Jessica took psychology in the fall semester and is now taking sociology. Several of the concepts are similar, and Jessica finds that she sometimes has trouble recalling some of the major psychological theorists. She keeps getting them confused with sociological theorists. Jessica's problem is most likely due to _______________. A) toronto syndrome |
C. Retroactive interference |
When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the last items on the list. This is known as the ______. A) recency effect |
A. Recency effect |
According to the levels-of-processing model of memory, we are most likely to remember information that we process at a _______________ level. A) any of these, depending on the information |
B. Deeper |
Work with electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) for severe depression suggests that consolidation ___________. A) only takes a short time |
C. May take years to complete |
In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number __________. A) 7, plus or minus 2 |
A. 7, plus or minus 2 |
H. M., a famous amnesiac, gave researchers solid information that the ______________ was important in storing new long-term memories. A) frontal lobes |
D. Hippocampus |
Your teacher has given each student the name of a key figure in the history of psychology. The assignment is to describe at least one significant contribution made by this person. If your historical figure is Hermann Ebbinghaus, what contribution might you describe to the class? A) He described the limits of sensory storage. |
B. He created nonsense syllables in order to study memory in a "pure" form. |
Which type of long-term memory is most resistant to loss with Alzheimer's disease? A) none of these |
C. Procedural |
If ____________is like losing a document in the computer because of a power loss, __________ is like pushing the "save" key and having the document disappear instead of being stored. A) adolescent amnesia; conductive amnesia |
C. Retrograde amnesi; anterograde amnesia |
A psychologist asks people to recall the name of their kindergarten teacher. Surprisingly, the majority of people correctly do this and comment, "Gee whiz, I haven't thought about that old bat in years!" Their ability to do so is a severe problem for which theory of forgetting? A) encoding failure |
C. Decay or disuse |
Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before history. When she gets to her history test, all she can remember is French! Shalissa's memory is suffering from _____________. A) retroactive interference |
B. Proactive interference |
Which type of long-term memory is most difficult to bring into conscious awareness? A) semantic memory |
D. Procedural memories |
Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in sensory memory? A) The stress of participating in this research became excessive. |
D. The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory. |
____________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage. A) Memory |
A. Memory |
In the famous case of H. M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer ______. A) form new memories |
A. Form new memories |
Information is simultaneously stored across a network that stretches across the brain in the ___________________. A) Craik and Lockhart model of memory |
B. Parallel distributed processing model of memory |
A. R. Luria studied an individual with phenomenal memory. This person was a ____________. A) hypnotist |
C. Mnemonist |
Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades? A) short-term memory |
B. Long-term memory |
When someone looks at an image, the retina turns the light rays from it into neural messages that go up to the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them. This process is called __________________. A) retrieval |
D. Encoding |
Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by the levels-of-processing model of memory? A) thinking about the meaning of a word |
B. Attending to the sound of a word |
Laboratory studies using the recall of letters and numbers indicate that short-term memory is probably coded __________. A) semantically |
D. Verbally |
Patients with anterograde amnesia were taught to solve the Tower of Hanoi problem. It was later found that they _______________. A) didn't remember solving the problem but could do it again |
A. Didn't remember solving the problem but could do it again |
A. R. Luria studied a mnemonist with phenomenal memory. This person had several problems associated with the ability. Which was one reported in your textbook? A) tip-of-the-tongue aphasia |
C. Separating trivial from important memories. |
You try to remember a phone number by repeating it over and over to yourself. What type of rehearsal are you using? A) permanent |
B. Maintenance |
Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last night she studied French before history. When she gets to her French test, all she can remember is history! Shalissa's memory is suffering from ____________. A) cue-dependent forgetting |
B. Retroactive interference |
Malcolm, aged 35, is severely depressed. Because of this he is given electroconvulsive shock therapy. After treatment, he is sent home and does much better. However, his TV-watching behavior is strange. Which is the most likely behavior pattern? A) Malcolm does not remember any episodes of shows going back 25 years. |
B. Malcolm thinks that last year's episodes of his favorite series are new. |
Believers in the information-processing model of memory are likely to agree that ____________. A) the brain has nothing in common with a computer |
C. Studying computers can give you useful insights into human information processing |
Under most circumstances, when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information, _______________ is an easier task than _______________. A) priming; the savings method |
D. Recognition; recall |
Retrieving information from long-term memory is done by assembling information from various brain locations in a process known as ______________. A) automatic processing |
D. Constructive processing |
When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to interpret the sound. This process is called ________________. A) storage |
B. Encoding |
Which of the following statements is true about the serial position curve? A) It is used as evidence of separate long-term and short-term memory systems. |
B. All of these are true |
Loss of memory from the point of injury or illness forward is called _________________ . A) anterograde amnesia |
A. Anterograde amnesia |
What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage? A) It is the process that covers up the disruption that would occur from saccades. |
A. It is the process that covers up the disruption that would occur from saccades. |
What are the two major types of rehearsal (for moving information from short-term to long-term memory)? A) elaborative and permanent |
B. Elaborative and maintenance |
Which of the following is an example of a test using recall? A) essay |
B. All of these are examples that use recall. |
When the sound of the word is the aspect that cannot be retrieved, leaving only the feeling of knowing the word without the ability to pronounce it, this is known as _________. A) the tip-of-the-tongue effect |
A. The tip-of-the-tongue effect |
In the game show Jeopardy! contestants are tested on general information. The type of memory used to answer these kinds of questions is _________. A) semantic |
A. Semantic |
Long-term memory is organized in the form of semantic networks, or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge, according to the work of ____________. A) Tolman |
D. Collins |
If memory were like the sea, we could say that ______ is long-term memory, ______ are the specific memories, and _______ are retrieval cues. A) a boat; hooks; worms |
C. The sea; fish; hooks |
Rochelle remembered getting "B's" in her English lit classes in college. But years later when she applied for a job and took out her transcript, she was shocked to find that she had actually gotten "C-" grades. She then started telling everyone she remembers being a pretty poor student. Her erratic memory of her mediocre performance is most likely due to ___________. A) consolidation |
B. Hindsight bias |
Someone asks you to name the twenty-second president of the United States, but you can't remember. To aid your memory, the person then tells you that the president's name is the same as that of a large city on Lake Erie. Upon hearing the hint, you instantly realize that Grover Cleveland is the answer. In this situation, the hint acted as a(n) ______. A) elaborative rehearsal cue |
C. Retrieval cue |
______________ appears to be responsible for the storage of new long-term memories. If it is removed, the ability to store anything new is completely lost. A) The cerebellum |
B. The hippocampus |
You start out using Netscape, then change to Explorer because your company demands that browsers be Microsoft products. If you have trouble with Explorer, it is most likely due to ______________. A) retroactive interference |
C. Proactive interference |
False positives occur when a person incorrectly "matches" a stimulus that is merely similar to a real memory to that memory. One major problem with eyewitness testimony is that _______________. A) witnesses are prone to habituate to the courtroom and forget what happened |
D. False positives can cause eyewitness testimony to be quite inaccurate. |
People with dementia typically have a memory problem known as ____________. A) amygdaloid amnesia |
B. Anterograde amnesia |
The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are ____________. A) shallow, medium, and deep processing |
D. Sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory |
Encoding specificity refers to _______________. A) the discrete and specific links that occur in a Collins and Quillan network |
B. Using physical surroundings or emotions as retrieval cues for specific memories. |
Personal facts and memories of one's personal history are parts of ___________. A) declarative memories |
C. Episodic memories |
A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully? A) Yes, because seeing is believing. |
C. No, because there is a great possibility of a "false positive" identification. |
Chunking is a means of ______. A) arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important |
C. Combining information into meaningful units. |
When memories are stored in long-term memory, which of the following forms of information is used? A) all of the above |
A. All of the above |
Which of the following statements about memory retrieval while under hypnosis is NOT TRUE? A) All of the statements are not true. |
A. All of the statements are not true. |
In the _________________ model, memory is seen as a simultaneous process, with the creation and storage of memories taking place across a series of networks "stretched" across the brain. A) parallel distributed processing |
A. Parallel distributed processing |
In the semantic network model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning _________________. A) are not physically proximal |
D. Are stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related. |
The case of Father Bernard Pagano, who was identified by seven eyewitnesses as a criminal, was an instance of a ____________. A) false positive |
A. False positive |
For which famous memory researcher is memory a problem-solving activity in which the problem is to give a coherent account of some past event, and the memory is the solution to that problem? A) Meyer |
B. Bartlett |
Suzy looks up from her lunch, realizing that Jacques has just said something to her. What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go to the movies. Suzy's ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her ____________. A) tactile sensory memory |
C. Echoic sensory memory |
The key to the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory was to ________________. A) test the use of chunking |
B. Cue the participants, using a tone, as to which line of the matrix they were to report. |
Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten ____________. A) most quickly one day after learning |
D. Quickly at first, then tapers off gradually |
A police officer is shot in a gun battle with bank robbers. Although emergency brain surgery saves his life, it leaves him unable to store new information. The officer's family is applying to the state for compensation for his injuries. When asked to provide a diagnosis of the difficulties he suffers, what will they write? A) retroactive amnesia |
C. Anterograde amnesia |
The levels-of-processing model of memory would suggest that which of the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog? A) "Is it in capital letters?" |
D. "Would it be found in a pond?" |
Sitting in a very noisy restaurant, you are able to screen out all the other conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are conversing. This is an example of ______. A) Broadbent's forgetting theory |
C. Selective attention |
Proactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when _____________. A) older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information |
A. Older information already in the memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information. |
When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information, this is called ______________. A) retroactive interference |
A. Retroactive interference |
Godden and Baddeley found that if you study on land, you do better when tested on land, and if you study underwater, you do better when tested underwater. This finding is an example of_______________. A) registered learning |
C. Encoding specificity |
In one study, over 2,500 photographs were shown to participants, one every 10 seconds. Participants were then shown pairs of photographs in which one member of each pair was one of the previously seen photographs. Accuracy for identifying the previously seen photos was __________. A) 85 to 95 percent |
A. 85 to 95 percent |
Which of the following statements is true about retrieval? A) It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain. |
C. It is a process of getting stored memories back out into consciousness. |
Memories for general facts and personal information are called _________. A) procedural memories |
C. Declarative memories |
In this view, memories are literally "built" from the pieces stored away at encoding. This view is called ______________. A) adaptation of memory traces |
B. Constructive processing |
Flashbulb memories ______. A) are almost always highly accurate |
D. Usually concern events that are emotionally charged. |
Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations? A) procedural memory |
C. Echoic memory |
Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of ___________. A) conditioned responses and associations |
D. Semantic networks or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge. |
Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held in short-term memory through the process of ______. A) rote rehearsal |
D. Chunking |
Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the _____________. A) hippocampus |
C. Cerebellum |
What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory? A) 11 |
C. 7 |
Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is called ______. A) shadowing |
D. Chunking |
Examples of tests that use recognition are _____________. A) both multiple choice and matching |
A. Both multiple choice and matching |
In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs _____________. A) near the end of the retrieval period |
D. Within the first hour after learning new material. |
Maintenance rehearsal is defined as ________________. A) analyzing new material in order to make it memorable |
D. Repeating some bit of information over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory. |
Bethany is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is attending. This is because she thinks she heard her name above the din of the conversation. Her ability to hear her name is due to the mechanism of ____________. A) intimacy |
D. Selective attention |
Many middle-aged adults can vividly recall where they were and what they were doing the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated, although they cannot remember what they were doing the day before he was assassinated. This is an example of ______. A) a procedural memory |
C. A flashbulb memory |
Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______ rehearsal. A) imagery |
B. Maintenance |
When a person's ____________is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia, or the inability to form new memories, results. A) hippocampus |
A. Hippocampus |
Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described by the levels-of-processing model of memory? A) recalling an object's function |
C. Attending to the sound of a word |
Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are gone. This is an example of the _____________. A) reintegrative effect |
B. Serial position effect |
General knowledge, language, and concepts are seen as parts of ___________. A) declarative memories |
D. Semantic memory |
Retroactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when_________. A) information that is not accessed decays from the storage system over time |
B. Newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information. |
Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery? A) a modem |
B. A photograph |
A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess? A) sensory memory |
A. Sensory memory |
It is thought that long-term memory never can get filled up. The term used to describe the capacity of long-term memory is _______________. A) about 10,000 items |
D. Unlimited |
According to Baddeley, which memory system is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive, visual sketchpad, and auditory recorder? A) long-term memory |
B. Working memory |
The research of Eich and Metcalf would suggest that if you were really happy when you were learning math, you should be ______ when taking the math exam to do well. A) happy |
A. Happy |
Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to _____________. A) encoding failure |
D. Interference from other information |
_____________ memory is constantly updated. A) Declarative |
C. Episodic |
Short-term memory is another name for ______ memory. A) long-term |
D. Working |
According to Elizabeth Bowman, ____________. A) hypnosis makes production of false memories easier |
B. All of these statements are true |
The best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in _____________. |
A. The biology classroom |
What type of stimuli did Hermann Ebbinghaus use in his memory experiments? A) words |
D. Nonsense syllables |
Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers function? A) parallel distributed processing model |
D. Information-processing model |
When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember _______. A) the items in the middle more than those at the beginning or at the end |
C. The items at the beginning and at the end more than those in the middle of the list. |
The duration of iconic memory is _______ than echoic memory, but iconic's capacity is probably ________. A) longer; larger |
B. Shorter; larger |
If one wanted to use the best method to get storage in long-term memory, one would use ______________. A) rote rehearsal |
B. Elaborative rehearsal |
A terrible crime is committed, and an eyewitness is unable to identify whether a suspect arrested by the police is actually the one who committed the crime. The police bring in Madame Xanadu to hypnotize the witness, and then the witness identifies the suspect the police have in custody. Of course, the Madame knew who the suspect was before she hypnotized the witness. At the trial, the defense attorney objects. The core of the objection to the judge would be that ___________. A) the use of hypnosis makes it very easy for factors like the misinformation effect or constructive |
B. All of these are good objections. |
The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be _________. |
A. A filing cabinet |