Much of the world is changing toward a setting where physical strength matters less and alternative |
their behavioral tendencies will change relatively quickly (over hundreds of years) |
A woman who mates with an unstable but attractive man seems to follow a different reproductive strategy |
the sexy son hypothesis |
. Kara is placing a personal ad in the local paper. According to evolutionary predictions about mate selection, |
physical attractiveness |
Men who score high on ________ are especially accurate when it comes to judging their mate value, whereas |
sociosexuality; agreeableness |
For both men and women, those who score high on ________ are especially concerned with finding attractive |
sociosexuality; sociosexuality |
When placing personal ads, women are more likely to specify that they are seeking someone who is |
older; younger |
What might be the evolutionary function of crying, according to recent research described in the text? |
a way to elicit social support |
The idea that feelings of self-esteem evolved to gauge social acceptance is known as the ________ theory. |
sociometer |
What book marked the beginning of evolutionary thinking? |
Darwin’s Origin of Species |
________ searches for specific genes that are linked with particular personality attributes |
A genome-wide association study |
As a result of Timothy’s genes, he went through puberty later than his peers. Because he was much smaller |
the result of an interaction between the genetic expression and the resulting social environment |
A recent study indicates that a serotonin-related genetic allele seems to influence the development of |
stressful life events |
What gene seems to be related to the trait of sensation seeking or novelty seeking? |
DRD4 |
A high heritability coefficient can result when the trait ________ across individuals or when genes are |
varies greatly; an absolute |
In the past, some psychologists have concluded that shared family environments have little or no effect on |
the shared environment was related to certain aspects of personality when personality was measured through direct behavioral observation |
Drawing on research about the impact of the shared family environment on personality development, Judith |
parents have no important long-term effects on their children’s personalities |
Which of the following attributes seems to have the lowest heritability coefficient? |
severe mental retardation |
Which of the following is NOT indicated by a heritability statistic? |
whether genes and environments interact to produce behavior |
Which factor below would be part of the so-called nonshared environment? |
different friendships for siblings |
According to studies of non-twin relatives, the average heritability coefficient for most traits is about |
.20 |
What is the correct formula for calculating heritability? |
2 (rMZ – rDZ) |
The ________ refers to the underlying genetic structure that leads to the observable ________. |
genotype; phenotype |
If a trait is influenced by genes, then it ought to be more highly correlated across pairs of ________ than |
identical twins; fraternal twins |
Monozygotic (MZ) twins share ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals, and dizygotic |
100; 50 |
The field of study that attempts to explain how patterns of behavior characteristic of the entire human species |
evolutionary psychology |
Nerve fibers that organize and regulate transmissions between nerves are called ________. |
interneurons |
The projections from nerves that receive stimulation are called ________. |
dendrites |
Nerves that send messages from the body to the brain are called ________, whereas nerves that carry |
afferent nerves; efferent nerves |
Which brain region secretes several hormones and is located just above the roof of the mouth? |
hypothalamus |
What part of the human brain seems to be the most distinct from the brains of nonhuman animals? |
neocortex |
The ________ signal shows differences in brain activity levels in one condition versus another condition in |
blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) |
Ricardo likes to drive fast cars and enjoys bungee jumping and going to noisy nightclubs. According to |
extravert; underaroused |
The case of railroad worker Phineas Gage illustrates that ________. |
injuries to the brain can affect personality and behavior |
Before brain surgery, Elliott was a good father and held a responsible job. After removal of portions of his |
His emotional reactions and decision-making abilities will be impaired. |
According to Damasio’s somatic marker hypothesis, damage to the right frontal lobes impairs a person’s |
emotional reactions to events and thoughts; ability to make decisions about what is and is not important |
Capgras syndrome arises from damage to the |
right frontal lobe |
One reason why the results of psychosurgeries are often erratic is that ________. |
brain systems might be more important for functioning than discrete areas |
According to Galen, an excess of yellow bile would cause a person to be ________. |
angry and bitter |
According to research by modern health psychologists, the choleric, or chronically hostile, person seems to |
a heart attack |
The term ________ refers to the body’s natural painkillers, chemicals that act in an ________ fashion. |
endorphins; inhibitory |
According to DeYoung’s theory, which neurotransmitter is the foundation of plasticity? |
dopamine |
What brain structure in conjunction with dopamine works to form the "Go" system in Gray’s model? |
nucleus accumbens |
Wayne tends to suffer from chronic pessimism, is hypersensitive to rejection, worries obsessively, and is |
serotonin depletion |
What is the technical name for drugs like Prozac? |
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
According to DeYoung’s theory, which neurotransmitter is the foundation of stability? |
serotonin |
Which hormone is associated with the tend-and-befriend response? |
oxytocin |
A study of the associations between testosterone levels and spectator sports demonstrates that ________. |
testosterone can be influenced by the outcome of a sporting event |
A general tendency toward excessive behavior and numerous sex partners has been linked to ________ |
high testosterone levels |
High levels of cortisol appear to be associated with ________, and low levels of cortisol appear to be |
stress, anxiety, and depression; impulsivity and sensation seeking |
Low levels of cortisol are associated with which psychological disorder? |
post-traumatic stress syndrome |
A researcher who starts with an interest in delinquency and then identifies the traits associated with that |
many-trait |
A researcher who tries to discover the most important or basic personality traits that exist is taking a |
essential-trait |
Which trait has been consistently linked to a range of health outcomes? |
conscientiousness |
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with conscientiousness? |
high IQ |
Which trait is linked to reduced creativity in group problem-solving tasks? |
. conscientiousness |
Given Snyder’s description of self-monitoring, you would expect someone who is low in self-monitoring to |
easier to judge |
. The items in the California Q-Set were derived from ________. |
efforts by researchers to develop a list of items that would adequately describe personality |
The ________ is a personality assessment device consisting of a deck of 100 cards, each of which describes |
California Q-Set |
The most important advantage of Q-sorting is that it ________. |
forces the judge to compare all the items directly against each other |
The most important thing to notice about a table of Q-sort correlates is the________. |
general patterns that emerge |
What is another name for ego control? |
self-control |
According to the text, sex differences in the personality correlates of delay of gratification are likely |
socialization practices |
Jack Block found that 23-year-olds who described themselves as being politically conservative were likely to |
guilty and anxious |
Which of the following is NOT a dimension that would likely show differences between liberals and |
harm/care |
. A researcher using factor analysis to identify basic traits is likely to favor the ________ approach. |
essential-trait |
6. What are essential traits according to Jack Block? |
ego control/ego resiliency |
What are the essential traits according to Hans Eysenck? |
neuroticism/extraversion/psychoticism |
Which Big Five domain is related to less smoking? |
agreeableness |
Which of the Big Five traits appears to be the most difficult to understand? |
openness |
Which trait seems to be related to a quicker recovery from disabling accidents or illnesses according to recent |
agreeableness |
Which trait is most closely linked with dominance? |
extraversion |
Which of the Big Five traits appears to have the most inconsistency in terms of cross-cultural replication? |
openness |
Based on research, the resident of which of these cities will probably score the highest on openness? |
Miami, Florida |
Cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that ________. |
the central attributes of personality are generally similar in other cultures, but there are at least a few important differences |
The rank-order stability of personality is highest in which of the following periods of development? |
adulthood |
The judgments other people make of your personality may affect ________. |
all of the above |
Judgments other people make of your personality are known as ________. |
your reputation |
Judgments of your personality by others ________. |
both reflect who you are and can influence what you are like |
Self-fulfilling prophecies are more technically known as ________. |
expectancy effects |
Which of the following is NOT considered one of the likely reasons that high-expectancy students perform |
Teachers show an increased willingness to ignore disciplinary problems in these students |
What might be an effect of expectancies in real life? |
to magnify or maintain existing behavioral tendencies |
Julie does not like to attend parties because she is shy and convinced that people will not like her. When Julie |
expectancy effects |
expectancy effects |
predictive validity |
Which of the following illustrates converging criteria that could be used to establish the accuracy of a |
You always show up to work on time, and your colleagues say that you are dependable and conscientious. |
The basic reason that research on the accuracy of personality judgments experienced a lengthy hiatus |
researchers lacked a consensual criteria for determining the accuracy of a personality judgment |
When Sam argues that all interpretations of reality are equally accurate, he is advocating the ________ |
constructivist |
When Andrew argues there is no reason to conclude that all interpretations of reality are equally correct, he is |
realist |
Based on recent research, what approach for job interviews might be the best? |
. face-to-face interviews |
According to research described in the textbook, about how often did the more "competent" looking |
70 percent of the time |
What does recent research suggest about the validity of first impressions? |
First impressions based on configural properties of faces may have some validity. |
A variable that affects the relation between two other variables is known as a ________. |
moderator |
Robert is a stable, well-adjusted person. His behavior is fairly consistent and predictable; essentially, "what |
easy to judge accurately |
According to research that shows a link between a trait’s observability and the accuracy with which it is |
talkativeness |
A recent study found that women are more accurate than men in judging others. What was the explanation |
Women are better than men at knowing what the average person is like. |
According to a recent study described in the textbook, which of the following is accurate about people who |
Such people are no more accurate than others at judging personality. |
The finding that more observable traits yield better interjudge agreement suggests that peer judgment is based |
direct behavioral observation; a manufactured reputation |
A professor has been married for 10 years but her husband has never seen her give a lecture. According to the |
Her students will be about as accurate as her husband in predicting her behavior in lecture. |
A small number of studies have investigated whether making an extra effort to be a good judge of personality |
The results of the existing studies are mixed. |
Doug has known Dan for more than 20 years. Jim has only known Dan since he joined Jim’s department at |
The two predictions will be about equally accurate. |
A judge may see a target’s behavior, pay attention to the behavior, and use the behavior in his or her |
observed behavior must be relevant to the trait being judged |
. When we evaluate professional personality judgments, it is typically said that we are evaluating their |
validity; accuracy |
The two basic criteria for evaluating the validity of a personality judgment are ________. |
agreement and behavioral prediction |
What does the acronym MMPI stand for? |
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory |
The MMPI was designed to ________. |
assess individuals with psychological disorders |
Although Funder draws a distinction between S and B data, the distinction between ________ tests is also |
projective and objective |
The Implicit Association Test (IAT) yields what kind of data? |
B |
Recent research using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to study shyness indicates that ________. |
"controlled" aspects of shyness can be predicted using S data, but uncontrolled or spontaneous aspects can be more accurately predicted using B data |
According to the text, one of the nonpsychometric functions of projective tests is to ________. |
break the ice between client and therapist |
As described in the text, according to some motivation researchers, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
what people want; how motives are expressed |
According to the text, which projective test appears to have produced evidence that comes close to establishing |
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
. Which of the following is a limitation of projective tests? |
Projective tests are relatively inefficient and expensive to administer. |
Which of the following is an objective test? |
MMPI |
The reason that objective tests include so many items is to increase the ________ of the test. |
reliability |
The ________ method is NOT a basic method for constructing objective personality tests. |
consensus validation |
The basis of the ________ method of test construction is to come up with items that seem directly, obviously, |
rational |
The approach to personality test construction that examines a set of correlations among many items in order to |
factor analytic |
According to the text, the last step in a factor analysis is to ________. |
name the factors |
The factor analytic technique of test construction is designed to________. |
identify groups of test items that seem to be alike |
Factor analysis can ________. |
identify groups of items that go together |
The primary criterion for item selection in the empirical method of test construction is determining whether the |
discriminates between two known groups |
Imagine that you want to develop a test to measure depression. You gather a set of 100 potential test items and |
empirical |
The sole basis on which items are selected for empirically derived personality scales is whether ________. |
they are answered differently by different kinds of people |
Which of the following is NOT a major limitation of the factor analytic approach? |
The factors are only as good as the criterion groups used to validate the measure. |
The Woodworth Personality Data Sheet was designed to measure psychiatric problems in what group? |
U.S. Army recruits |
Integrity tests administered in employment screening provide good measures of ________ |
conscientiousness |
PSYC 331 Exam 3 Practice Questions
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