PSYCH 105 Ch. 6 Part 1 (Classical Conditioning)

_____ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

Pavlov

In Pavlov’s study, the UCS was _____; the neutral stimulus was _____; and, finally, the CS was _____.

meat; the bell; the bell

Which pair below CORRECTLY identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner’s "Little Albert" study?

Unconditioned stimulus—noise

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction?

Alexis is a former cocaine user. Now that she no longer uses cocaine, her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.

In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related?

The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus.

Nature is to nurture what _____ is to _____.

unconditioned response; conditioned response

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies spontaneous recovery?

Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery. After a relapse, though, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive, like her dealer used to do in his car.

_____ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly, whereas _____ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

Habituation; extinction

Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan. She suffers from PTSD. Now, back home in Texas, she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring. The fact that these sounds scare her reflects a process of stimulus:

generalization

In what way does learned taste aversion seem to contradict the basic principles of classical conditioning?

Learned taste aversion can occur after only a single CS-UCR pairing.

Kenny ate several hot dogs at the baseball game. Several hours later he got very nauseous and spent most of the night being physically sick. We can expect that he will

be unable to eat a hot dog at the next ball game he attends.

In classical conditioning situations, the ____________ connection is innate, while the ____________ connection is learned.

UCS-UCR; CS-CR

Pavlov’s dog learned to anticipate food whenever he was presented with stimuli associated with food. Pavlov knew that his dog associated specific stimuli with food because the ____________ was elicited by the stimuli.

CR

As Natalie, who has extremely long nails, approaches the chalkboard, many of her classmates cover their ears. What represents the conditioned stimulus?

Natalie approaching the board

It should take about 30 minutes for the aspirin Manny just took to relieve his headache, but Manny feels better within minutes. This is an example of

the placebo effect

Jennifer was stung by a bee several days ago. Now she cries out whenever any flying insect comes too close. Jennifer is demonstrating

generalization

Boris is trying to use classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to come to the top of the tank to eat whenever he turns on the aquarium light. He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light. After several such trials, the fish show no more inclination to come to the top of the tank when the light is turned on than they did on the first trial. What would you suggest that Boris do to improve his training technique?

He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank.

Watson and Raynor conditioned fear in Little Albert using a ____________ as a CS.

white rat

Which of the following is an example of an innate UCS-UCR connection?

sneezing in response to pepper

In a particular TV add, an attractive model is shown with a red Corvette. Which of the following statements is correct?

The ad will work best if the Corvette precedes the appearance of the attractive person.

Which of the following sequences CORRECTLY arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process, from first to last?

Acquisition → extinction → spontaneous recovery

_____ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

neutral

Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins:

just before the unconditioned stimulus begins.

Which of the following terms best expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?

They are opposites

Learning reflects _____. Maturation reflects _____.

nurture; nature

In ________ conditioning, organisms learn the association between two stimuli.

classical

Some children with seizure problems bang their heads against a wall, causing themselves serious injury. As a result, a psychologist might administer a brief electric shock to such a child every time she bangs her head on the wall. This would be an example of

aversive conditioning

John is taking an agent that causes nausea every time he smokes a cigarette. This is a form of

aversive conditioning

Pavlov’s dog salivated each time food was presented. Salivation in this situation was the

unconditioned response

During the winter months, Alfred receives a static shock each time he touches his car door when exiting his vehicle. Now Alfred flinches right before he touches the door. What represents the conditioned response?

Flinching before touching the door

Which of the following behaviors indicate learning?

Simon whines whenever he wants something.

Little Julie is watching Dora the Explorer help her mother clean up the kitchen after dinner. After the show, she walks into the kitchen to help her mommy clean up. Little Julie is demonstrating

observational learning

Which of the following is true of stimulus generalization?

The greater the similarity between two stimuli, the greater the likelihood of stimulus generalization.

Stimulus _____ provides the ability to differentiate between stimuli.

discrimination

June’s cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener, which she has learned is used to open her food when her dinner is about to be served. The cat does not run when a blender is used, although it sounds similar. June’s cat is demonstrating stimulus:

discrimination

Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is accurate?

It is a form of respondent behavior

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he springs a pop quiz on his students, he typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n)

CS

_____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

Extinction

_____ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.

Unconditioned

In Pavlov’s well-known study on classical conditioning, the bell was the ____________ before conditioning and the ____________ after conditioning had occurred.

neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus

Any situation that involves learning

requires some relatively permanent change to occur.

_____ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

Habituation

Marcia was romantically involved with John. Unfortunately, Marcia eventually discovered that John was being a complete jerk, so she ended the relationship. One day in the mall, she suddenly gets a whiff of the cologne that John always wore. All the former good feelings come pouring back. This is an example of

spontaneous recovery

Typically long pauses in responding are found in _____ schedules.

variable-ratio