|
1. The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior is known as __________. |
A |
|
2. Learning is a process by which experience results in __________. |
B |
|
3. Learning is a process by which experience results in: |
B |
|
4. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the: |
A |
|
5. An experiment finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the: |
A |
|
6. Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12, indicating that it is noontime. This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast. In this example, the conditioned response is: |
B |
|
7. Some of the simplest and most basic learning, that involves the acquisition of fairly specific patterns of behaviors in the presence of well-defined stimuli is: |
D |
|
8. Learning that is not manifested until some later time is called _________. |
C |
|
9. Which of the following statements about learning is TRUE? |
B |
|
9. Which of the following statements about learning is TRUE? |
C |
|
11. Which of the following is an example of learning? |
D |
|
12. Thorndike was known for his work with __________. |
A |
|
13. In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was __________. |
B |
|
14. Ivan Pavlov is most closely associated with __________. |
D |
|
15. Who was Little Albert? |
D |
|
16. The person MOST closely associated with the law of effect is __________. |
A |
|
17. The person most closely associated with the law of effect is ________ . |
D |
|
18. The person most directly associated with operant conditioning is ______. |
D |
|
19. Who formulated the law of effect? |
C |
|
20. Classical is to _____ as operant is to _____. |
A |
|
21. Thorndike is to _______ as Skinner is to _______. |
B |
|
22. The Law of Effect was proposed by: |
D |
|
23. Classical conditioning was discovered by: |
A |
|
24. We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning. |
D |
|
25. Thorndike conducted research on: |
A |
|
26. Thorndike’s main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was: |
C |
|
27. The "law of effect" was first proposed in the modern scientific community by: |
C |
|
28. The person associated with the law of effect is _______. |
D |
|
29. B. F. Skinner is known for his theory of: |
D |
|
30. The learning process studied in the Skinner box is known as: |
D |
|
31. The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the: |
B |
|
32. Classical is to _______ as operant is to _______. |
A |
|
33. Classical conditioning was discovered by _______. |
A |
|
34. What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur? |
C |
|
35. Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning? |
A |
|
36. When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder, the dog salivated. The meat powder was the ________ and salivation was the ________. |
B |
|
37. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the __________. |
C |
|
38 Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________. |
D |
|
39. Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)? |
D |
|
40. A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye. Later, he blinks when he hears the tone. Before ending the experiment, what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone? |
A |
|
41. When Casey opens the closet door to get some dog food, her dog salivates. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example? |
C |
|
42. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the __________. |
A |
|
43. Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________. |
A |
|
44. A kind of therapy closely related to classical conditioning is known as __________ therapy. |
A |
|
45. Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true? |
A |
|
46. New learning that works in the opposite direction from the original learning results in ________ . |
D |
|
47. Instinctive or involuntary behavior would probably be BEST modified by ___________ . |
C |
|
48. We associate the name of ___________ most closely with classical conditioning. |
D |
|
49. Rachel has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning, that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________ and that the conditioned stimulus is the ___________. |
A |
|
50. In classical conditioning, the interstimulus interval refers to the amount of time between ________. |
C |
|
51. Presenting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus is known as _________ conditioning. |
C |
|
52. Little Albert (Watson, 1920) learned through classical conditioning to fear ______. |
C |
|
53. An automatic, innate, and involuntary response to an environmental events is an ________. |
D |
|
54. In classical conditioning, when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response, the neutral stimulus eventually elicits a similar response or becomes a/an _______ stimulus. |
A |
|
55. How does one know he/she has classically conditioned a person or an animal? |
C |
|
56. Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning? |
A |
|
57. Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay just scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned stimulus? |
B |
|
58. Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the conditioned stimulus? |
A |
|
59. Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Fourth of July festival, but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers. However, after just a few firecrackers have been exploded, some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the unconditioned response? |
D |
|
60. Classical conditioning: |
D |
|
61. Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Bobby kissed Sue, his breathing accelerated. Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby. Whenever Bobby smelled Chanel #5, he began to breathe faster. Sue’s kiss was the: |
A |
|
62. Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Bobby kissed Sue, his breathing accelerated. Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby. Bobby’s accelerated breathing when he and Sue kissed is the: |
B |
|
63. Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Bobby kissed Sue, his breathing accelerated. Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby. Chanel #5 is the: |
C |
|
64. Bobby and Sue were parked at Lover’s Lane. When Bobby kissed Sue, his breathing accelerated. Sue always wore Chanel #5 when she went out with Bobby. Bobby’s faster breathing rate when he smells Chanel #5 is the: |
D |
|
65. In classical conditioning, one must pair the _______ before conditioning can occur. |
B |
|
66. Of the four basic elements of classical conditioning, the one the organism learns to respond to is the: |
C |
|
67. As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6 year old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. In the example, the dog’s bark and bite is the: |
A |
|
68. As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6 year old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. Jodie’s crying when she sees dogs is the: |
D |
|
69. As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6 year old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. The sight of dogs is the: |
B |
|
70. Paul is coming down with the flu, but he eats spaghetti anyway and subsequently becomes violently ill. A month later he sees that spaghetti is being served in the dining hall and is overcome by nausea. What type of learning is illustrated by this episode? |
D |
|
71. In classical conditioning the stimulus that normally evokes an automatic response even without new learning is called the: |
C |
|
72. When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increased. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Luke’s kiss was the: |
A |
|
73. When Luke kisses Laura, her heart rate increases. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart raced. Laura’s increased heart rate when Luke kissed her was the: |
B |
|
74. When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increases. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice thereafter, her heart raced. Old Spice After Shave was the: |
C |
|
75. When Luke kissed Laura, her heart rate increases. Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave. Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice, her heart would race. Laura’s increased heart rate when she smelled Old Spice was the: |
D |
|
76. In classical conditioning, one must be sure to pair the: |
A |
|
77. Pairing the US and CS is essential for _______ to occur. |
B |
|
78. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the presentation of the meat was the _______. |
A |
|
79. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, the ringing of the bell was the _______. |
C |
|
80. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the meat was the _______. |
B |
|
81. By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the meat was the _______. |
D |
|
82. Rachel has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the unconditioned stimulus is the _______. |
A |
|
83. An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the UNCONDITIONED response is the _______. |
A |
|
84. An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation the CONDITIONED response is the ________. |
A |
|
85. In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was _______. |
C |
|
86. In the experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus was _______. |
D |
|
87. In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned response was _______. |
A |
|
88. One of the best known examples of classical conditioning in humans was the Little Albert study, conducted by _______. |
C |
|
89. In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the "Albert" experiment), what was the CS? |
A |
|
90. In the classic study of fear conditioning in a human infant (the "Albert" experiment), what was the UCS? |
C |
|
91. When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR, the phenomenon is called _______. |
B |
|
92. If a researcher presents the US first, then presents the CS, the pairing method used is _______. |
D |
|
93. Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in ________. |
A |
|
94. As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6-year-old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. Jodie’s crying when she sees dogs is the ________. |
D |
|
95 A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned up her room. What is the cookie in this example? |
C |
|
96. A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and thus ________ the probability of a response. |
A |
|
97. Which of the following is an example of punishment? |
A |
|
98. When you were first learning to make your bed, your parents told you that you did a good job when you got the bedspread pulled up, even though the bed was still a little messy. For the next week they showed you how to be a little neater each time you made the bed. What operant conditioning procedure did your parents use? |
C |
|
99. A child is praised for using his fork instead of his fingers to eat some spaghetti. This is an example of __________ reinforcement. |
A |
|
100. A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is a __________. |
C |
|
101. On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the __________. |
B |
|
102. Elizabeth was given a $1000 raise after her last performance evaluation. Her raise is a: |
D |
|
103. What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response? |
C |
|
104. A positive reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and thus ________ the probability of a response. |
B |
|
105. Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur is __________. |
C |
|
106. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? |
C |
|
107. Nagging someone to do something until they do it is an example of __________. |
A |
|
108. A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is called a(n) __________ reinforcer. |
A |
|
109. On a fixed-ration schedule reinforcement is given ________ . |
B |
|
110. On a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is given _______. |
A |
|
111. On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given _________ . |
B |
|
112. When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior the behavior is likely to __________ . |
B |
|
113. A camp leader repeatedly hugs a camper after she helps her friend. Each time, the camper is embarrassed and shies away from future acts of assistance. In the example, "Hugging the camper" is _______. |
C |
|
114. Mary arrives home to find her son washing the dirty dishes left from his party the night before. When she discovers his first-semester grade report on the table and sees that he got straight A’s, Mary rewards him by relieving him of the unpleasant task of finishing the dishes. Which operant process does the example illustrate? |
B |
|
115. Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer? |
A |
|
116. Wearing sunglasses ALL THE TIME because people tell you they make you look "irresistible" is an example of which of the types of punishment and reinforcement? |
C |
|
117. Negative reinforcement is best thought of as: |
D |
|
118. Putting on sunglasses to relieve glare is an example of which of the types of punishment and reinforcement? |
B |
|
119. To avoid getting a headache, Lory always lets her dog outside when it sits by the door and howls. This is an example of which type of punishment or reinforcement? |
B |
|
120. Training a rat to push a lever to escape from an electric shock is an example of: |
B |
|
121. Positive reinforcers: |
C |
|
122. Which of the following statements about positive reinforcers is accurate? |
C |
|
123. If a POSITIVE REINFORCER is added after a behavior and the behavior is strengthened/increased, the process used is called: |
B |
|
124. Mom and Dad think it is real funny, and laugh when their 2-year-old, Bruce, says dirty words. When Bruce is sent home from kindergarten because of swearing, they don’t understand why he cusses. Now when he cusses at home they ignore the cussing (they don’t think it’s cute anymore). Laughing in this example is: |
A |
|
125. Which of the following is NOT a negative reinforcer? |
B |
|
126. Animals exposed to unavoidable, uncontrollable aversive stimulation exhibit _______ when later trained in an avoidance procedure. |
C |
|
127. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? |
B |
|
128. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? |
C |
|
129. At the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C., a polar bear suffered a broken tooth, and keepers needed a safe way of treating the problem. The bear was rewarded first for sticking its nose through a slot in the cage door, then for allowing a keeper to lift its lip and touch its teeth. Finally, a veterinarian was able to treat the damaged tooth while the bear waited placidly for its familiar reward. This is an example of _______. |
B |
|
130. Anything that increases the likelihood that a behavior will increase is called a(n) _______. |
D |
|
131. When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to ______. |
B |
|
132. When someone uses punishment to change a behavior, the behavior is likely to ______. |
A |
|
133. Which of the following statements is true? |
A |
|
134. Which of the following statements about punishment is NOT true? |
B |
|
135. A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is called a ________ reinforcer. |
A |
|
136. A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is called a ________ reinforcer. |
B |
|
137. The 5-year-old of two very busy parents has been throwing tantrums. Whenever the child goes off the deep end, one or both of his parents immediately come to his side and fuss over and cajole him. Nevertheless, his tantrums do not diminish; they even seem to increase. We may assume that his parents’ fussing over him serves as a _______. |
C |
|
138. A child is scolded for using his fingers instead of his fork to eat some spaghetti. The scolding stops when he picks up his fork. This is an example of _______ reinforcement. |
B |
|
139. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? |
B |
|
140. Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? |
A |
|
141. Which of the following would be classified as a secondary reinforcer? |
B |
|
142. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? |
A |
|
143. Electric shock, scoldings, and bad grades are: |
C |
|
144. The fact that a reward will increase the future likelihood of a response that produced it is known as: |
C |
|
145. A woodchuck tries to crack a walnut shell in two different ways–with his paws and with his teeth. The last method worked and the first did not; hence, the woodchuck will be more likely to rely on his teeth for splitting the next nut. This observation illustrates the: |
C |
|
146. When the removal of an event increases the likelihood of a prior response, _______ has occurred. |
B |
|
147. The Internal Revenue Service threatens Sue with a penalty if she fails to pay her back taxes. She pays, and the threat is withdrawn. In the future, she is more prompt in meeting her obligation. This is an example of the use of _______ to control behavior. |
B |
|
148. What is the typical dependent variable used in studies of the operant conditioning of lever pressing in rats? |
B |
|
149. If a rat has learned to press a lever to obtain pellets of food and, all of a sudden, the response permanently ceases to produce any food, then _______ will occur. |
D |
|
150. Which of the following is a conditioned positive reinforcer? |
A |
|
151. The presentation of an aversive stimulus following a particular operant response is called: |
D |
|
152. Analogy: Negative reinforcement is to punishment as _______ is to _______. |
B |
|
153. Which of the following is NOT a negative reinforcer? |
B |
|
154. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? |
B |
|
155. Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? |
B |
|
156. Billy throws rocks. Each time he throws a rock, he is immediately spanked. Spanking is a ________. |
D |
|
157. Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that: |
C |
|
158. Aunt Bea gave Opie fried chicken livers every time he made his bed. Opie began making his bed more often than he used to. In this example, chicken livers are a _______ reinforcer. |
D |
|
159 Which two learning processes seem to be opposites? |
C |
|
160. Giving different responses to the same stimuli to which you were classically conditioned illustrates ____________ . |
A |
|
161. A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk. It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color. This illustrates the concept of ___________. |
B |
|
162. The process of presenting the conditioned stimulus alone so often that the learner no longer associates it with the unconditioned stimulus and stops making the conditioned response is called _________ . |
A |
|
163. The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called _________ . |
D |
|
164. Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one you have learned to react to is called ___________ . |
A |
|
165. If a dog salivates when it sees a green light or a yellow light, it is exhibiting ________. |
A |
|
166. The spread of conditioning to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus is called: |
B |
|
167. Of the following phenomena, which one best explains the spreading of phobias to objects similar to the one to which the phobia was originally acquired? |
C |
|
168. A small boy has just recently delighted his parents because he learned to call his father "daddy." However, it has now become an embarrassment to his mother when she takes him out with her because he keeps calling other men "daddy." This is an example of: |
B |
|
169. Once conditioning has been acquired, presenting just the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus produces: |
A |
|
170. Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in: |
A |
|
171. As she walked through her neighborhood, Jodie, a 6 year old girl, frequently saw a large brown dog. She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it, but as her hand approached the animal, it barked and bit her. The bite was painful and caused her to cry. Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any color or size. Jodie now cries when she sees any dog, big or small, brown or black, etc. This illustrates which of the following? |
A |
|
172. When a CS is repeatedly presented by itself, ______ will occur. |
C |
|
173. John’s heart has been conditioned to beat rapidly whenever he smells Windsong perfume on a woman. However, John’s heart also races when he smells Chanel #5 and other perfumes. This illustrates: |
A |
|
174. Stimulus discrimination: |
D |
|
175. The process of presenting the conditioned stimulus alone so often that the learner no longer associates it with the unconditioned stimulus and stops making the conditioned response is called _______. |
A |
|
176. When a CR has been conditioned to a particular stimulus, the organism will also tend to make the CR in response to other stimuli. This phenomenon is called: |
C |
|
177. Spontaneous recovery: |
D |
|
178. Laura’s heart rate had been conditioned to increase whenever she smelled Old Spice After Shave. However, her heart would also race to the aroma of Brut and English Leather. This reaction is known as: |
B |
|
179. Stimulus generalization occurs: |
D |
|
180. This is the first exam you have ever taken in Professor Smith’s class. You know nothing about her tests, and she has never done anything harmful to you or anyone else. Nonetheless, you are anxious about the test. Your anxiety in this situation is an example of: |
A |
|
181. Corky’s mouth waters when he sees Ball Park Franks, but not when he sees other brands of franks. This response is known as: |
B |
|
182. The opposite of stimulus generalization is: |
A |
|
183. Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to the one which you have learned to react is called _______. |
A |
|
184. The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called _______. |
D |
|
185. A person is conditioned to fear white rats. Soon after, she also begins to fear white cats, white dogs, and white rabbits. Her new, unconditioned fears result from _______. |
D |
|
186. A person originally feared great heights, such as standing on top of tall buildings. Now the person has also developed fears of flying in airplanes, standing on ladders, and even watching high-wire artists perform. These new fears are probably the result of _______. |
C |
|
187. A pigeon learns to peck only at a red disk. It will not peck at an identical disk of any other color. This illustrates the concept of _______. |
B |
|
188. A child who calls all four-legged animals "dogs" is exhibiting ______. |
C |
|
189. Being able to solve new problems faster because of previous experience with similar problems is called ________. |
B |
|
190. You have a class in which you have a quiz every Friday. Your studying for quizzes is reinforced on what type of schedule? |
B |
|
191. Which schedule of reinforcement is programmed into slot machines? |
C |
|
192. On a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the __________. |
A |
|
193. According to the law of effect, a behavior is MOST likely to be stamped in, or repeated, when it is __________ . |
C |
|
194. A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is called a __________ reinforcer. |
B |
|
195. A reinforcer that is reinforcing in and of itself is called a ________ reinforcer. |
C |
|
196. Research suggests that delayed reinforcement ____________ . |
D |
|
197. Lila doesn’t like her psychology class because the instructor uses unannounced pop exams to test the class. As a result, she never knows when she will be tested. Her instructor is testing her on a __________ schedule. |
D |
|
198. Sandy’s favorite activity is to go to Las Vegas and play the slot machines. Her gambling behavior is being reinforced on a __________ schedule. |
C |
|
199. An animal is placed in a box with a bar and also a wire floor that can deliver a mild shock. The experimenter first sounds a buzzer, then a few seconds later turns on the shock. Pressing the bar after the buzzer sounds but before the shock is delivered will prevent the shock from occurring. This is an example of __________ . |
A |
|
200. On a fixed-ratio schedule reinforcement is given _________ . |
B |
|
201. On a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given ________ . |
D |
|
202. Anything that increases the likelihood that a behavior will occur more frequently is called a(n) __________ . |
D |
|
203. The schedule of reinforcement that yields the slowest increase in a behavior and the fastest extinction of the behavior when the schedule is stopped is ________. |
B |
|
204. Five-year-old Tommy is helping get ready for a family reunion at Thanksgiving by polishing the good silverware. If his mother gives him a dime for each piece he polishes, what kind of reinforcement schedule is she using? |
B |
|
205. Linda sees a sign on a farmer’s fence that reads: HELP ME PICK STRAWBERRIES FOR EVERY 5 QUARTS YOU PICK, KEEP ONE FOR YOURSELF. If Linda decides to pick strawberries for this farmer, she would be under a _______ schedule of reinforcement. |
B |
|
206. A very high rate of responding is produced by a _______ schedule of reinforcement. |
D |
|
207. The only vending machine in your dorm is notorious for delivering its merchandise only occasionally when people put money in it. This is most similar to a _______ schedule of reinforcement. |
D |
|
208. Your professor has informed you at the beginning of the term that you will have eight tests–but they will all be unannounced. This is most similar to a _______ reinforcement schedule. |
C |
|
209. Gretta spends a lot of time at the race track betting on ponies, and occasionally she wins. The frequency of her betting is controlled by which of the following? |
C |
|
210. An infant who is fed every four hours is on a schedule that is SIMILAR to which of the following? |
C |
|
211. A person receiving a monthly salary is on a: |
C |
|
212. On a fixed-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given ________. |
B |
|
213. On a fixed-interval schedule, reinforcement is given ________. |
A |
|
214. On a variable-ratio schedule, reinforcement is given _______. |
D |
|
215. On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given _______. |
B |
|
216. Scott works at a job where he is paid a salary every 2 weeks. Scott is being reinforced on a _______ schedule. |
B |
|
217. Sandy’s favorite activity is to go to Las Vegas and play the slot machines. Her gambling behavior is being reinforced on a _______ schedule. |
C |
|
218. Perry works at a job where he is paid by commission. For every car Perry sells, he gets 10% of the profits. Perry is being reinforced on a _______ schedule. |
A |
|
219. Abigail is trying to figure out how she can BEST use employee pay to shape her employees’ behavior. She is worried about consistent behavior, not speed. Therefore, she is interested in getting a slow but steady rate of response from her workers. According to reinforcement principles, she should probably use a ________ schedule. |
D |
|
220. Abigail is trying to figure out how she can BEST use employee pay to shape her employees’ behavior. She is interested in short-term productivity (speed), not consistency, long-term productivity, or employee turnover. According to reinforcement theory, she should probably use a _______ schedule. |
A |
|
221. If Billy was praised every 4th time he collected rocks without throwing them, his behavior would be on which schedule of reinforcement? |
C |
|
222. Which schedule of reinforcement reinforces the first correct response after a constant interval of time has elapsed? |
C |
|
223. An example of a behavior that is learned through operant conditioning is _____________. |
B |
|
224. Emitted, voluntary behavior is BEST modified by _____________. |
A |
|
225. Shaping is achieved through: |
D |
|
226. To teach a tiger to jump through a flaming hoop, the tiger is first reinforced for jumping up on a certain pedestal, then for leaping from that pedestal to another. Next the tiger has to jump through a hoop between the pedestals to get the reward. Finally, the hoop is set afire and the tiger must jump through it to get the reward. This is an example of __________ . |
B |
|
227. A young girl is just learning to dress herself. At first, the parents call her a "big girl" just for putting on her clothes "frontwards," even if they are not buttoned. Then, they call her a "big girl" if she tries to button them–even if the buttons are not in the right holes. Then, they call her a "big girl" only if she buttons them correctly. They have been using: |
D |
|
228. Operant conditioning assumes that: |
A |
|
229. Peggy wanted to teach her dog how to roll over. She tried giving him instructions, but it didn’t work. She tried waiting for him to roll over so she could reinforce the behavior, but she had to go to bed before the dog rolled. Finally, she began reinforcing the dog when it made behaviors that more closely resembled rolling over. At last, using _______, she was able to teach the dog to do the trick. |
A |
|
230. Reinforcing behaviors that more closely resemble a final, terminal behavior is called: |
B |
|
231. A procedure used to teach a whole behavior by first training its parts is called: |
B |
|
232. Changing behavior through the reinforcement of partial responses is called _______. |
B |
|
233. The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is __________. |
D |
|
234. Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people act? |
D |
|
235. What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated? |
C |
|
236. Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called __________. |
C |
|
237. In a study on learning, the psychologist conducting the study seeks to explain the inner needs and desires that made learners pursue their goals. She is interested in the inner processes that result in learning. She is studying ___________ . |
D |
|
238. The idea that for classical conditioning to occur, the presentation of the conditioned stimulus must tell you something about whether the unconditioned stimulus is going to occur is called ___________ theory. |
B |
|
239. In Bandura’s classic (1965) study of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll, __________ . |
D |
|
240. Learning that depends on mental processes that are not able to be observed directly is called _________ learning. |
D |
|
241. The concept of latent learning was developed by __________ . |
D |
|
242. The mental image of an area, such as a maze or the floor plan of a building, is called _____________. |
D |
|
243. The process by which prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a new (second) stimulus, even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously, is called ___________ . |
D |
|
244. Social learning theory’s foremost proponent is __________ . |
D |
|
245. A key to social learning theory is ____________ . |
D |
|
246. Cognitive learning involves: |
D |
|
247. During your very first visit to your campus, you probably needed a map to get around efficiently. However, a little while later you no longer needed the map, because _______ had occurred. |
B |
|
248. Insight is a concept associated with _______ learning theory. |
D |
|
249. Though Jenny tried in vain to reach a puzzle on the top shelf by standing on a chair, she simply could not reach. Suddenly she realized that by placing a thick catalog on the seat of the chair, she would be high enough to reach the puzzle. Jenny’s solution is best explained by which of the following? |
D |
|
250. Cognitive learning theories attempt to explain how learning occurs using: |
B |
|
251. The founder of Gestalt psychology and pioneer of insight problem solving was: |
C |
|
252. The mental storing of an entire image of an area, such as a maze or floor plan of a building is called______. |
D |
|
253. The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is _____. |
A |
|
254. Cognitive maps are: |
C |
|
255. Insight is a concept associated with ________ learning theory. |
D |
Share This
Flashcard
