Chatava is a professional who does research to determine the numbers of people in different countries, their ages, and how these numbers might change in the years to come. Chatava would best be described as a |
A. social worker. |
In order to depict the number of people of different ages in the population, Dr. Gillen would be best served using a graphing technique called a(n) |
D. population pyramid. |
According to your text, the United States is ____ financially for the increasing numbers of elderly. |
D. unprepared |
Longevity appears to be determined |
C. jointly by genetic and environmental factors. |
Genetic factors appear to play _____ role in determining whether people reach centenarian status. |
D. a major |
Environmental toxins appear to play _____ role in determining longevity. |
D. a major |
Which statement concerning sex differences in longevity is true? |
B. The reduction of death during childbirth has led to an increase in longevity of women over the past century. |
One common characteristic of the fourth age is |
D. a great probability of major improvement on physical strength/flexibility. |
____ is best explained by the wear-and-tear theory of aging. |
C. Joint deterioration during osteoarthritis |
In explaining why people age and eventually die, Dr. Filipovsky talks about "free radicals" and how their buildup produces tissue damage. Dr. Filipovsky is promoting a _____ theory of aging. |
C. cellular |
Telomeres are found exclusively on |
A. the tips of chromosomes. |
____ are chemicals produced during normal cell metabolism that may cause cellular damage that impairs functioning. |
D. Free radicals |
As a proponent of cross-linking theory, Dr. Rennie would be most interested in |
B. muscles and arteries |
If the programmed cell theory of aging is correct, |
D. humans are born with a "prewired death clock." |
When viewed through a microscope, a _____ would most resemble a spiral-shaped mass. |
C. neurofibrillary tangle |
While looking at slides of brain tissue in a physiology class, you see groups of damaged neurons that have collected around a core of protein. What are you looking at? |
B. Neuritic plaques |
If your goal was to get the best image of a brain structure, you should use a |
B. computerized tomography (CT scan). |
The defining characteristic of a cerebral vascular accident is |
C. an interruption of blood flow to the brain. |
What is a more common term used to describe a cerebral vascular accident? |
D. Stroke |
Which does not belong? |
C. Dysphoria |
After assessing Nalini's brain, her physician comments, "You have significantly reduced amounts of dopamine in your midbrain." Since she is a nurse, Nalini would most likely suspect that she has |
C. Parkinson's disease. |
Visual adaptation involves the ability to adjust to changes in |
C. illumination. |
When visiting your eye specialist, you are informed that you have large opaque spots on the lens of your left eye. As a knowledgeable student, you would know that this means that you have |
C. a cataract. |
Joyce's doctor has just told her that the fluid in her eyes is not draining properly and that she'll have to administer eye drops to prevent experiencing damage from the pressure in her eyes. Joyce has most likely been diagnosed with |
C. glaucoma. |
The leading cause of functional blindness in older adults is the result of |
B. macular degeneration. |
Hank has just been informed that he is a diabetic. As a knowledgeable physician, he realizes that his risk for developing ____ has also increased. |
C. retinopathy |
Presbycusis is the most common age-related |
B. type of hearing problem. |
Dr. Aoyama has to prescribe a syrupy medication for one of her elderly patients. She has two choices: one that smells bad but tastes good or one that smells good but tastes bad. Since her patient is 75 years old, and assuming she wants to prescribe the medicine that is most tolerable, which medicine should she prescribe? |
A. The one that smells bad |
While at a conference dealing with issues related to aging, Eve is interested in learning about how sleep patterns change in late life. She will be best served by attending a presentation entitled "____ and the Elderly." |
A. Circadian Rhythms |
The only universal behavior change in aging that has been discovered is the fact that older adults |
D. have slower reaction times. |
The Useful Field of View measure does an excellent job of assessing |
C. the type of skills necessary to drive. |
Concerning memory, implicit is to explicit as |
B. unconscious is to intentional. |
The key question in determining whether or not Kwan should be concerned about her memory is, |
A. "Does the memory problem interfere in Kwan's life?" |
Maura suspects that she has some memory deficit. What kind of assessment should she undergo? |
C. Neuropsychological |
When asked how she is able to remember the names of all the students in his class, Dr. Willis-Rivera says, "I just try to match each student's face to an image of a famous person." This technique best exemplifies the concept of |
D. an internal memory aid. |
Which is not one of the three abilities used to define creativity in adults by Sternberg and Lubart (2001)? |
C. Producing work that is artistic |
Which of the following is not an aspect of wisdom described from the psychological perspective? |
D. Cross-linking |
Which statement about depression is true? |
A. Physical symptoms may include loss of appetite and insomnia |
If Nathan is prescribed ____ for his depression, he will have to be very careful about what kinds of food he eats. |
B. monoamine oxidase inhibitors |
While being treated for depression, 70-year-old Ian is encouraged to avoid situations that lead to negative consequences and to reward himself when something good happens to him. Ian appears to be being treated by a ____ therapist. |
B. behavioral |
Because he is a cognitive therapist, Dr. Spence is most likely to suggest that the underlying cause of depression involves |
D. a thought process that focuses only on negative memories. |
Prior to entering a restaurant, Amy starts to shake, hyperventilate, and feel light-headed. She is too terrified to enter the restaurant. She turns around immediately and catches the first taxi back home. This behavior is most consistent with |
C. an anxiety disorder. |
Dementia as defined as a serious impairment of |
D. cognitive and behavioral functioning. |
Charles has changed a great deal. He has a difficult time remembering things, even simple things like where he is or what year it is. He is having increasing difficulty understanding people or saying things that make sense to others. In addition, he rarely cleans himself anymore and acts in very inappropriate ways around others. Charles is exhibiting many signs of |
D. Alzheimer's disease. |
The loss of bladder or bowel control is called |
C. incontinence. |
The fact that Kenyon can cope with his current boss's bad attitude because he has had past experience dealing with similar bosses is best |
A. continuity theory. |
The comment, "I have been in this line of work for the past 35 years" is best associated with _____. |
A. external continuity. |
As with many individuals with senile dementia, Alois has begun to experience a reduced and distorted sense of self. This is an example of |
D. internal discontinuity. |
Experimenters are attempting to assess the upper limits of Ralph's physical, sensory-perceptual, cognitive, motor, and personal skills. |
C. competence. |
The demands exerted on one's self by one's surroundings defines |
A. an environmental press. |
Adaptation level is reached when |
D. the environmental press is at the average state for a given level of competence. |
Watching his grandchildren for the weekend has increased the environmental press in Hugo's life slightly, bringing out the best in Hugo's interpersonal skills. While watching his grandchildren, Hugo is apparently operating |
C. in the zone of maximum performance potential. |
Which adaptation level is associated with the greatest happiness and lack of worry about environmental demands? |
D. Zone of maximum comfort |
The ability to exert control over one's life underlies a strong sense of |
B. proactivity. |
Hazel is tired of worrying about her new landlord. When her friends tell her to become involved to protect her interests, Hazel says, "It's too late in the day. Whatever happens, happens. I'll simply do whatever the landlord says." Hazel is exhibiting |
A. docility. |
As you believe in Erikson's theory, you would most likely view your 90-year-old grandmother as struggling with a conflict of |
B. integrity versus despair. |
Jeff is 73 years old. Lately, he's been thinking about the things he's done in his life—his relationships, his accomplishments, and other experiences he's had. Which term best describes what Jeff is doing? |
A. Life review |
After conducting a life review, 85-year-old Gus concludes that his life was riddled with inappropriate actions and basically stunk. Based on this review, Erikson would predict that Gus would |
A. be very fearful of death. |
Erikson would suggest that 80-year-old ____ has achieved integrity. |
B. Christine, who is highly self-affirming, |
When Kayla looks back on her life, she is filled with a sense of pride and feels good about what she's done. Which term best describes these feelings? |
A. Subjective well-being |
How do changes in the amygdala over time impact the regulation of emotion? |
D. Older adults have lower amygdala activation and lower emotional arousal |
Which statement about spirituality and health is true? |
A. Higher levels of spirituality are associated with better physical and mental health |
Native Americans tend to view spiritual elders |
B. as wisdom-keepers. |
A clean break from employment is referred to as a ____ retirement. |
B. "crisp" |
A pattern of full-time work, retirement, full-time work, another retirement provides a good example of _____ retirement. |
D. blurred |
Gene is about to retire after coaching college basketball for 30 years. He has decided that rather than going "cold turkey" on coaching, he will take a low-paying part-time job as a high school coach to help ease him into retirement. Gene's actions best exemplify |
A. a bridge job. |
Concerning satisfaction in retirement, |
C. forced retirement is associated with declines in physical and mental health. |
Eric has maintained contact with six of his high school friends for the last 60 years. They often get together for activities, to socialize, and to simply spend time together. Eric and his longtime friends would be best described as a(n) |
D. social convoy. |
Older women have ________ number of friends characterized by _______. |
B. a greater; more intimacy |
"Socioemotional selectivity" is a term that describes the process involved in |
B. developing relationships with others. |
Hanna is a 70-year-old woman who has a choice: she can either go out with some old friends or make some new friends at the community center. Socioemotional selectivity theory would predict that if Hanna's decision is based on emotional regulation, she will |
B. go out with her old friends. |
Compared to nonusers, heavy Internet users tend to have |
D. more friends online and offline. |
Sibling relationships are special in that they |
B. typically last a lifetime. |
When comparing the average middle-aged married couple with the average older married couple, the older couple is more likely to be characterized as |
C. similar. |
After 45 years of marriage, Athena now has to take care of her husband, who has a major debilitating disease. Athena is likely to be ____ with her marriage than other older adults who are not caregivers for their spouses. |
B. less satisfied |
Which statement is true regarding the differences between grandparents and great-grandparents? |
B. The roles of grandparents are more diverse. |
To be accurately classified as a frail older adult, an individual must |
A. be very ill and have physical disabilities. |
Being able to take a bath, walk, and eat are all examples of |
B. activities of daily living. |
In the United States, ____ would be considered an instrumental activity of daily living. |
D. purchasing a car |
An elderly individual with few cognitive or physical limitations but who sometimes requires help with everyday living needs would most likely live in |
D. an assisted-living facility. |
The main reason for a person to enter a nursing home is his or her |
A. health. |
Which of the following factors places elderly people at higher risk for fraud? |
B. Loneliness |
Hubert, who is taking care of his elderly uncle, has recently been cashing his uncle's social security checks and putting the money into his own account. As this is being done without his uncle's knowledge, Hubert's behavior would be classified as |
C. material exploitation. |
Social Security money is obtained from |
B. taxes on current workers' payroll. |
The major problem facing Medicare involves the lack of |
C. rising healthcare costs. |
The definition of death |
A. varies within and between cultures. |
Kim's statement, "I cannot believe that I am dying so young, I have so much more to do," provides a nice example of the concept of death as a |
B. thief of meaning. |
A chart showing the number of teens who died from homicide during the past year represents death as a(n) |
A. statistic. |
Who is clinically dead? |
B. Naomi, who is not breathing and whose heart is not beating |
A flat electroencephalogram for 10 minutes is one of the criteria for |
C. whole-brain death. |
Individuals in permanent comas or persistent vegetative states |
C. will not regain consciousness but do not meet the whole-brain standard of death. |
Dr. Rahman has made a career out of studying mercy killing and new surgical options to extend life. She is most likely interested in |
C. bioethics. |
By definition, euthanasia is defined as the practice of ending life for reasons of |
A. mercy. |
Dr. Steinmetz decides to follow the wishes of her patient and withhold treatment for the patient's terminal cancer, thus allowing the patient to die. This is an example of |
B. passive euthanasia |
While they differ in some respects, both a living will and a durable power of attorney |
C. allow others to know one's preferences concerning issues like whether you want to be put on life support. |
According to research presented in your text, understanding how adults deal with death is probably best understood from the perspective of |
B. attachment |
A(n) ____ is often used to describe the duration of time between the onset of dying and death itself. |
A. death trajectory |
Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's stage theory of dying was initially developed as a research project |
A. investigating how the terminally ill cope with dying. |
What is the correct sequence of Kübler-Ross's original "five stages of dying"? |
B. Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance |
Tricia has just been informed that she has terminal cancer. According to Kübler-Ross's original model, her first reaction would involve |
D. denial. |
Devin has been told he only has a few more months to live. He is totally unable to deal with people, because he knows everyone he sees is going to outlive him. "It's not fair. Why is this happening to me?" is something he says over and over to himself. He feels frustrated and alone. He is most likely in the ____ stage of dying. |
B. anger |
Sandy knows she is going to die in a few months. She seems calm and concerned more about how to help her family deal with her death than with her own mortality. She seems to be disconnecting herself from people and things and at peace. Sandy is most likely in the ____ stage of dying. |
D. acceptance |
Brent has been diagnosed with terminal cancer. Today, he spent hours praying: "Please, I'll do anything. Just give me one more chance. I'm so sorry. I'll be the best person, just please give me another chance." Brent is most likely in the ____ stage of dying. |
A. bargaining |
In Kübler-Ross's original theory, the emotion of ____ was thought to immediately precede feelings of acceptance. |
C. depression |
All stage theories of dying are based on the notion that |
C. there is a specific direction to the developmental pattern of reacting to one's death. |
Jensen is dying. She is explaining to her family that she would like to spend her last days alone in her country home with just her husband. These arrangements are an example of |
D. a final scenario. |
The hospice philosophy is best summarized as |
B. "promote death with dignity." |
Ninety-year-old Albert is terminally ill and has decided to die at home. He has also decided that he would like to have visits from a nurse who can provide assistance in making his process of dying more comfortable. This indicates that Albert is involved in ____ hospice care. |
B. outpatient |
Bereavement is best defined as the |
C. state or condition caused by loss through death. |
For most European Americans, _____ would be the best example of a mourning ritual. |
B. wearing black |
Which is the best advice for an individual trying to overcome grief? |
C. Express the emotions you feel |
The grieving process is much ____ than most people believe it to be. |
D. longer |
Grief work is best defined as the |
B. psychological coming of terms with bereavement. |
Chung is trying to get through numerous conflicting emotions and come to grips with his bereavement. Chung is involved in |
C. grief work. |
According to Muller and Thompson (2003), the ____ theme of grief relates to what someone does to deal with loss in terms of what helps |
A. coping |
Whenever Abe sees the beach, he's reminded of his deceased spouse and feels very upset. This represents which of Muller and Thompson's (2003) themes of grief? |
C. Affect |
The fact that circulatory problems increase following the death of a spouse indicates that there is a(n) _____ component to grief. |
C. physiological |
Jefferson's brother died on the 4th of July. Now, every 4th of July, Jefferson gets very sad and thinks about his dead brother. This experience of Jefferson's is best described as a(n) ____ reaction. |
A. anniversary |
For most people, grief tends to peak within ______ following the death of a loved one. |
C. six months |
Which of the following most accurately describes the length of time people experience grief? |
D. Grief can last for extended periods of time at great intensity. |
The comment, "She died unexpectedly and way before her time," is best associated with Bonanno and Kaltman's (1999) ____ component of grief. |
D. context of the loss |
Shortly after the death of her husband Hatcher, Terri felt fine. However, as she has begun to grieve, she actually appears to have become more depressed. This reaction best fits with the |
D. grief work as rumination hypothesis. |
According to the dual-process model of coping (DPM), ____ are the two main type of stressors. |
B. loss orientation and restoration orientation |
The defining element of separation distress during prolonged grief is that it |
A. interferes with daily activities. |
Which emotions are most common to an individual who is experiencing prolonged grief? |
C. Guilt and self-blame |
Which comment would have most likely come from a concrete operational thinker? |
D. "When you're dead, you're dead." |
Which statement about death of a parent during adolescence is true? |
C. The nonbereaved peers of teens tend to be unwilling to discuss the death |
____ tend to have the most intense feelings concerning death. |
C. Young adults |
Which is devastating for a parent? |
D. All of these events are devastating |
After Sarah died, Ashley felt like she had lost a source of guidance in her life. Sarah's death made Ashley reevaluate her role as a parent and the importance of the time spent with her children. In addition, Ashley now feels as though she is "next" to die. Sarah was probably Ashley's |
A. mother. |
Role transitions always |
D. involve the acquisition of new responsibilities |
In most non-Western developing cultures, ____ is the most important determinant of adult status. |
B. marriage |
A rite of passage is best classified as a(n) |
D. ritual |
The youngest age at which most colleges label an individual as a returning adult student is ____. |
A. 25 |
Which of the following statements about returning students is false? |
B. Returning students tend to need more direction from instructors. |
In what way is Cheyenne different from Ciara, her teenage daughter? |
B. Cheyenne is less likely to speed while driving. |
Erikson would argue that 30-year-old Rollie is currently experiencing a crisis involving |
D. intimacy versus isolation. |
Dr. Winslow is doing a health survey of 200 young adults. If this group is typical of young adults in the United States, ____ of them will say |
A. 188 |
Kofi was a 27-year-old male living in the United States, who just died. What was the most likely cause of Kofi's death? |
D. An accident |
Smoking represents a major medical problem in the United States with about ____ people each year dying from smoking-related disorders. |
C. 400,000 |
Gallo drinks exactly two glasses of wine per day. As a result, Gallo can expect to |
D. experience some health-related benefits from his actions. |
Jimmy goes to a party with his college buddies and has six beers in a row. Jimmy's behavior would be best classified as |
C. binge drinking. |
Amanda is physically dependent on alcohol and experiences withdrawal symptoms when she doesn't drink. Amanda's experience with |
A. an addiction. |
At a chemical level, alcohol addiction results in chemical changes that |
A. cause the body to crave alcohol. |
Bernice is very interested in studying how the energy needs of the human body change through the life span. In other words, Bernice is |
B. metabolism. |
_____ help keep your arteries clear. |
C. High-density lipoproteins |
Who is at the greatest risk of a heart attack? |
A. Forrest, who has high levels of LDLs and low levels of HDLs |
A doctor is most likely to recommend that you consume higher levels of ____ to increase your HDL level. |
A. fiber |
What is BMI? |
D. An index related to total body fat |
Socioeconomic status and _____ are the two most important social influences on health. |
A. education |
Intellectual multidirectionality is based on the premise that |
D. with age, some aspects of intelligence improve while others may decline. |
Which is not a "primary mental ability?" |
D. Fluid intelligence |
Which is not a factor identified by Schaie as a variable that helps reduce the risk of cognitive decline in old age? |
D. Being single |
Crystallized intelligence is |
A. acquired across one's life. |
If you wanted to show that age decreases a certain type of intelligence, you should focus on testing participants' |
B. fluid intelligence. |
The theory that proposes that intelligence comes from a distributed and integrated network of neurons in the parietal and frontal lobes of the |
A. parieto-frontal integration theory. |
Postformal adult thinkers differ from adolescent formal operational thinkers in that the adults are more likely to |
B. consider situational circumstances. |
Which constitutes the highest level of thinking in adulthood? |
C. Postformal thought |
When Satoru ponders the question, "How can light be both a wave and a particle?" he is engaging in |
C. reflective judgment. |
Ralphie believes that following school rules is important because a teacher's authority should not be questioned. Ralphie would probably be |
A. initial |
Which of the following individuals is most likely to effectively integrate emotion into their thinking? |
D. A male in his mid 40s |
Which of the following best describes the way middle-aged people think about a young couple that eloped over their parents' objection? |
C. They emphasize the pragmatic factors, such as age, in this situation. |
A life-span construct represents a |
A. unified sense of one's past, present, and future. |
Harouna is thinking about graduating from graduate school and finding a job in which he can use his skills. This is an example of |
C. a scenario. |
Which best reflects a "social clock?" |
A. Donald, who wants to be a millionaire by age 30 |
According to McAdams, a person's life story is |
D. fashioned, refashioned, and influenced by culture. |
Gabriella often thinks of herself as a mother and dreams of herself as an actress, but is afraid she'll end up suffering from alcoholism. These |
B. possible selves. |
Kate thinks that no matter what she does, she will not be able to do well in her developmental psychology class. This perception is a sample |
D. personal control beliefs. |
Merlin believes that he can get what he wants if he tries hard enough. This indicates that he has _____ sense of personal control. |
D. a high |
Erikson saw young adulthood as involving the psychosocial conflict between generativity and stagnation. |
B. False |
Which characterizes most friendships? |
A. They are based on choice and high reciprocity. |
The initial stage in friendship development is called |
C. acquaintanceship. |
Siegfried and Roy have been friends for many years. In the past few months, however, they seem to have less in common, and Roy has been |
D. deterioration |
People tend to have the most acquaintances/friends during |
A. young adulthood. |
Sanford's friendships tend to be based on self-disclosure and intimacy. This exemplifies the ____ component of friendship. |
D. affective |
The fact that Bert's friend Ernie keeps him amused by telling funny stories best illustrates the _____ dimension of friendship. |
C. sociability |
Calliope is a typical woman who works in an office and likes to play handball. Who is most likely to be her friend? |
C. Aphrodite, who is someone in whom Calliope can confide |
Hansel (a male) and Gretel (a female) are best friends. If their cross-gender friendship is typical of most, Hansel's biggest misperception |
A. overperceiving Gretel's level of sexual interest in him. |
Which is not one of the three components of love, according to Sternberg? |
B. Sociability |
Juliet wants Romeo physically, and she wants him badly! Juliet is most likely experiencing |
B. passion. |
When discussing his new girlfriend, Mickey says, "I can tell her everything about myself." Mickey clearly feels ____ toward his girlfriend. |
D. intimacy |
Toni and Tim have just gotten married. Which component of love is most likely to be stronger 20 years from now than it is today? |
A. Commitment |
The "intimacy" component of love is most similar to the ____ theme of adult friendships. |
D. affective |
According to Kahlil Gibran, author of The Prophet, the two sides of love are |
C. ecstasy and pain. |
The assortative mating theory proposes that initial mate selection is based primarily on |
A. similarity. |
Kalminjn and Flap (2001) found that ____ tended to promote strong homogamy in relationships. |
C. meeting in school |
Surveys indicate that nearly ________ couples in the United States meet online. |
A. 1 in every 5 |
Arnold is a highly educated, intelligent young man with a less than pleasing disposition. As such, he is most likely to be viewed as an |
C. in some cultures but not in other cultures. |
Research on the biology of physical attraction suggests that neurochemicals related to ____ underlie the feeling of exhilaration that often is |
C. amphetamines |
A relationship in which one individual becomes violent or aggressive toward the other is classified as a(n) ____ relationship. |
A. abusive |
The defining belief among individuals experiencing "battered woman's syndrome" is that |
D. they are powerless to get away from the abuse. |
O'Leary (1993) presents a continuum of aggressive behavior in abusive relationships anchored by ____ on one end and ____ on the other |
C. verbal aggression; murder |
Which statement is true? |
C. Women are not as violent as men in either heterosexual relationships or homosexual relationships. |
For most people, the decision to remain permanently single is |
D. the result of gradual circumstances, not a lifestyle choice. |
Ken and Barbie are sexually active singles who are discussing the idea of moving in together. They are definitely contemplating |
C. cohabitation. |
The primary difference between limited and premarital cohabitation involves |
A. intention to marry. |
Each of these women has just married for the first time. Who is most likely to get divorced? |
A. Lucy, who is 17 |
Homogamy is ____ with marital satisfaction. |
B. positively related |
According to exchange theory, the key factor in determining whether an exchange will increase marital satisfaction is the |
D. perceived equity of the exchange. |
Which best describes the typical pattern of marital satisfaction from honeymoon through retirement? |
A. High to low to high |
According to the vulnerability-stress-adaptation model of marriage, marital quality |
A. is a dynamic process resulting from a couple's ability to handle stress. |
Which statement concerning children and marital satisfaction is true? |
D. The birth of a child is usually viewed as a positive event even though it is associated with a decrease in marital satisfaction. |
The "empty nest" is most likely to occur for parents in |
C. middle age. |
Troy and Helen are both 55 and have been married for 20 years. However, they have grown apart and essentially live as housemates. Troy |
A. emotionally divorced. |
According to research presented in your text, what can be done to keep a marriage happy for a long time? |
C. Be forgiving |
Which constitutes an "extended family?" |
C. Two parents, one child, and one grandfather |
It is estimated that it will cost middle-income parents about ____ to raise a child born in 2007 from birth through high school. |
C. $280,000 |
The average age at which a woman gives birth to her first child has changed because of _____ and women postponing having children for |
B. a decrease in teen birthrate |
Ashley is 35 years old and just had her first baby. She is less likely to ____ than younger mothers. |
B. be anxious about being a parent |
Thirty-six-year-old Alexander and 25-year-old Jonathan are typical first-time fathers. We would expect that |
A. Alexander will spend more time with his child than Jonathan. |
Which statement best describes familism? |
C. Family needs are more important than individual needs |
The opposite of familism is |
B. individuality. |
Studies of the parenting of multiracial children in the United States and New Zealand found that |
B. moms played the largest role in guiding the child's development of ethnic minority identity, even when that child was not of that ethnic group. |
In the United States, the out-of-wedlock birthrate |
A. is highest in African Americans. |
Lisa and Phil are more likely to end up divorced if they are |
D. from different ethnic backgrounds. |
Jillian and Nick often express negative emotions toward each other, which means they are most likely to experience |
A. early divorce. |
The main purpose of the Collaborative Divorce Project is to |
C. address custody issues involving younger children. |
According to Lips-Wiersma (2003), which is not one of the four common meanings people derive from work? |
B. Economic independence |
Holland categorizes occupations using the dimensions of |
A. interpersonal settings and lifestyle. |
Super's theory of occupational development places individuals along a continuum of |
D. vocational maturity. |
Which developmental task would most likely characterize Dave, who is in his mid-teens? |
D. Crystallization |
Though Jenny has not decided on a career, she has taken a number of temporary jobs in hopes of finding something she really likes. Jenny |
C. implementation |
The selection of a specific occupational marks the beginning of the ____ stage of occupational development. |
C. stabilization |
Since being promoted to an executive position a few years ago, Alison continued to find ways to work her way up the corporate ladder. |
B. consolidation |
Kurt always had visions of a very extravagant, luxurious, happy life as a rock star. When he finally became a rock star, he found it to be |
D. reality shock. |
When Debra started her new job, she met Rosalind, an experienced worker who took Debra "under her wing." Rosalind gave Debra many |
A. mentor |
Mutt and Jeff both work at the glue factory. Recently, Mutt, who is a more experienced worker, has begun to establish a protégé-mentor |
A. initiation |
Bonnie and Clyde had a mentor-protégé relationship that lasted years. They now no longer view this as a mentor-protégé relationship but one |
C. redefinition |
How are mentoring and generativity related? |
A. Mentoring is one avenue for achieving generativity. |
Job satisfaction in individuals with a good fit between themselves and their occupation tends to |
A. increase with age. |
Which statement about the development of job satisfaction is true? |
C. Job satisfaction may be cyclical regardless of age. |
Edsel is an autoworker on an assembly line. When asked to comment on his job, Edsel says, "First, I am a nothing to this company. |
D. alienated. |
Which manager's strategy for preventing alienation in company workers will probably work best? |
C. Colleen's, who wants to include workers in the company's decision-making process |
Occupational burnout comes from excessive |
A. feelings of exploitation. |
As the owner of a business worried about employee burnout, you should attempt to |
C. provide regular feedback to workers about their performance. |
Devin was born in 1950. As such, he is best classified as part of the _____ generation. |
B. baby-boomer |
Gen-X women |
B. often negotiate on more than just salaries. |
Which tends to be considered a feminine-valued characteristic? |
B. Interdependence |
A key reason for women leaving the workforce is that they feel |
D. disconnected from the workplace. |
As he has a same-ethnicity mentor, Chappell is likely to receive ____ than his friend Dave who has a mentor from another ethnic group. |
B. more psychosocial support |
The textbook defines gender discrimination as something that |
A. involves the denial of a job. |
A "glass ceiling" is best described as a(n) |
A. barrier preventing advancement in a company. |
Pay equity specifically involves equal pay for |
B. equivalent jobs. |
Which statement about sexual harassment is true? |
D. It can have negative consequences even when the degree of harassment is low |
The Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services Supreme Court case (1998) ruled that men could be victims of sexual harassment and also |
B. same-sex harassment. |
Which best exemplifies career plateauing? |
D. A longtime employee decides not to seek a promotion |
Which statement is true? |
C. Caring for a child or an older parent are both stressful |
Gail is a work supervisor who is very supportive of her workers' needs in regard to childcare and other family issues. Because of this, it is |
A. report more job satisfaction. |
The 1993 Family Medical Leave Act gave people the right to |
A. unpaid time off to care for dependents. |
A Swedish study showed that most fathers who took parental leave when their child was born |
B. were more likely to continue their involvement in childcare. |
A movie producer is looking for someone to play the role of a domestic servant. She wants to cast someone who has significant experience |
B. Jed, a European-American male |
Which couple is likely to be experiencing the most inter-role conflict? |
B. Shaun and Joanna, who have two preschool-age children |
To qualify as "leisure," an activity must |
B. be discretionary. |
Research has found that |
A. the positive impacts of a vacation can be eliminated by the workload created by the vacation. |
Osteoporosis is best thought of as involving a loss of bone |
D. mass. |
Misha often experiences severe swelling and joint pain in her fingers and wrists each morning. This pattern of symptoms is most likely due to |
A. rheumatoid arthritis. |
The defining element of "the climacteric" involves the loss of |
A. the natural ability to produce children. |
Which are hormonal-related symptoms of menopause? |
B. Hot flashes and vaginal dryness |
Tom has always wanted to be a father but has not yet found an acceptable partner. He is now 35 years old, healthy, and beginning to be |
D. for the rest of his life. |
Some males experience an age-related decline in ____ resulting in menopause-like symptoms. |
A. testosterone |
As a typical middle-aged male, Rasheed will most likely experience |
C. a prostate gland that becomes enlarged. |
The stress and coping paradigm focuses on the interactive relationship between |
A. person and environment. |
Heather is experiencing a great deal of stress. She has tried relaxation training, thinking about life events in a different way, and even talking |
B. coping. |
Stress has been shown to decrease |
D. estrogen levels. |
Type A is to Type B as |
C. intense is to calm. |
If there were a phrase that would describe Stacy, it would be "laid back." She rarely gets frustrated or angry, could care less about "climbing |
B. Type B behavior. |
Research on Type A and Type B personalities provides support for the notion that |
A. psychological factors can be related to physical health. |
Which statement is true? |
B. High levels of self-esteem predict low levels of stress |
Exercise |
B. can significantly slow the aging process. |
____ intelligence is defined as involving the skills and knowledge necessary for adapting to one's physical and social environment. |
C. Practical |
In most people, practical intelligence |
C. begins to decline appreciably in old age. |
When confronted with a problem in his relationships with his wife, Frank scoffs it off, saying "Ahhh, that's not really an issue... it will work |
B. avoidant thinking. |
McGuyver is trapped in a room with seemingly no way out. While contemplating his escape, he thinks about how part of the bed in the room |
B. a cognitive analysis. |
_____ occurs when the processes of thinking become connected to the products of thinking. |
B. Encapsulation |
Which statement between adult learners and their younger counterparts is true? |
B. Adults tend to be more motivated by internal factors. |
Costa and McCrae's model of personality, which includes dimensions like conscientiousness, neuroticis0m, and openness to experience, is |
C. five-factor |
If Barney is accurately described as being very even-tempered and unemotional, he would likely score very low on a test of |
D. neuroticism. |
Ruth is determined to become president of the corporation. She works more than 10 hours per day, is meticulous in her work, and sticks |
A. conscientiousness |
Research suggests that during middle age, |
D. personality as reported by both self-report and by a spouse remains stable. |
Which statement would be the most legitimate criticism of the study of the Big Five conducted by Srivastava and colleagues (2003)? |
B. The use of Internet sites provides a non-representative sample. |
An individual characterizing what Erikson called "stagnation" is unable to |
C. contribute to a society's continuation. |
Which statement is true in middle age? |
B. Generative concern relates to life satisfaction but generative action does not |
The greatest personality resource that enables an individual to avoid a midlife crisis is called |
D. ego resilience. |
Kay always does her best to make sure her children, parents, in-laws, and siblings get together for holidays, anniversaries, and birthdays. |
C. a kinkeeper. |
Nina feels like she is being pulled apart from two different directions. On the one hand, she has her two daughters to take care of, and on the |
D. Sandwich generation |
Having a positive experience of an empty nest is most strongly influenced by |
A. how well parents believe they did in their job as parents. |
Filial obligation is based on a sense of |
D. responsibility. |
Which group is most likely to perceive grandparenthood as a central role? |
C. Latino Americans |
Which statement concerning custodial care of grandchildren by grandparents is true? |
C. Rates of behavioral problems in children raised by grandparents is high |
Dee used to think that everyone else liked the same people she did and hated the same people she did. She now realizes that different people have different opinions toward others. Piaget would suggest that Dee has recently become a ____ thinker. |
C. concrete operational |
The main limitation of concrete operational thinking is that such thought is limited to |
B. tangible, real-life examples. |
Angelica and her younger brother Houston are both given three fountain pens, each containing clear ink, and are informed that some combination of ink will yield a color. Because Angelica is a formal operational thinker and Houston is a concrete operational thinker, how will their behavior likely differ? A. Angelica will spend more time thinking about the task and be more systematic when attempting to solve it. |
A. Angelica will spend more time thinking about the task and be more systematic when attempting to solve it. |
The first memory strategy acquired by most children is |
D. rehearsal. |
If a person believes in "general intelligence," then he or she believes that |
A. some people are smart, no matter the situation, task, or problem. |
Thurstone and Thurstone (1941) identified seven distinct abilities that they believed formed the basis of intelligence. One of these abilities was |
B. perceptual speed. |
Which best describes the hierarchical view of intelligence? |
D. It consists of general intelligence, categories, and specific skills |
Who is best associated with a theory of "multiple intelligences?" |
C. Howard Gardner |
According to Sternberg, ____ ability is most heavily focused on problem analysis. |
A. analytical |
Which cooking-related behavior is the best indicator of a high level of analytical ability? A. Knowing that the reason a cake did not turn out could be the lack of a key ingredient, the stove being too hot, or bad eggs |
A. Knowing that the reason a cake did not turn out could be the lack of a key ingredient, the stove being too hot, or bad eggs |
____ ability involves the realization that a solution will actually work. |
C. Practical |
Binet and Simon developed the first objective intelligence test in order to |
B. identify children who would need special help in school. |
Newt has a mental age of 10. That means Newt |
D. passed test problems that an average 10-year-old would pass |
Whose intelligence test was the first to use the concept of an intelligence quotient? |
D. Lewis Terman |
Which data suggest the strongest link between heredity and intelligence? |
A. Identical twins whose IQ scores correlate at the +.9 level |
IQ scores are |
A. good predictors of school success and occupational success. |
In the United States, ____ Americans tend to score highest on intelligence tests. |
C. Asian |
Which statement concerning ethnicity and intelligence is most accurate? |
B. Even if ethnic groups differ significantly in intelligence, the difference could be the result of environmental factors. |
By traditional definition, how many of the following eight-year-old children would be considered "gifted": Darcy, IQ = 100; Peggy, IQ = 120; Kelly, IQ = 140; Al, IQ = 160? |
B. 2 |
In recent years, the definition of "gifted" has |
B. broadened to include areas like dance and music. |
By definition, intellectual disability involves both a below-average intelligence and |
C. poor adaptive behaviors. |
Which of the following children most likely has a learning disability? |
A. Charlie, who has difficulty learning to read |
Phonological processing involves the conversion of |
D. printed letters into sound. |
If asked to list key symptoms for ADHD, you should avoid saying, |
A. "inarticulation." |
Which is not a typical characteristic of a school that produces high-achieving students? |
D. A heavy emphasis on nonacademic activities |
Liam is learning the values, behaviors, and roles of his culture. In other words, Liam is experiencing |
D. socialization. |
Dick and Wendy want their children to work hard. They have rules and expect their children to obey them without question. Dick and Wendy are most likely _____ parents. |
B. authoritarian |
When Ki-Jana asks his parents if he can buy a car, his parents say no but sit down and explain to him the reasoning behind their decision. His parents express affection toward him and tell him that they may consider the matter at some later time. Which parenting style best describes Ki-Jana's parents? |
D. Authoritative |
A permissive parent is best thought of as |
D. warm and uncontrolling |
Liked is to popular children as disliked is to ____ children. |
B. rejected |
Rita is incredibly aggressive on the hockey rink but is very nice to everyone when she isn't competing. What term best describes Rita's "on-ice" aggression? |
D. Instrumental aggression |
Mabel likes to hit other children for no other purpose than to see them get hurt and feel scared. What term best describes Mabel's behavior? |
A. Hostile aggression |
Does watching TV violence really affect the behavior of children? |
D. Yes, it tends to be associated with more aggressive behavior |
Prejudice is best described as |
C. a negative view of others based on their group membership. |
Children who are aggressive tend to come from families with _________ parenting styles. |
B. uninvolved or authoritarian |
In which country would individuality in children be most acceptable to parents? |
D. The United States |
As a typical parent in Latin America, Maria would place great emphasis on developing a strong sense of _____ in her children. |
B. family ties |
What basic premise underlies Chinese parenting? |
C. Keep your emotions in check. |
Which parenting style tends to be most common for American parents of lower socioeconomic status? |
C. Authoritarian |
Rather than simply ordering his son to take out the garbage, Ahmad says, "Son, take out the garbage now. It's really full and I'm getting ready to make dinner, so I'll need more space in the garbage bags." Ahmad's statement is an example of |
A. direct instruction. |
Fugi watches her older sister getting yelled at after she throws an apple across the kitchen. Fugi is now less likely to throw an apple across the kitchen herself. This kind of learning through observation would be best described as |
C. counterimitation. |
Whenever Roger says "please," his father gives Roger what he asks for. This in turn increases Roger's use of the word "please." Giving in to Roger's requests appears to be a form of |
A. reinforcement. |
Ian's mother tells him to stop watching TV and do his homework. Ian then begins to whine about wanting to watch more TV to the point that his mother gives in and lets him watch more TV as long as he stops whining. Consequently, Ian's whining behavior increases in frequency. This sequence is best described as |
D. a negative reinforcement trap. |
What statement about time-out is true? |
C. It bypasses many of the pitfalls of punishment. |
Parental conflict |
B. can make a child feel that the family is unstable. |
Which best describes the relationship between parenting styles and children's temperaments? |
B. Parenting styles may develop as the result of temperament. |
Which advice should you give to parents who are trying to reduce their children's sibling conflict? |
B. "Try to keep your marital problems to yourself." |
Which adopted child is most likely to have the most problems? |
D. Lydia, who was adopted when she was eight years old |
Which is the most effective way for parents to reduce the negative impact of divorce on a child? |
D. Don't view the love of your child as a competition between you and your ex-spouse |
Brooke's family consists of her biological mother, biological sister, and step-father. This kind of unit is known as |
C. a blended family. |
Doreen is a single, divorced mother of a five-year-old boy. Will remarrying be good for her son? |
C. Yes, if the step-father is warm and involved |
By far the most frequent sort of child abuse would be categorized as |
A. neglect. |
Who is most likely to abuse his child? |
C. Joe, who is socially isolated from friends and relatives |
What is not one of the effects of being an abused child? |
A. Better emotional regulation |
A child who is able to respond resourcefully in a new situation is said to have high levels of |
A. ego resilience. |
What has research shown to be useful in preventing child abuse? |
B. Early childhood intervention programs |
A friendship is both |
D. voluntary and mutual. |
Which aspect of friendship tends to be new to children aged 8-11? |
B. Trust |
The fact that friends spend a lot of time discussing personal problems is referred to as |
A. co-rumination. |
Jane is identified by others at school as being part of "The Elite," a fairly large group of students who are very popular, get good grades, and are involved in extracurricular activities. "The Elite" are best described as a |
C. crowd. |
____ is best defined as physical changes that mark the transition from childhood to young adulthood. |
A. Puberty |
The two general types of physical development associated with puberty include |
B. bodily changes and sexual maturation. |
From whom would you expect the biggest gains in height and weight over the next three years? |
C. Tina, who is 11 years old |
During adolescence, |
D. both brain myelination and synaptic pruning near completion. |
Primary sex characteristic changes are those directly impacting |
A. reproduction. |
Which of Kohlberg's levels places the greatest emphasis on morality as a function of the expectations others hold toward you? |
B. Conventional |
When Nicholas and Sanjay are debating whether or not to steal a cool car they just found, Nicholas says, "It's wrong to steal the car because there are laws against stealing, and no one is above the law." This type of thinking best fits with Kohlberg's _____ level of moral thinking. |
B. conventional |
Postconventional moral thinking is characterized by judgments made according to a(n) |
A. personal code of behavior. |
During puberty, changes in physical maturity that are not directly linked to reproduction are referred to as ____ sex characteristics. |
B. secondary |
The largest percentage of young children are in stages _____ of Kohlberg's moral reasoning. |
A. one and two |
You are reviewing a research article with the title, "Women and the drive to care for others." Who is the most likely author of this material? |
C. Gilligan |
Menarche is best described as the onset of |
C. menstruation. |
Research has indicated that the most effective way to foster moral development in adolescents is to |
D. discuss moral issues. |
Which event defines spermarche? |
B. The ejaculation of sperm |
Which statement concerning the timing of puberty in males and females is true? |
C. The onset of menarche in females typically occurs around the same time as the onset of spermarche in males. |
A key physical component of puberty is the ____ gland, which regulates pubertal changes by signaling other glands to secrete hormones. |
C. pituitary |
Estrogen is to androgen as |
B. ovaries are to testes. |
Which best describes the typical response to body image during puberty? |
D. Females worry more about appearance and are more dissatisfied with their appearance. |
The negative effects associated with being an early-maturing female have been found to be offset by |
B. having supportive parents. |
A typical teenage girl should consume approximately ____ calories each day. |
C. 2,200 |
The speed at which the body consumes calories is referred to as |
C. basal metabolic rate. |
Programs that effectively assist obese children in losing weight tend to |
D. have parents serve as good models for proper eating. |
Carrie exhibits anorexia nervosa. When she looks in a mirror, she is most likely thinking, |
B. "I'm so fat!" |
The defining characteristic of bulimia nervosa involves |
A. a binge-purge eating pattern. |
Anabolic steroids are most chemically similar to |
C. testosterone. |
The illusion of invulnerability is best demonstrated by |
B. unprotected sex by teens |
Which best describes the neurological explanation for risk-taking behavior in teens? |
D. The pleasure areas develop prior to the areas that control behavior |
Which statement concerning cognitive development in adolescence is true? |
D. Working memory and processing speed are more adultlike than childlike. |
Heuristics tend to be very |
B. fast. |
What technique did Kohlberg use to assess moral thinking? |
A. He presented participants with moral dilemmas. |
What basic moral question underlies the Heinz dilemma? |
B. Can stealing be justified? |
Kohlberg used the label ____ when referring to the first level of moral reasoning. |
C. preconventional |
The attitudes, behaviors, and values that we believe make us unique individuals are called our |
D.self-concept. |
According to Erikson, the key adolescent crisis involves |
C.identity versus role confusion. |
According to Erikson, a teenager is most likely to achieve his or her identity by |
D. using hypothetical reasoning skills. |
Which best describes how Erikson hypothesized that adolescents achieve an identity? |
B. They test a few to see which fits |
In the ____ stage of identity status, an individual is overwhelmed yet does little to accomplish the task of identity formation. |
A. diffusion |
A __________ identity status is based largely on the input of adults (i.e., parents, role models). |
C. foreclosure |
While in the _________ identity status stage, a person is examining numerous alternatives but finds none totally satisfactory |
B. moratorium |
Juvenile delinquency involves acts that are |
A.illegal and destructive. |
Programs to prevent adolescent violence and antisocial behavior target |
B.academic and social skills in elementary-school children. |
____ identity status occurs after an individual has explored several options and has made a deliberate decision. |
D.Achievement |
Sixteen-year-old Paris's motto is, "It's all about me!" This belief fits well with the concept of adolescent |
A. egocentrism. |
The phenomenon whereby an individual believes that he or she is like an actor on a stage, who is under constant watch by others, is referred to as |
B. the imaginary audience. |
The defining feature of the personal fable is a feeling of |
B. uniqueness. |
The belief that misfortunes only happen to others is referred to as the illusion of |
D. invulnerability. |
Learning about one's culture and heritage sets the foundation for a person's ____ identity. |
A. ethnic |
Which statement would indicate that a teenager is in the third stage of ethnic identity development? |
C. "I see myself as a Dutch-Asian American." |
Who is most likely to have the highest self-esteem? |
A. A 4-year-old |
The drop in self-esteem often found when children first enter middle school appears to be due to |
B. peer comparisons. |
Which statement concerning self-esteem is true? |
D. A harmonious child-parent relationship tends to lead to higher levels of self- esteem in adolescents. |
How many of the following can contribute to an adolescent's level of self-esteem: doing well in school, having parents who discipline, being liked by one's peers? |
D. 3 |
James is a typical adolescent. You would expect that he |
B. relies on his parents for advice. |
Teenagers are less likely to engage in sexual activity when parents |
B. monitor their activities. |
Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a viral infection? |
A. Herpes |
Which statement is true? |
A. HIV typically leads to AIDS |
Research has indicated that when a high school student begins to work over ____ hours a week at a part-time job during the school year, academic problems may arise. |
D. 20 |
Which drug do high school seniors use most? |
C. Alcohol |
Fifteen-year-old Otis's parents are social drinkers who often stop at a bar after work. Research suggests that Otis is |
C. more likely to start drinking than his friend whose parents do not drink. |
Effective interventions for teenage smoking include all of the following components, except |
C. enforcing a strict discipline system throughout the school. |
Some teenagers experience negative life events and do not become depressed. Which of the following teenagers is least likely to become depressed when she experiences a negative life event? |
D. Carmine, who has high levels of certain neurotransmitters |
The most effective non-drug interventions for teenage depression focus on |
D. teaching social skills. |
_____ is/are the third leading cause of deaths in U.S. adolescents. |
C. Suicide |
Which is not a common warning sign of suicide? |
B. Increased levels of activity |
About 1 in _____ adolescent American girls becomes pregnant each year. |
D. 6 |
The most effective pregnancy prevention programs focus |
D. on abstinence, reproductive education, and sexual responsibility. |
While there are different types of dating violence, threats always qualify as ____ violence. |
A. emotional |
Which has been identified as a factor that increases the risk of a female being a victim of date rape? |
D. Holding traditional gender stereotypes |
____ first linked identity with career choices. |
C. Super |
According to Super's theory, what is the correct order of the phases of career development? |
B. Crystallization, specification, implementation |
The main assumption of Holland's theory is that people |
B. will be happiest in work environments that match their personalities. |
When an individual's personality type and job match, they tend to be |
A. more productive in the short run and have more stable career paths in the long run. |
Since Dr. Kim takes a strong nature position concerning the origins of mental |
B. his genes. |
Dr. Fletcher is attempting to determine whether adult criminals were rule breakers throughout their childhood, or whether they suddenly turned to a life of crime. Her research is most concerned with which issue of human development? |
D. Continuity versus discontinuity |
When Kayla says "It doesn't matter if they are French, Swedish, or Chinese, kids are kids," she is espousing a ____ position concerning human development. |
B. universal |
Lotte is listening to a lecture in which her professor states, "Genetic and cultural factors are important, but they alone cannot explain the development of human beings." Lotte's professor seems to be supporting |
A. the biopsychosocial framework. |
Which does not constitute a "psychological force?" |
D.Heredity |
Marcelia has been promoted and is moving her family to a new city in a different part of the country. Though 4-year-old Fernando is very happy and makes the transition easily, 12-year-old Jorge is unhappy and has a very difficult time adjusting to the move. Both children generally adapt well to change. Which single set of factors best explains the different responses of Fernando and Jorge to the move? |
D. Life-cycle factors |
A _________ is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development. |
A. theory |
The argument that each psychosocial strength has its own special age period of specific importance is the cornerstone of _____ theory of development. |
B. Erikson's |
After completing his history assignment, Nico is excused from having to wash the dishes, a task he detests. Nico's parents are attempting to use _________ to increase Nico's studying. |
D. negative reinforcement |
If a behavior is effectively being reinforced it will |
B. increase in frequency. |
Melissa is doing a study where volleyball players are interviewed about their role on the team and perceived capabilities for playing in Saturday's game. Melissa seems to be assessing the ___________ of the volleyball players. |
D. self-efficacy |
Brandon's developmental psychology teacher believes human development is best conceptualized as progressing discontinuously through several qualitatively different stages of thinking. His instructor is likely a(n) |
A. Piagetian. |
A researcher who wants to study how state welfare programs influence parenting behaviors would be primarily studying |
B. exosystems. |
Whose theory is best associated with a life-span perspective emphasizing research on adult development? |
B. Baltes |
Carrie takes notes on the behaviors exhibited by college students attending a frat party. This study would best be described as |
B. systematic observational. |
Dr. Ims studies how children think about television by asking them to answer several questions related to their television viewing. It is most likely that Dr. Ims's research involves using a(n) _________ method. |
D.self-report |
Validity is to reliability as |
D. accuracy is to consistency. |
The value of a(n) _________ can range from -1.0 to 1.0. |
A. correlation coefficient |
Mario is going to do a correlational study dealing with playing video games and intelligence. Because he is using this particular method, he will not be able to |
D. determine whether changes in one of these variables causes changes in the other. |
If Hamid wants to do one study to determine whether or not playing violent video games causes children to act more aggressively, he would be best served by doing a(n) |
A. experiment |
Dr. Mitchell is very interested in how individual participants' behaviors change over time. If she wants to study this, she'll have to do a(n) ________ study. |
D. longitudinal |
Results from individual research participants should be |
A. confidential. |
Determining whether a form of measurement is measuring what it is supposed to be measuring is determining its reliability. |
False |
Longitudinal studies are more cost-effective than cross-sectional studies. |
False |
Outcomes of developmental research can have important implications for social policy. |
True |
The threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell that contain genetic material are called |
A. chromosomes. |
If you were looking through a microscope at a normal sperm cell, you should see ____ chromosomes. |
C. 23 |
What combination would result in a boy? |
B. A 23rd pair of chromosomes with one X and one Y |
Genes provide the cell with a specific set of _________ instructions. |
B. biochemical |
Genotype is to phenotype as |
D. chromosome pattern is to physical features. |
If tallness is dominant and designated as "T," and shortness is recessive and designated as "s," who would likely be short? |
C. Danny, who is "ss" |
Dr. Fry has just been informed that his son has sickle-cell trait. As a knowledgeable physician, Dr. Fry would realize that his son's body is most likely to experience |
B. serious oxygen deprivation. |
What should Danko do when he is informed that his newborn son has PKU (phenylketonuria)? |
D. Don't panic, since despite being a genetic disorder, it can be controlled through proper diet |
John and Wayne have the exact same genes. This indicates that they must be |
B. monozygotic twins. |
José, who was adopted at birth, is found to have personality characteristics more similar to his biological mom than to his adoptive mom. How should you interpret this data? |
C. Personality characteristics are influenced by genes. |
Genes and environments |
D. act independently in childhood and interact dynamically in adulthood. |
The period of the _______ lasts for approximately two weeks. |
B. Zygote |
The uniting of the egg and sperm (conception) typically takes place in the |
C. fallopian tube. |
The point at which a zygote burrows into the uterine wall is referred to as |
B. implantation. |
A knowledgeable nutritionist would tell a pregnant mother that in order to reduce the risk of having a baby born with spina bifida, mom needs to make sure that she is ingesting an adequate amount of |
D. folic acid. |
A teratogen is any agent that |
A. results in abnormal prenatal development. |
A woman who consumes alcohol ________ has the greatest risk of giving birth to a baby with fetal alcohol syndrome. |
D. moderately and consistently |
Which prenatal assessment technique results in a picture of the fetus? |
B. Ultrasound |
Regan is a medical student who is learning a procedure in which a long needle is inserted into the abdomen of a pregnant woman. What technique is he most likely learning? |
B. Amniocentesis |
Because it involves prolonged physical effort, the process of childbirth is often referred to as involving stages of |
A. labor |
When her physician mentions the term "crowning," Erica, who is giving birth, should realize that means that her |
C. baby's head has just reached the vaginal opening. |
Which is expelled during afterbirth? |
B. Placenta |
Postpartum depression |
C. is a purely psychological phenomenon (i.e., has no physiological basis). |
By definition, premature infants are born prior to ____ weeks after conception. |
D. 36 |
Born 39 weeks after conception, Sasha weighs in at around 2 pounds. Given this information, Sasha is best defined as |
D. full-term and extremely low birth weight. |
A _____ is best described as any unlearned response triggered by a specific form of stimulation. |
A. reflex |
Donnie slipped his little finger into the hand of his newborn infant, who immediately grasped onto it. The infant was exhibiting the ____ reflex. |
D. palmar |
Gina has just given birth and hears that the Apgar score for her newborn son is a 3. As a person who understands the scoring system, she would most likely |
B. be somewhat concerned, as this score would indicate at least some minor distress. |
If you were going to check for the Babinski reflex in a newborn, which part of the newborn's body would you be observing? |
D. Toes |
Two-month-old Joanne is lying quietly with her eyes wide open and appears very interested in a toy dangling in front of her face. Joanne is exhibiting |
A. alert inactivity |
Amanda's baby is awake and squirming around, oblivious to anything happening around her. Amanda's baby is most likely in the ____ state. |
C. waking activity |
Newborn crying typically involves |
C. agitation and uncoordinated movements. |
What differentiates a basic cry from a mad cry? |
A. Mad cries are more intense. |
The "Back to Sleep" campaign was aimed at reducing |
A. SIDS. |
Even though he is only 20 days old, Cherokee appears to be very happy and vocal around other people. How would a theorist use the concept of temperament to explain his behavior? |
C. A temperament theorist would argue that Cherokee is high in surgency/extraversion. |
Julio and Kari are babies who are the same age but very different from each other. Julio has the ability to focus his attention on a task, while Kari is very easily distracted. Julio and Kari differ on which dimension of temperament? |
C. Effortful control |
If a baby is breast-fed, it is more likely to |
A. transition to solid food more easily. |
What criterion is used to indicate malnourishment in children under age five? |
C. Small size |
Which route most accurately depicts the flow of information from one neuron to another? |
A. Axon (neuron 1) to dendrite (neuron 2) to cell body (neuron 2) |
Terminal buttons are located on which part of a neuron? |
D. The end of the axon |
Each neuron contains many _____ but only one _____. |
B. dendrites; cell body |
____ are chemicals that transmit information from one neuron to another. |
B. Neurotransmitters |
Lotte is recovering from a serious accident that damaged her frontal cortex. Which outcome is most likely? |
C. Lotte's personality will be different. |
Blane deals with people who have suffered some sort of brain damage, helping them try to use different areas of the brain that perform functions that were previously performed by the areas that are now damaged. Blane's specialty would be best described as |
A. neuroplasticity. |
Gina is studying how blood flows through the brain when people listen to different kinds of music. Which sort of research tool is she most likely using in her study? |
C. Functional magnetic resonance imaging |
In order to be able to walk, Loretta must first master certain individual skills, like being able to balance herself. What term best describes this process? |
C. Differentiation |
Tomomi has mastered balancing, stepping, and the perceptual skills necessary to negotiate her way around. Putting all these skills together to enable her to walk is a process called |
A. integration. |
What response would you expect if you attempted to hand toys to a typical 13-month-old infant? |
C. They would first grasp the object with their right hand. |
Nou Ka is putting red marks on the noses of infants and placing them in front of a mirror to see how they respond. What is Nou Ka most likely researching? |
C. Self-awareness |
Jeffrey is a three-year-old who is beginning to make connections between people's thoughts, intentions, and behaviors. According to Wellman (2002), Jeffrey is developing |
A. a theory of mind. |
Piaget described a scheme as a psychological structure that |
A. organizes experience. |
Piaget used the term ____ to describe the process by which new experiences are easily incorporated into existing schemes. |
C. assimilation |
According to Piaget, when a scheme is modified based on some experience, ____ has occurred. |
C. accommodation |
Piaget saw equilibration as a balance between |
B. assimilation and accommodation. |
In order to overcome a state of disequilibrium, a child must |
C. reorganize his or her schemes. |
What is the correct sequence (from first to last) of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? |
C. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
Bob is a normally developing 18-month-old. According to Piaget, Bob is most likely in the ____ period of cognitive development. |
B. sensorimotor |
The phrase "out of sight, out of mind" best exemplifies the Piagetian concept of |
D. object permanence. |
As a Piagetian, Avery would consider ____ the highest accomplishment of the sensorimotor period of development. |
C. using symbols |
Piaget used the term ____ to describe the difficulty children often have in taking another person's perspective. |
D. egocentrism |
Piaget used the three-mountain problem to assess a child's level of |
D. egocentrism. |
Animism occurs when lifelike properties are attributed to |
C. animals. |
The conservation of liquid task directly assesses a child's level of |
D. centration. |
Which statement concerning Piaget's theory is true? |
A. Piaget's theory has been the source of ideas for teachers and stimulated a great deal of research. |
One criticism of Piaget's theory is that it |
D. underestimates the cognitive abilities of infants and overestimates the abilities of adolescents. |
Four-week-old Dixie appears to understand that when you push a cup over the edge of a table, the cup will fall to the ground. Such an understanding would provide support for the concept of |
A. naive physics. |
An information-processing theorist would most likely conceptualize all built-in neural structures that assist the operations of the mind as |
A. mental hardware. |
Pavlov's research involving a dog, salivation, and a bell is correctly associated with ____ theory. |
C. classical conditioning |
While visiting a zoo, five-month-old Simba is frightened by a roaring lion and starts to cry. By the time Simba is one year old, he appears to have forgotten this event and actually enjoys movies with lions. Based on memory research, how might you get Simba to exhibit the original fear response? |
B. Bring him back to the zoo |
If you believed in the concept of the zone of proximal development, what advice should you give to a child who is attempting to learn how to throw a ball? |
B. Tell the child to ask a friend who knows how to throw well to help him or her out |
Preoperational children often think in a manner consistent with the idea that appearance is reality. |
False |
An expressive style vocabulary consists of many names for people, objects, and actions. |
False |
In English, "-ing" and "-ed" represent grammatical morphemes. |
True |
According to the linguist perspective, children are born with some mechanism that simplifies the acquisition of grammar. |
True |
Effective oral communication involves taking turns and paying attention to other speakers. |
True |
Which child has most successfully resolved the "basic trust versus mistrust" stage of psychosocial development? |
D. Brian, who trusts most people but is still somewhat wary of others |
According to Erikson, how would parents establish trust in their six-month-old? |
A. Consistently responding to the child's needs |
Erikson suggested that a proper balance between trust and mistrust can result in the acquisition of hope. |
False |
Who would Erikson predict would have the greatest sense of will? |
C. Bridget, who has developed autonomy and doubt but experiences no shame |
Lili has begun to play "teacher," "mommy," "doctor," and "pilot." Lili is probably in which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development? |
B. Initiative versus guilt |
Four-year-old Luticia pretends to be a doctor and has begun to realize that she needs to be responsible and cooperate with her parents. According to Erikson, this indicates that she is beginning to achieve a sense of |
D. purpose. |
As an evolutionary theorist, Dr. Zorba is most likely to believe that |
A. adaptive behaviors have a hereditary basis. |
Dr. Wilson studies how children form lasting social-emotional relationships with adults. Dr. Wilson is most likely interested in studying |
D. attachment. |
Which is the last of Bowlby's four phases in the growth of attachment? |
A. Reciprocal relationships |
Eight-month-old Claire is able to crawl around a room on her own, looking back at her mother only occasionally. This indicates that Claire |
D. trusts her mother. |
You are the infant's "playmate." When distressed, this child does not prefer you, but when the child wants to play, she chooses you. You are probably the child's |
C. father. |
Attachment is most critical to completing which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development? |
B. Trust versus mistrust |
Which baby is most likely to be insecurely attached? |
C. Jessica, whose parents tend to not respond to her crying |
What advice should you give to a parent who wants his or her two-month-old to form a secure attachment? |
A. "Be responsive and caring." |
Elise has been playing alone, upset, by herself in her room. When her mother returns, she is not comforted but seems angry with her mother. Elise is most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ attachment. |
C. resistant |
If two-year-old Kelly had an internal working model, she would |
B. expect her mom to respond when she is upset. |
Research indicates that sending a young child to a high-quality daycare has ____ effects on toddler's attachment to their mothers. |
D. No |
Which statement is true regarding basic emotions? |
A. They are experienced by people in all cultures. |
Pride, embarrassment, and guilt are all examples of |
B. complex emotions. |
Seven-month-old Gavin seems very content being held by his mother. When the neighbor from across the street comes over to greet Gavin, he turns his head away from the neighbor and starts to cry. What term best explains Gavin's response to the neighbor? |
D. Stranger wariness |
One-year-old Kendra looks at her mother before entering a new room in a strange house. When her mother smiles, Kendra proceeds to enter the room. This is an example of |
C. social referencing. |
Stan is playing with his ball, and Olly is playing with his doll, but they are each watching what the other is doing. Stan and Olly are most likely involved in |
B. parallel play. |
Bud and Lou are both playing with blocks. Though they are playing, they smile at each other and trade blocks from time to time. It is most likely that Bud and Lou are involved in |
C. simple social play. |
Michelle and Warren are building a playhouse. Michelle says to Warren, "How about I help you with your part, then you help me with mine?" This offer would be an example of |
A. an enabling action. |
Gender stereotypes influence behavior by providing |
D. a set of behavioral expectations. |