrogen levels, whereas men do not. Dr. Fritsch appears to take a _____ approach to depressive disorders, whereas Dr. Gupta seems to favor a _____ approach. medical; sociocultural |
sociocultural; medical |
Walter has an intense fear of public speaking. Because he can engage only in one-on-one interactions, he has been passed over for promotions. Walter's case illustrates _____ disorder. panic |
social anxiety |
Michael is extremely fearful of germs. He sleeps in a special chamber at night, wears gloves, and will only eat food that he can unwrap. His symptoms are most characteristic of: obsessive-compulsive disorder. |
specific phobia. |
A true "drama queen" may well have ______ personality disorder. schizoid |
histrionic |
Schizophrenia is associated with a(n): increase in the size of the corpus callosum. |
decrease in total brain volume. |
Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between mania and depression? Mania is the clinical term for a depressive episode. |
Mania and depression are opposite mood states. |
The case of the Genain quadruplets _____ the importance of _____ factors in schizophrenia's etiology. affirms; environmental |
affirms; genetic |
Many of the criticisms of the DSM-5 revolve around: the potential effects of labeling people based on inflexible categories. |
the potential effects of labeling people based on inflexible categories. |
In obsessive-compulsive disorder, compulsions relieve or offset troubling obsessions. Thus, compulsions are therefore maintained through: negative punishment. |
negative reinforcement. |
Major depressive disorder is diagnosed when at least _____ symptoms of depression are evident. 6 |
5 |
The primary purpose of the DSM-5 is to provide: explanations of the causes of disorders. |
descriptions of disorders. |
Klaus has been diagnosed not only with major depressive disorder, but also generalized anxiety disorder. Klaus' case illustrates: comorbidity. |
comorbidity. |
Feeling worthless, difficulty concentrating, and changes in appetite are symptoms of: obsessive compulsive disorder. |
major depressive disorder. |
People with _____ disorders display rigid, unusual behavior patterns that impair functioning. personality |
personality |
Lenora is always tense and uneasy. She is plagued by insomnia and muscle tension. Lenora is MOST likely suffering from _____ disorder. social anxiety |
generalized anxiety |
Bipolar I disorder is to bipolar II disorder as _____ is to _____. major depression; mania |
mania; hypomania |
Individuals with antisocial personality disorder tend to break the law and violate others' rights. Because these behaviors fall outside society's standards and rules, they reflect the _____ often associated with psychological abnormality. disability |
deviance |
Michael complains that threatening voices are constantly telling him he is so evil he should kill himself. Michael is experiencing a(n): hallucination. |
hallucination. |
With respect to schizophrenia, diathesis is to stress as _____ is to _____. negative symptoms; positive symptoms |
nature; nurture |
Jackie is extremely afraid of rejection. As a result, she has always been withdrawn. Her inflexible and enduring behavior patterns have impaired her social functioning, and she may have _____ personality disorder. schizoid |
avoidant |
Drugs that block dopamine reduce the psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia such as delusions and hallucinations. These drugs therefore lessen the _____ symptoms of the disorder. negative |
positive |
_____ refers to the occurrence of two or more psychological disorders at the same time. Etiology |
Comorbidity |
One positive symptom of schizophrenia is: lack of emotional expression. |
hallucinations. |
Boris is a prolific painter. He is prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of great creativity. It is likely that Boris is suffering from _____ disorder. obsessive-compulsive |
bipolar |
Obsessive-compulsive disorder may reflect reduced activity of the neurotransmitter: serotonin. |
serotonin. |
Sleep problems, lack of energy, and a "down" mood are symptomatic of: generalized anxiety disorder. |
major depressive disorder. |
Which mood disorders term is correctly paired with its description? hypomania - a less intense, less disruptive state of elation than mania |
hypomania - a less intense, less disruptive state of elation than mania |
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is sometimes diagnosed alongside substance use disorder in the same individual. This is an example of: comorbidity. |
comorbidity. |
In round numbers, the DSM-5 lists approximately _____disorders. 200 |
150 |
Adults who feel depressed most of the time for two years may be diagnosed with _____ disorder. persistent depressive |
persistent depressive |
Data presented in the textbook indicates that _____ is the most common anxiety disorder among adults. generalized anxiety disorder |
specific phobia |
Recall the "three Ds" of psychological disorders mentioned in the textbook. The extent to which a behavior interferes with a person's daily life and relationships is referred to as its: distress. |
dysfunction. |
Which psychological disorder is NOT universal? depression |
koro |
Each day, the obsessions and compulsions of obsessive-compulsive disorder consume at least _____ of a person's day. 30 minutes |
1 hour |
The learning mechanism MOST likely implicated in the development of panic disorder is: observational learning. |
classical conditioning |
An excess of the neurotransmitter _____ has long been associated with schizophrenia. glutamate |
dopamine |
In major depressive disorder, symptoms must be present for at least _____ consecutive weeks. 4 |
4 |
People with schizophrenia demonstrate a severe and chronic loss of contact with reality called: dysthymia. |
psychosis. |
Butch alternates between periods of dark despair and times of elation, great energy, recklessness, and creativity. Butch seems to suffer from ______ disorder. dissociative |
bipolar |
During David Rosenhan's study, in which several colleagues were admitted into mental hospitals, which group was most likely to detect that these secret "pseudopatients" actually did not suffer from mental illness? psychologists |
actual mental patients |
Disorganized speech is a _____ symptom of schizophrenia. Hearing voices is a _____ symptom. positive; positive |
positive; positive |
Dex is troubled by his own methamphetamine use; moreover, he has been written up twice lately for missing shifts at work. Dex's case illustrates the _____ associated with psychological abnormality. dysfunction |
distress and dysfunction |
Which choice BEST expresses how many states offer some form of the insanity legal defense? Fewer than half of them do. |
Almost all of them do. |
The term _____ refers to the causes of psychological disorders. etiology |
etiology |
In _____ disorder, an individual experiences sudden, intense fear or discomfort. social anxiety |
panic |
Sally is focused on cleaning her home, which she does for four hours per day. In particular, the fringe on her rugs must be straight on both sides in all five rooms. This takes considerable time, and she often repeats this 10 to 12 times per day. Her experience is most symptomatic of _____ disorder. major depressive |
obsessive-compulsive |
A _____ is a negative attitude about groups of people based on certain shared traits or characteristics. schema |
stigma |
Symptoms that can be incorrectly perceived as those of a heart attack are MOST characteristic of _____ disorder. generalized anxiety |
panic |
Evidence suggests that persons with depressive disorders may have _____ levels of the hormone _____. low; melatonin |
high; cortisol |
People who suffer from _____ disorder are so preoccupied by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions that they are unable to function in their daily lives. generalized anxiety |
obsessive-compulsive |
_____ is characterized by excessive worry and unease concerning multiple aspects of life. Social anxiety disorder |
Generalized anxiety disorder |
Which mood disorder is NOT correctly matched with an example? mania - Neal feels elated and invincible; he seems to have boundless energy. |
hypomania - For the past couple of years, Robbie has felt "down" most of the time. |
Which perspective on abnormal behavior places the greatest emphasis on early childhood experiences and personality factors? the biopsychosocial model |
the psychological perspective |
People with schizophrenia often have disturbed perceptions called _____, which are sensory experiences without sensory stimulation from the environment. compulsions |
hallucinations |
Dr. Chapman believes that major depression is best treated through the prescription of drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin in the brain. Dr. Chapman appears to endorse the _____ model of the etiology of psychological disorders. biopsychosocial |
medical |
______ disorders are characterized by extreme apprehension and debilitating fears. Dissociative |
Anxiety |
The anxiety disorders identified in the DSM-5 do NOT include: panic disorder. |
bipolar disorder. |
_____ is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the euphoric, hyperactive state of mania. Schizophrenia |
Bipolar disorder |
When people suffer from _____, they often feel intense fear that something horrible is about to happen. These feelings last several minutes and include heart palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness. dissociative disorder |
panic disorder |
For the past four weeks, Nan has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. Nan is MOST likely suffering from _____ disorder. major depressive |
major depressive |
Dramatic mood swings are characteristic of a condition known as _____ disorder. bipolar |
bipolar |
Dr. Herbert suggests that dissociative symptoms are created as defenses against the anxiety created by unacceptable unconscious urges. Dr. Herbert reflects psychology's _____ perspective. behavioral |
psychodynamic |
Lanie is very dramatic and impulsive. She displays shallow, attention-getting emotions and will do whatever she can to get people to praise her. Lanie exhibits characteristics typical of ______ personality disorder. dependent |
histrionic |
Victor's mother is frustrated because she cannot get Victor involved in any activities. Most days he sits in a chair with no expression on his face. Victor's absence of appropriate behavior exemplifies the _____ typical of schizophrenia. delusional thinking |
negative symptoms |
Dr. Alfonso investigates the etiology of psychological disorders. Dr. Alonso's field of specialization is known as _____ psychology. abnormal |
abnormal |
Hoang lives in Vietnam. He is terrified that his penis will disappear into his abdomen. Hoang appears to suffer from a disorder called: susto. |
koro. |
Stacy has to be the life of the party. She wears revealing clothing, even around her married friends' husbands. This behavior has upset a number of her friends, especially when she asked a friend's boyfriend out. On any given weekend, Stacy can be seen at a club dancing on a table. Stacy may be considered to have _____ personality disorder. histrionic |
histrionic |
Twenty-year-old Brianna lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has been feeling intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she no longer goes out to eat in restaurants. Brianna seems to be suffering from: specific phobia. |
social phobia |
At some time in Hector's life, he became one of the few people who crossed the line from normal worries and quirks to a time-consuming, disruptive impairment in which he must repeatedly do certain things in a certain order to prevent disaster from occurring. Hector's condition is known as _____ disorder. generalized anxiety |
obsessive-compulsive |
Frank was seen laughing inappropriately in the library as if he were responding to internal stimuli. On the bus home, he was crying uncontrollably and suddenly became angered when a fellow passenger offered him a tissue. Frank's excess of inappropriate behaviors exemplify the _____ typical of schizophrenia. negative symptoms |
positive symptoms |
Kristi has been detached from her friends and classmates. She displays such emotionless disengagement that she might be diagnosed with _____ personality disorder. dependent |
schizoid |
Fabiana is dramatic and emotionally volatile. She rapidly forms intense relationships that then blow up or fall apart quickly. Although she tends to distrust others, she also needs their attention. Fabiana might be diagnosed with _______ personality disorder. antisocial |
borderline |
Taijin kyofu is to ataque de nervios as _____ disorder is to _____ disorder. social anxiety; generalized anxiety |
social anxiety; panic |
Recall the "three Ds" of psychological disorders mentioned in the textbook. The extent to which a behavior falls outside society's standards or rules is referred to as its: distress. |
deviance. |