|
1) Which of the following processes is NOT a part of external respiration?
A) the movement of air into and out of the lungs by bulk flow
B) the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood by diffusion
C) the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues by the blood
D) the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissues by diffusion
E) the use of oxygen and generation of carbon dioxide by the mitochondria during energy metabolism
|
E
|
|
2) Which of the following specifically describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
A) Secondary ventilation
B) Pulmonary ventilation
C) Internal respiration
D) Respiration
E) Expiration
|
B
|
|
3) Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
A) vocalization
B) electrolyte balance of blood
C) acid-base balance of blood
D) enhancing venous return
E) heat loss
|
B
|
|
4) Which of the following statements about respiratory system anatomy is FALSE?
A) Each lung has three lobes.
B) The nasal cavity and oral cavity are parts of the upper airways.
C) Both air and food travel in the pharynx.
D) The trachea remains open at all times.
E) The trachea branches into two bronchi, one of which travels to each lung.
|
A
|
|
5. Food is prevented from entering the respiratory tract by the ________, which is/are located in the ________, the entry to the larynx.
A) glottis : pharynx
B) glottis : epiglottis
C) vocal cords : glottis
D) epiglottis : glottis
E) bronchioles : bronchi
|
D
|
|
6) What structure bifurcates into the bronchi that enter the right and left lungs?
A) trachea
B) larynx
C) glottis
D) pharynx
E) bronchioles
|
A
|
|
7) What are the smallest (and most distal) structures that remain a component of the conducting zone in the respiratory tract?
A) bronchi
B) secondary bronchi
C) tertiary bronchioles
D) terminal bronchioles
E) respiratory bronchioles
|
D
|
|
8) What is the function of ciliated cells in the conducting zone?
A) provide the rigid support that keeps the conducting zone open
B) produce a viscous solution called mucus
C) engulf foreign material that has been trapped within the mucus
D) propel mucus containing trapped particles toward the glottis
E) move macrophages down the conducting zone toward the respiratory zone
|
D
|
|
9) Which of the following becomes more abundant deeper into the conducting zone (from bronchi to bronchioles) .
A) Cartilage
B) Type I alveolar cells
C) Cilia
D) Goblet cells
E) Smooth muscle
|
E
|
|
10) Which of the following is most abundant in the trachea and bronchi, becoming much less dense (and eventually absent) in the bronchioles.
A) smooth muscle cells
B) cartilage
C) goblet cells
D) macrophages
E) type II alveolar cells
|
B
|
|
11) The transition from the conducting to the respiratory zone in the lungs occurs at the ________.
A) alveoli
B) alveolar ducts
C) tertiary bronchi
D) terminal bronchioles
E) respiratory bronchioles
|
E
|
|
12) What structure is the region of the lungs where the majority of gas exchange occurs?
A) respiratory bronchiole
B) alveolar duct
C) alveolus
D) terminal bronchiole
E) bronchus
|
C
|
|
13) What are the most common cells that line the surface of the alveoli and are therefore associated with the exchange of gases within the lungs?
A) Macrophages
B) Goblet cells
C) Type I alveolar cells
D) Type II alveolar cells
E) Type III alveolar cells
|
C
|
|
14) What is the thin barrier (0.2 μm) that allows for the efficient exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood called?
A) endothelial cell
B) type I alveolar cell
C) type II alveolar cell
D) alveolar macrophage
E) respiratory membrane
|
E
|
|
15) What type of cells secrete mucus in the respiratory tract?
A) type I alveolar cells
B) type II alveolar cells
C) goblet cells
D) macrophages
E) ciliated cells
|
C
|
|
16) Which of the following decreases when traveling from upper airways to the conducting zone to the respiratory zone?
A) cilia only
B) smooth muscle only
C) goblet cells only
D) both cilia and goblet cells
E) cilia, goblet cells, and smooth muscle
|
D
|
|
17) What type of cell in the respiratory tract functions in phagocytosis of inhaled pathogens and foreign particles?
A) type I alveolar cells
B) type II alveolar cells
C) goblet cells
D) macrophages
E) ciliated cells
|
D
|
|
18) Which of the following is NOT a muscle involved in breathing?
A) the pleural muscle
B) the internal intercostal muscle
C) the external intercostal muscle
D) the diaphragm
E) the abdominal muscle
|
A
|
|
19) The ________ is bounded by the interior surface of the chest wall and the exterior surface of the lung.
A) interpleural space
B) alveolar space
C) bronchiolar space
D) intraparietal cavity
E) thoracic cavity
|
A
|
|
20) What is the connective tissue surround each lung called?
A) pleural sac
B) visceral sac
C) parietal sac
D) peripulmonary sac
E) alveolar sac
|
A
|
|
21) What is the dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and plays an important role in breathing?
A) internal intercostals
B) sternocleidomastoid
C) external intercostals
D) diaphragm
E) scalene
|
D
|
|
22) When air is no longer moving through the respiratory tract and the airway is open to the environment, the pressure within the lung is equal to ________.
A) systolic blood pressure
B) transpulmonary pressure
C) intrapleural pressure
D) atmospheric pressure
E) end-diastolic pressure
|
D
|
|
23) The difference between what two pressures drives air into and out of the lungs?
A) pulmonary venous : atmospheric
B) central venous : intracoronary
C) intrapleural : intra-alveolar
D) atmospheric : intra-alveolar
E) atmospheric : intrapleural
|
D
|
|
24) Which of the following occurs when intra-alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure?
A) air moves into the lung
B) air moves out of the lung
C) the lung collapses
D) the lung must be expanding
E) intrapleural pressure is greater than intra-alveolar pressure
|
B
|
|
25) Which of the following pressure(s) vary rhythmically with respiration?
A) atmospheric pressure only
B) intrapleural pressure only
C) intra-alveolar pressure only
D) both intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure
E) both atmospheric pressure and intrapleural pressure
|
D
|
|
26) The difference between intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure is ________.
A) the driving force for air flow into and out of the lungs
B) atmospheric pressure
C) transpulmonary pressure
D) approximately 100 mm Hg
E) zero
|
C
|
|
27) Which of the following is a measure of the distending force across the lungs?
A) intrapleural pressure
B) intra-alveolar pressure
C) transpulmonary pressure
D) atmospheric pressure
E) difference between intra-alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure
|
C
|
|
28) Equilibration of pressure between the intrapleural space and the alveoli will lead to which of the following?
A) air moving out of the lungs
B) air moving into the lungs
C) a pneumothorax (the lung will collapse)
D) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
E) restrictive pulmonary disease
|
C
|
|
29) What is the volume of air present in the lungs when the lungs are at rest (in between breaths)?
A) zero
B) functional residual capacity
C) residual volume
D) total lung capacity
E) tidal volume
|
B
|
|
30) Which of the following is true when the lung volume is equal to the functional residual capacity?
A) the elastic recoil of the lungs is balanced by the elastic recoil of the chest wall
B) intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
C) intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure
D) intra-alveolar pressure is less than intrapleural pressure
E) intrapleural pressure is zero
|
A
|
|
31) As the lungs expand, intra-alveolar pressure ________ and air moves ________ the lungs.
A) increases : out of
B) increases : into
C) decreases : out of
D) decreases : into
E) does not change : neither into nor out of
|
D
|
|
32) As the volume of the lung increases, atmospheric pressure ________.
A) will not change
B) increases
C) decreases
D) will follow Starling’s Law
E) will follow the Ideal Gas Law
|
A
|
|
33) What does contraction of the diaphragm cause?
A) decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and therefore a decrease in atmospheric pressure
B) decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and therefore a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure
C) increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and therefore a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure
D) decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and therefore an increase in intra-alveolar pressure
E) increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and therefore an increase in intra-alveolar pressure
|
C
|
|
34) What are the primary inspiratory muscles?
A) external and internal intercostals
B) diaphragm and external intercostals
C) diaphragm and internal intercostals
D) diaphragm and the external and internal intercostals
E) diaphragm and abdominal muscles
|
B
|
|
35) The muscles of respiration are ________.
A) skeletal muscle innervated by the somatic nervous system
B) skeletal muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system
C) smooth muscle innervated by the somatic nervous system
D) smooth muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system
E) smooth muscle without innervation
|
A
|
|
36) As the volume of the chest wall increases, the concomitant expansion of the lungs is due to a(n) ________.
A) increase in atmospheric pressure
B) decrease in intra-alveolar pressure
C) increase in intrapleural pressure
D) decrease in transpulmonary pressure
E) increase in transpulmonary pressure
|
E
|
|
37) At rest, expiration is a(n) ________ process that involves ________.
A) active : the contraction of the diaphragm
B) passive : relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals
C) active : contraction of the internal intercostals
D) passive : relaxation of the internal intercostals
E) active : relaxation of the diaphragm
|
B
|
|
38) Which of the following pressures is lower during inspiration than during expiration?
A) intra-alveolar pressure only
B) transpulmonary pressure only
C) intrapleural pressure only
D) both intra-alveolar and transpulmonary pressures
E) both intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures
|
E
|
|
39) The compliance of the lungs can be determined by measuring the change in ________ for a given change in ________.
A) lung volume : intra-alveolar pressure
B) lung volume : transpulmonary pressure
C) intra-alveolar pressure : lung volume
D) airway resistance : lung volume
E) lung volume : airway resistance
|
B
|
|
40) The compliance of the lung is determined by the elasticity of the lung and ________.
A) volume
B) transpulmonary pressure
C) airway resistance
D) surface tension
E) intra-alveolar pressure
|
D
|
|
41) The surface tension of the alveolus is reduced by surfactants produced by what type of cells?
A) ciliated
B) goblet
C) type I alveolar
D) type II alveolar
E) type III alveolar
|
D
|
|
42) Which of the following is NOT involved in altering the resistance of the airway to air movement?
A) transpulmonary pressure
B) contractile activity of bronchiolar smooth muscle cells
C) secretion of mucus into the airway
D) pulmonary surfactant concentration
E) tractive forces exerted on the airway by surrounding tissue
|
D
|
|
43) How do tractive forces affect the airways during inspiration.
A) increase in compliance
B) decrease in compliance
C) increase in airway resistance
D) decrease in airway resistance
E) bronchodilation
|
D
|
|
44) Which of the following is responsible for changes in airway resistance that occur in a single breath?
A) surrounding atmospheric pressure
B) autonomic nervous system
C) passive forces exerted on the airways
D) contractility of smooth muscle cells
E) sensitivity of smooth muscle cells to allergens
|
C
|
|
45) Which of the following chemicals will NOT result in a decrease in airway resistance?
A) norepinephrine
B) epinephrine
C) carbon dioxide
D) bronchodilators
E) histamine
|
E
|
|
46) Which of the following is NOT part of the response of an airway to specific allergens that initiate an asthmatic response?
A) increased airway resistance
B) increased inflammatory response
C) increased histamine release
D) increased secretion of mucus
E) increased release of corticosteroids
|
E
|
|
47) What benefit are corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma?
A) They induce bronchodilation.
B) They induce bronchoconstriction.
C) They reduce inflammation of the airways.
D) They increase blood flow to the airways.
E) They decrease mucus secretion into the airways.
|
C
|
|
48) A(n) ________ is used clinically to measure lung volumes and rates of air flow.
A) spirometer
B) electrocardiograph
C) ratiometer
D) electroencephalogram
E) X-ray
|
A
|
|
49) What is the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs in a single breath during unforced breathing called?
A) Total lung capacity
B) Functional residual capacity
C) Tidal volume
D) Vital capacity
E) Minute ventilation
|
C
|
|
50) The presence of a negative intrapleural pressure at maximum expiration is responsible for which of the following?
A) residual volume
B) functional residual volume
C) tidal volume
D) vital capacity
E) functional residual capacity
|
A
|
|
51) The tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume together make up which of the following?.
A) Residual volume
B) Functional residual capacity
C) Total lung capacity
D) Inspiratory capacity
E) Vital capacity
|
D
|
|
52) Functional residual capacity is comprised of which of the following?
A) vital capacity and expiratory reserve volume
B) tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
C) tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume
D) tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
E) residual volume and expiratory reserve volume
|
E
|
|
53) Which of the following measurements cannot be determined by a spirometer?
A) vital capacity
B) tidal volume
C) residual volume
D) inspiratory capacity
E) inspiratory reserve volume
|
C
|
|
54) A normal tidal volume at rest is approximately ________ mL.
A) 100
B) 500
C) 1,000
D) 5,000
E) 10,000
|
B
|
|
55) A normal vital capacity is approximately ________ mL.
A) 100
B) 500
C) 1,000
D) 4,500
E) 9,000
|
D
|
|
56) A healthy person can normally exhale what percentage of his/her vital capacity in one second?
A) 10
B) 20
C) 50
D) 80
E) 100
|
D
|
|
57) In an obstructive disease, the lungs can become overinflated because the difficulty in ________ tends to ________.
A) expiration : increase vital capacity
B) expiration : decrease total lung capacity and vital capacity
C) expiration : increase residual volume and total lung capacity
D) inspiration : decrease total lung capacity and vital capacity
E) inspiration : increase total lung capacity and vital capacity
|
C
|
|
58) A decrease in ________ is indicative of a restrictive pulmonary disease.
A) minute ventilation
B) tidal volume
C) forced expiratory volume
D) residual volume
E) vital capacity
|
E
|
|
59) A decrease in ________ is indicative of an obstructive pulmonary disease.
A) minute ventilation
B) tidal volume
C) forced expiratory volume
D) residual volume
E) forced vital capacity
|
C
|
|
60) What is the term for the volume of air moved into the lungs every minute?
A) alveolar ventilation
B) tidal volume
C) total lung capacity
D) minute ventilation
E) pulmonary ventilation
|
D
|
|
61) What is the term for the volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone each minute?
A) alveolar ventilation
B) tidal volume
C) total lung capacity
D) minute ventilation
E) pulmonary ventilation
|
A
|
|
62) What is the volume of the respiratory pathway that is not able to exchange gases (conducting pathway) called?
A) dead volume
B) functional dead space
C) anatomical dead space
D) residual volume
E) functional residual volume
|
C
|
