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1) Which of the following equations correctly relates flow, pressure, and resistance?
A) Flow = Pressure × Resistance
B) Pressure = Flow × Resistance
C) Resistance = Flow × Pressure
D) Flow = Pressure + Resistance
E) Flow = Pressure – Resistance
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B
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2) What is the driving force for blood flow through the systemic circuit?
A) capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) central venous pressure
C) left ventricular pressure
D) mean arterial pressure
E) right atrial pressure
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D
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3) In comparison to the systemic circuit, the pulmonary circuit ________.
A) is under greater pressure
B) has lower blood flow
C) has lower resistance to blood flow
D) has an equal pressure gradient to drive blood flow
E) transports deoxygenated blood
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C
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4) Which of the following would increase the rate of blood flow through a blood vessel?
A) constriction of the blood vessel
B) increased viscosity of the blood
C) increased pressure of the blood entering the vessel
D) decreased radius of the vessel
E) increased length of the vessel
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C
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5) Which of the following equations is correct?
A) cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
B) cardiac output = mean arterial pressure × total peripheral resistance
C) resistance = (length × radius4) / viscosity
D) mean arterial pressure = cardiac output × stroke volume
E) mean arterial pressure = resistance × viscosity
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A
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6) Which of the following is NOT a component of the microcirculation?
A) arterioles
B) venules
C) capillaries
D) metarterioles
E) veins
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E
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7) The lumen of every blood vessel is lined by a monolayer of what cell type?
A) endothelial cells
B) smooth muscle cells
C) fibroblasts
D) erythrocytes
E) platelets
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A
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8) What is/are the component(s) of a blood vessel’s extracellular matrix that provide(s) the tensile strength required to withstand pressure.
A) Gap junctions
B) Elastin
C) Collagen
D) Hemoglobin
E) Albumin
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C
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9) The elastic nature of the largest blood vessel’s walls allows them to act as a ________, maintaining the driving force for blood flow while the heart is relaxed during diastole.
A) volume reservoir
B) non-distensible structure
C) non-compliant structure
D) pressure reservoir
E) resistor
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D
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10) The blood vessels of largest diameter are the ________; the blood vessels with the thickest walls are the ________.
A) arteries : arteries
B) veins : veins
C) arteries : veins
D) veins : arteries
E) arteries : arterioles
Answer: D
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D
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11) What component of artery walls allows them to store energy that is later used to maintain continuous blood flow through the circulatory system?
A) smooth muscle
B) skeletal muscle
C) elastin
D) collagen
E) endothelium
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C
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12) Arteries have ________ compliance and ________ resistance.
A) high : high
B) low : low
C) high : low
D) low : high
E) zero : high
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B
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13) What is a measure of the change in vascular volume as pressure within the vessel is altered?
A) Blood flow
B) Diffusability
C) Resistance
D) Compliance
E) The pressure gradient
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D
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14) A person goes to the doctor and is told his blood pressure is 90/60 and his pulse is 80. Which of the following is FALSE?
A) Systolic pressure is 90 mm Hg.
B) Pulse pressure is 80 mm Hg.
C) Mean arterial pressure is 70 mm Hg.
D) Diastolic pressure is 60.
E) Heart rate is 80.
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B
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15) Blood pressure is usually estimated from indirect measurements of the pressure in what structure?
A) left ventricle
B) aorta
C) radial artery
D) brachial artery
E) femoral artery
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D
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16) Resistance to blood flow is regulated primarily by what blood vessels?
A) ventricle
B) arteries
C) arterioles
D) capillaries
E) veins
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C
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17) In the circulatory system, the largest pressure drop occurs across which blood vessels?
A) arteries
B) arterioles
C) capillaries
D) venules
E) veins
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B
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18) The pulsatile nature of blood pressure is greatest in which blood vessels?
A) arteries
B) arterioles
C) capillaries
D) venules
E) veins
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A
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19) The total cross-sectional area is greatest in which blood vessels?
A) arteries
B) arterioles
C) capillaries
D) venules
E) veins
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C
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20) The contractile activity of smooth muscle cells within which type of blood vessel is primarily involved in the control of the organ blood flow and mean arterial pressure?
A) arterioles
B) capillaries
C) arteries
D) venules
E) veins
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A
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21) Blood flow velocity is greatest in the ________ and slowest in the ________.
A) arteries : veins
B) arterioles : veins
C) arteries : capillaries
D) capillaries : arteries
E) veins : arteries
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C
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22) Which of the following statements about smooth muscle in arterioles is FALSE?
A) The muscle forms rings around the arteriole.
B) Muscle contraction is under intrinsic controls.
C) Muscle contraction is under extrinsic controls.
D) The muscle has inherent (myogenic) tone.
E) The muscle is multi-unit smooth muscle.
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E
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23) What is the purpose of extrinsic control of arteriolar smooth muscle contractile activity?
A) regulate blood flow through specific capillary beds
B) regulate mean arterial pressure
C) regulate stroke volume
D) regulate cardiac output
E) regulate heart rate
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B
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24) Which of the following chemical’s concentration is NOT increased by an elevation in metabolic activity?
A) potassium
B) oxygen
C) carbon dioxide
D) hydrogen
E) pyruvic acid
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B
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25) Chemicals released by metabolically active cells will cause which of the following?
A) relaxation of arteriolar smooth muscle to increase blood flow
B) relaxation of capillary smooth muscle to decrease blood flow
C) contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle to increase blood flow
D) contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle to decrease blood flow
E) contraction of capillary smooth muscle to increase blood flow
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A
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26) What is a decrease in tissue oxygen called?
A) hypoxemia
B) hyperemia
C) hypoxia
D) hyperoxia
E) ischemia
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C
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27) What is an increase in blood flow in response to an increase in tissue metabolic activity called?
A) Hyperoxia
B) Reactive hyperemia
C) Active hyperemia
D) Ischemia
E) Hypoxia
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C
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28) In response to a decrease in tissue metabolic activity, tissue oxygen concentrations ________, which causes a(n) ________.
A) decrease : active hyperemic response
B) decrease : increase in tissue ischemia
C) decrease : dilation of the arterioles
D) increase : active hyperemic response
E) increase : constriction of the arterioles
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E
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29) A decrease in pressure within an arteriole will initiate a(n) ________.
A) myogenic response
B) arterial baroreceptor reflex
C) cardiac and venous baroreceptor reflex
D) active hyperemia
E) sinus arrhythmia
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A
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30) Which of the following accurately compares active hyperemia to reactive hyperemia?
A) One is an increase in blood flow, the other is a decrease.
B) One is caused by an increase in metabolites, the other to a decrease in perfusion pressure.
C) One is caused by increased metabolic activity, the other in response to release of an occlusion to blood flow.
D) One involves vasodilation, the other vasoconstriction.
E) One is an intrinsic response, the other an extrinsic response.
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C
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31) An increase in the concentration of which of the following within the interstitial space surrounding an arteriole would cause that vessel to constrict?
A) lactic acid
B) oxygen
C) prostacyclin
D) bradykinin
E) nitric oxide
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B
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32) Which of the following substances is secreted by endothelial cells and causes vasoconstriction?
A) oxygen
B) nitric oxide
C) adenosine
D) bradykinin
E) endothelin-1
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E
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33) Which of the following substances is secreted by endothelial cells and causes vasodilation?
A) oxygen
B) nitric oxide
C) adenosine
D) bradykinin
E) endothelin-1
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B
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34) Which of the following is an important vasodilator in coronary arteries?
A) oxygen
B) nitric oxide
C) adenosine
D) bradykinin
E) endothelin-1
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C
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35) During exercise, which organs receive an increase in the proportion of cardiac output delivered to it?
A) brain and heart
B) skeletal muscle, heart, and skin
C) skeletal muscle, heart, and brain
D) skeletal muscle, skin and brain
E) gastrointestinal tract and skeletal muscle
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B
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36) Any change in the relative distribution of cardiac output to an organ is typically due to changes in which of the following?
A) central venous pressure
B) viscosity of the blood moving through that organ’s vascular bed
C) compliance of that organ’s vascular bed
D) mean arterial pressure
E) resistance of that organ’s vascular bed
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E
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37) During exercise, which of the following tissues receive less blood flow compared to resting conditions?
A) gastrointestinal tract only
B) brain only
C) skin only
D) heart only
E) both gastrointestinal tract and skin
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A
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38) Which of the following would decrease mean arterial pressure?
A) increase in heart rate
B) increase in venous return
C) increase in stroke volume
D) increase in total peripheral resistance
E) increase in arteriole diameter
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E
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39) What type of adrenergic receptor is found in the smooth muscle of most systemic arterioles?
A) alpha only
B) beta1 only
C) beta2 only
D) beta3 only
E) both alpha and beta1
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A
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40) The effects of epinephrine on vascular resistance are dependent upon which of the following?
A) concentration of local metabolites
B) direction of change in mean arterial pressure
C) specific baroreceptor activated (low or high pressure)
D) relative distribution of alpha and beta receptors
E) relative distribution of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
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D
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41) In cardiac and skeletal muscle vasculature, the distribution of alpha and beta receptors are such that epinephrine will ________.
A) induce a dilation that increases blood flow to these tissues
B) induce a constriction that decreases blood flow to these tissues
C) increase myocardial contractility
D) increase skeletal muscle contractility
E) have no affect on peripheral resistance
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A
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42) Arteriolar smooth muscle in what tissue tends to have beta2 receptors?
A) brain
B) skeletal muscle
C) skin
D) gastrointestinal tract
E) liver
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B
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43) Drugs that block angiotensin-converting enzyme would cause which of the following?
A) decrease mean arterial pressure
B) stimulate reactive hyperemia
C) increase heart rate
D) decrease epinephrine release
E) activate the parasympathetic nervous system
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A
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44) Fenestrated capillaries are unique in their ability to ________.
A) allow few molecules to pass between endothelial cells
B) allow relatively large molecules to pass between endothelial cells
C) move molecules across endothelial cells by transcytosis
D) restrict the passage of proteins across endothelial cells
E) maintain a low permeability to small water-soluble molecules
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B
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45) What organ has capillaries that are the most restrictive to movement of hydrophilic solutes?
A) liver
B) brain
C) bone marrow
D) skeletal muscle
E) kidneys
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B
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46) Which of the following would increase blood flow through a capillary bed?
A) constriction of the arteriole leading into the capillary bed
B) contraction of smooth muscle in metarterioles bypassing the capillary bed
C) contraction of precapillary sphincters in the capillary bed
D) decrease in blood pressure in the arteriole leading into the capillary bed
E) increase in venous pressure
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B
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47) Which of the following would cause relaxation of precapillary sphincters?
A) carbon dioxide
B) sympathetic activity
C) epinephrine
D) parasympathetic activity
E) vasopressin
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A
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48) Glucose moves across continuous capillary walls by what mechanism?
A) diffusion
B) facilitated diffusion
C) primary active transport
D) secondary active transport
E) transcytosis
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A
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49) Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that enables molecules to move across capillary endothelial cells?
A) transcytosis across endothelial cells
B) movement through water-filled gaps between endothelial cells
C) rapid diffusion of water-soluble molecules across endothelial cells
D) diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules directly across the endothelial cell
E) movement of exchangeable proteins across endothelial cells
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C
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50) ________ describes the movement of fluid out of the capillary, while ________ describes the movement of fluid into the capillary.
A) Hydrostatic pressure : oncotic pressure
B) Edema : venous pooling
C) Venous pooling : edema
D) Absorption : filtration
E) Filtration : absorption
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E
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51) The portion of osmotic pressure exerted by ________ in the blood is known as colloid osmotic pressure.
A) proteins
B) small ions
C) large ions
D) lipids
E) steroids
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A
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52) Under normal conditions, which Starling forces favor filtration?
A) capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
B) capillary hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
C) capillary hydrostatic pressure and plasma osmotic pressure
D) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure and plasma osmotic pressure
E) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
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B
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53) Which of the following inaccurately represents normal forces across capillary walls?
A) Capillary hydrostatic pressure decreases from arteriole end to venous end.
B) Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure increases from arteriole end to venous end.
C) Capillary osmotic pressure is due primarily to plasma proteins.
D) Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure is almost 0.
E) At rest, net filtration occurs across capillary walls.
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B
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54) Given that the net filtration of fluid out of the capillaries averages about 3 liters per day, how is blood volume maintained in light of this apparent fluid loss?
A) The lymphatic system returns filtered fluid is returned to the blood.
B) The net filtration is equally balanced by absorption.
C) Gravity moves the fluid to the lowest point in the body, where the fluid is absorbed.
D) While fluid moves out across the capillary, it tends to move inward across veins.
E) The kidneys are involved in the reabsorption of the remaining fluid.
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A
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55) Which of the following is NOT a mechanism that alters the balance between filtration and absorption in the body?
A) increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure within the feet as one stands
B) increasing hydrostatic pressure gradient in cases of enhanced interstitial protein
C) increasing the permeability of the capillaries in regions of tissue damage
D) decreasing plasma protein synthesis in cases of liver damage
E) increasing the elimination of plasma proteins in cases of kidney damage
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B
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56) Which of the following comparisons between systemic capillaries and lymphatic capillaries is true?
A) Walls of systemic capillaries are more permeable.
B) Net filtration occurs across systemic capillaries; net absorption occurs across lymphatic capillaries.
C) Fluid enters systemic capillaries from systemic arterioles; fluid enters lymphatic capillaries from lymphatic veins.
D) Pressure is higher in lymphatic capillaries.
E) Blood cells are found in both types of capillaries.
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B
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57) Foreign materials are filtered out of the lymphatic fluid by what type of cell located within the lymph nodes?
A) macrophages
B) leukocytes
C) platelets
D) mast cells
E) erythrocytes
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A
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58) Exchange between blood and interstitial fluid occurs across capillaries and, to a lesser extent, ________.
A) arteries
B) veins
C) arterioles
D) metarterioles
E) venules
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E
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59) What region of the cardiovascular system contains valves?
A) heart only
B) metarterioles only
C) veins only
D) both the heart and veins
E) the heart, metarterioles, and veins
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D
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60) Veins functions as ________ reservoirs due to their ________ compliance.
A) pressure : high
B) volume : high
C) pressure : low
D) volume : low
E) pressure : lack of
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B
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61) Valves, which are ________, maintain the unidirectional movement of blood, thereby facilitating the return of blood to the heart.
A) found in all veins
B) found only in central veins
C) found in all venules
D) found only in peripheral veins
E) found only in arteries
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D
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62) The high compliance of veins allows them to ________.
A) act as pressure reservoirs
B) accommodate large volumes of blood with little change in pressure
C) rapidly change central venous pressure with small changes in blood volume
D) hold only small volumes of blood
E) provide the driving force for the movement of blood through the vasculature during diastole
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B
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63) At rest, the greatest proportion of blood volume is present within the ________.
A) heart
B) systemic arteries
C) systemic capillaries
D) systemic veins
E) pulmonary veins
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D
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64) Which of the following would decrease central venous pressure?
A) activity of skeletal muscles
B) increased respiratory activity
C) increased sympathetic activity
D) increased blood volume
E) standing up
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E
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65) An increase in the volume of blood ejected from the heart, with no change in total peripheral resistance, would ________.
A) elevate mean arterial pressure
B) elevate central venous pressure
C) reduce mean arterial pressure
D) elevate pulmonary venous pressure
E) reduce the stretch on the aorta
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A
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66) An increase in total peripheral resistance, in the absence of any change in cardiac output, would ________.
A) reduce mean arterial pressure
B) elevate central venous pressure
C) elevate mean arterial pressure
D) elevate pulmonary venous pressure
E) reduce the stretch on the aorta
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C
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67) The respiratory pump facilitates the return of blood to the heart by ________.
A) raising the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during expiration
B) raising the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during inspiration
C) decreasing the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during inspiration
D) decreasing the pressure gradient between abdominal and thoracic veins during expiration
E) squeezing blood from the rhythmic contraction of the diaphragm muscle
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B
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68) Which of the following would NOT increase mean arterial pressure?
A) increased sympathetic activity to the heart
B) increased sympathetic activity to the veins
C) decreased parasympathetic activity to the heart
D) decreased parasympathetic activity to the arterioles
E) increased levels of epinephrine in the blood
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D
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69) The long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure involves ________.
A) the release of hormones over a period of minutes
B) the immediate change in activity of the nervous system
C) the control of blood volume by the kidneys
D) the control of peripheral resistance
E) the stimulation of an increase in urine flow through the kidneys
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C
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70) ________ are responsible for the detection of mean arterial pressure.
A) Venous baroreceptors
B) Arterial baroreceptors
C) Aortic chemoreceptors
D) Thermoreceptors
E) Medullary chemoreceptors
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B
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71) Which of the following best classifies the baroreceptor reflex?
A) spinal; autonomic; innate; monosynaptic
B) spinal; autonomic; innate; polysynaptic
C) cranial; autonomic; innate; polysynaptic
D) cranial; somatic; conditioned; polysynaptic
E) cranial; autonomic; conditioned; monosynaptic
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C
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72) As mean arterial pressure increases, the ________, informing the medulla oblongata that blood pressure has indeed increased.
A) blood flow to the brain increases
B) number of neurons stimulated within the aortic arch increases
C) amplitude of the action potentials from the baroreceptors increases
D) frequency of action potentials from the baroreceptors increases
E) number of sympathetic neurons activated decreases
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D
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73) Information about mean arterial pressure is integrated within what area of the central nervous system?
A) cervical spinal cord
B) pons
C) hypothalamus
D) medulla oblongata
E) cerebellum
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D
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74) Where is the cardiovascular control center?
A) hypothalamus
B) pons
C) medulla oblongata
D) adrenal medulla
E) adrenal cortex
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C
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75) Which of the following is an inaccurate description of autonomic innervation of the cardiovascular system?
A) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate the SA and AV nodes.
B) Only sympathetic neurons provide significant innervation of the contractile cells of the heart.
C) Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate smooth muscle in arterioles.
D) Only sympathetic neurons innervate smooth muscle in veins.
E) Sympathetic activity increases cardiac output, whereas parasympathetic activity decreases cardiac output.
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C
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76) Which of the following will NOT occur in response to a decrease in the extent of stretch detected by a baroreceptor?
A) increased urine flow
B) increased ventricular contractility
C) increased heart rate
D) increased peripheral resistance
E) increased venomotor tone
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A
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77) Which of the following is NOT altered within seconds to minutes of the baroreceptor reflex being activated?
A) blood volume
B) heart rate
C) stroke volume
D) total peripheral resistance
E) venomotor tone
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A
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78) Which of the following does NOT occur in response to baroreceptors detecting an increase in mean arterial pressure?
A) decreased heart rate
B) decreased venous compliance
C) decreased end-diastolic volume
D) decreased frequency of sinoatrial node action potentials
E) vasoconstriction
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E
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79) The chronic elevation in arterial pressure (hypertension) that occurs in many individuals results in ________.
A) a decreased sensitivity of the baroreceptor that causes pressure to fluctuate
B) a gradual increase in pressure that resets the baroreceptors
C) the maintenance of a constant error signal by the baroreceptor
D) the resetting of the baroreceptor to a lower pressure
E) the baroreceptors becoming more sensitive to pressure
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B
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80) The reduction in organ blood flow that results from a decrease in mean arterial pressure would be exacerbated by the ________ that occurs as a consequence of the baroreceptor reflex.
A) decreased compliance of the veins
B) increased venous return
C) increased stroke volume
D) increased peripheral resistance
E) increased ventricular contractility
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D
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81) An increase in sympathetic nervous activity to arterioles will have little effect on the vasculature of the ________.
A) kidneys
B) skeletal muscles
C) gastrointestinal tract
D) heart and kidneys
E) brain and heart
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E
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82) The hormone vasopressin acts in the short term to ________ and in the long term to ________, thereby increasing mean arterial pressure.
A) decrease urine outflow : vasoconstrict arterioles
B) vasoconstrict arterioles : decrease urine outflow
C) vasodilate arterioles : increase urine outflow
D) increase urine outflow : vasodilate arterioles
E) vasodilate arterioles : decrease urine outflow
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B
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83) Due to their location, baroreceptors in the large systemic veins and the heart function primarily to monitor ________.
A) heart rate
B) total peripheral resistance
C) blood flow
D) mean arterial pressure
E) blood volume
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E
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84) Which of the following describes rhythmic changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic activity that affect heart rate coincident with respiration?
A) pulmonary sinus rhythmia
B) pulmonary sinus arrhythmia
C) respiratory sinus rhythmia
D) respiratory sinus arrhythmia
E) lung sinus rhythmia
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D
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85) An increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels activates ________, which causes a ________ in heart rate and a ________ in total peripheral resistance.
A) baroreceptors : decrease : decrease
B) baroreceptors : increase : increase
C) baroreceptors : decrease : increase
D) chemoreceptors: decrease : decrease
E) chemoreceptors : decrease : increase
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D
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86) Which of the following will NOT occur as a consequence of the activation of the baroreceptor reflex that would occur in response to an increased heat load within the body?
A) an increase in heart rate
B) an increase in stroke volume
C) an increase in resistance within the skeletal muscle vasculature
D) an increase in venoconstriction
E) an increase in resistance within the skin vasculature
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E
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87) The increase in stroke volume that occurs during exercise is caused primarily by ________.
A) a decrease in end-systolic volume
B) an increase in end-diastolic volume
C) an increase in venous return
D) a decrease in peripheral resistance
E) an increase in myocardial contractility
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E
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88) The increase in blood flow to active skeletal muscle relative to other organs is largely caused by the ________.
A) decrease in metabolic factors within the muscle
B) decrease in parasympathetic activity
C) increase in sympathetic activity
D) increase in local metabolic factors within the muscle
E) increase in parasympathetic activity
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D
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89) Which of the following correctly describes sympathetic control of blood vessels in the skin during thermoregulation?
A) Heat causes an increase in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasodilation.
B) Heat causes a decrease in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasodilation.
C) Heat causes an increase in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasoconstriction.
D) Heat causes a decrease in sympathetic activity, resulting in vasoconstriction.
E) Heat activates the parasympathetic activity and has no effect on the sympathetic nervous system.
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B
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90) Mean arterial pressure can be increased by all of the following except ________.
A) increasing venous return
B) decreasing end-diastolic volume
C) increasing heart rate
D) increasing sympathetic activity
E) increasing blood volume
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B
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91) Which of the following can cause vasoconstriction?
A) increase in carbon dioxide
B) increase in osmolarity
C) release of nitric oxide
D) angiotensin II
E) an increase in histamine
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D
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92) The primary mechanism for exchange of substances across the capillary wall is ________.
A) diffusion
B) mediated transport
C) vesicle transport
D) active transport
E) bulk flow
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A
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93) Given the following information, calculate the net filtration pressure: capillary hydrostatic pressure = 30 mm Hg, interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure = 5 mm Hg, capillary oncotic pressure = 25 mm Hg, and interstitial fluid oncotic pressure = 10 mm Hg.
A) 40 mm Hg, favoring filtration
B) -40 mm Hg, favoring reabsorption
C) 10 mm Hg, favoring filtration
D) -10 mm Hg, favoring reabsorption
E) 0 mm Hg, no net force
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C
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94) Which of the following can cause edema?
A) increase in plasma proteins only
B) damage to capillary walls only
C) decreased venous pressure only
D) both an increase in plasma proteins and a decrease in venous pressure
E) both damage to capillary walls and decreased venous pressure
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B
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95) Which of the following is an INCORRECT description of a blood vessel type?
A) Arteries are elastic.
B) The radius of arterioles can be regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic controls.
C) Capillary walls are comprised of only two cell layers, minimizing the distance for exchange.
D) Veins have high compliance.
E) Most of the blood volume at rest is in the systemic veins.
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C
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96) During exercise, carbon dioxide produced by muscle cells causes vasodilation in skeletal muscle. This is an example of ________.
A) active hyperemia
B) reactive hyperemia
C) hypoxia
D) flow autoregulation
E) ischemia
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A
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97) Which of the following structures contains high pressure baroreceptors?
A) aortic arch only
B) carotoid sinus only
C) right atrium only
D) both the aortic arch and carotoid sinus
E) aortic arch, right atrium, and carotoid sinus
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D
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