Group |
two or more individuals who INTERACT and influence one another |
Social facilitation |
strengthen our dominant response when in front of others, whether dominant response is right or wrong. perform better at easier tasks, worse at harder. |
Crowding |
in the presence of many others; being IN a crowd intensifies positive or negative reactions. ex-student section at bball game or riot; enhances arousal |
Evaluation Apprehension |
concern for how others are evaluating us or when we think were being evaluated |
Distraction |
when we wonder how co-actors are doing or how an audience is reacting; paying attention to others paying attention to us overloads cognition and causes arousal |
Mere Presence |
Can be aroused even when we aren’t being evaluated or distracted (proven with animals) |
Social Loafing |
tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool efforts toward common goal than when individually accountable. Ex. cheer; alone vs together |
Free Riders |
people who benefit from the group but give little in return |
People loaf LESS when task is |
Challenging, Appealing(rewards), Involving(team spirit) ex. assembly line produced more when told they were monitored individually |
De-individuation |
loss of self awareness and evaluation apprehension; doing together what we would not alone. EX: food fight in cafeteria |
Group Size effects |
larger the group, more members willing to commit atrocities, "everyones doing it" attitude. |
Physical anonymity |
being anonymous makes you less self conscious, more group conscious and more responsive to cues in the situation, negative or positive. ex. internet anonymity induces more uninhibited behavior. |
Group Polarization |
Group produced enhancement of members preexisting tendencies. discussion with like minded others amplifies preexisting attitudes. |
Risky-shift phenomenon |
occurs not only when a group decides by consensus, after a brief discussion, individuals too will alter their decision. |
Accentuation Effect |
initial differences among college groups increase; SAE vs EX rivalry, each will feel more strongly with time |
Self-segregation |
conservative places attract conservative people & vice versa. ex. Boulder vs Co. Springs |
Group polarizaton in everyday life |
Internet & terrorist groups. |
Informational Influence in polarization |
factual elements and info exchanged through other people, through arguments and discussion we reevaluate our opinions and thoughts |
Normative Influence in polarization |
social comparison, evaluating own opinions and abilities by comparing yourself with others more moral and social values |
pluralistic ignorance |
false impression of what other people or most people are thinking or feeling, if you don’t understand, most likely others don’t either |
Groupthink |
mode of thinking where agreement is such a main goal that it tends to override realistic appraisal of other courses of action |
Group think is caused by |
a cohesive group, isolation of the group from dissenting view points, and a directive leader |
symptom of groupthink |
the group tends to overestimate their might(power) and right (correctness); group members become more close minded because of rationalization; pressure towards conformity |
minority slowness effect |
occurs because minorities hold back to hear what the majority has to say before speaking out |
Task Leadership: |
directive style, gives orders. Organizes work, sets standards, focus on goals. |
Social Leadership: |
democratic style, delegate authority. Builds teamwork, mediates conflict, offers support |
Transformational leadership |
motivates others to identify with group and mission. Enabled by a leaders vision and inspiration, exert significant influence |
Wright (2003) suggested that the Internet is an effective means to rally like-minded people and mobilize lethal consequences, such as recruiting individuals for terror organizations. Which concept in social psychology best explains this trend? |
group polarization |
he relationship between self-consciousness and deindividuation is |
negative |
Students who join extracurricular groups on campus tend to find their attitudes regarding the groups’ purpose increase if they stay in the group. This is an example of |
group polarization. |
According to your text, people in _______ cultures exhibit less social loafing than people in _______ cultures. |
collectivistic; individualistic |
The concern for how others are evaluating us is called |
evaluation apprehension. |
Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments, as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. This is an example of |
social loafing. |
The fact that active participation in discussion produces more polarization is best explained by |
informational influence processes. |
All of the below are needed for "groupthink" to occur EXCEPT |
members being well-informed regarding the issues. |
The tendency for people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present is the original meaning of |
the social facilitation effect. |
Initial research on risk taking found that group discussion leads to |
more risk than the average individual would take |
When people experience a loss of self-awareness as well as evaluation apprehension, they are in a state of |
deindividuation |
Which of the following does NOT strengthen the group minority influence? |
open-mindedness |
"Mindguards" protect group leaders from |
disagreeable facts. |
Which of the following is a comment you are LEAST likely to hear being made within a group characterized by groupthink? |
"Let’s weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed." |
Ingham (1974) found that when blindfolded participants thought they were pulling a tug of war with other participants, they _______ than when they thought they were pulling alone. |
pulled less |
Psych 340 CH 8
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