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Aortic valve stenosis is characterized by _______. |
increased resistance to blood flow, thickening of the myocardium and narrowing of the aortic semilunar valve |
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In this activity, the right flow tube simulates the _______. |
aorta |
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The compensating mechanisms tested in this activity include all of the following EXCEPT _______. |
decreasing preload |
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In the activity, decreasing pressure in the right beaker is analogous to _______. |
decreasing afterload |
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Increasing the left flow tube radius corresponds to _______. |
increasing preload |
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In this activity, the pump simulates the _______. |
left ventricle |
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When the left flow tube radius was increased, _______. |
the flow rate increased |
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Patients with aortic valve stenosis experience _______. |
increased thickness in the myocardium and a decrease in chamber volume |
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An increase in venous return will _______. |
increase EDV and therefore, increase stroke volume |
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The overlap length of cardiac muscle in the healthy heart is _______. |
less than optimum for maximum tension production |
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Afterload is the pressure threshold that must be exceeded to open _______. |
the aortic semilunar valve and the pulmonary semilunar valve |
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An increased preload is equivalent to, or causes, a(n) _______. |
increased EDV |
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Increase in stroke volume is a result of _______. |
increased contractility of the heart, increased EDV and increased preload |
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Which variable was altered in this activity? |
stroke volume |
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An increase in venous return _______. |
occurs during exercise |
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The flow rate in this activity _______. |
stayed constant, because pump rate decreased as the stroke volume increased |
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During the ejection period, _______. |
blood is pumped into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk |
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Cardiac output is _______. |
equal to heart rate times (EDV minus ESV) equal to blood flow and equal to heart rate times stroke volume equal to blood flow equal to heart rate times stroke volume All of the above. |
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The left side of the heart pumps blood _______. |
through the aortic valve |
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What variable(s) can the cardiovascular system alter to maintain blood pressure? |
heart rate, stroke volume and resistance |
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The volume in the pump when the pump piston is all the way down represents the _______. |
end systolic volume |
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When the flow tube radius increased, _______. |
resistance decreased and pump rate increased to maintain pressure |
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Which of the following stayed constant throughout this activity? |
stroke volume |
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Which right flow tube radius resulted in the fastest flow rate? |
5.0 mm |
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In this activity, which variable will be changed? |
pressure |
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Arteries that are closer to the heart ______ |
have more elastic tissue and must be able to withstand pressure changes |
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In the cardiovascular system, the pressure gradient is provided by _______. |
the force of contraction of the heart and peripheral resistance in the blood vessels |
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Blood flow is _______. |
directly proportional to the pressure gradient |
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Which of the following result(s) in an increase in fluid flow rate? |
increase in pressure and increase in radius diameter |
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Describe the plot of pressure versus flow rate. |
It was linear, and the flow rate increased with increased pressure. |
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In this activity, we changed the pressure delivered by the left beaker. This is analogous to _______. |
increasing the force of contraction of the heart |
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When blood vessel length increases, _______. |
surface area increases |
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Which of the following is true of blood vessel length? |
It increases as we approach puberty. |
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In this experiment, _______. |
blood vessel radius will be kept constant and blood vessel length will be varied |
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How does the body decrease the blood vessel radius? |
vasoconstriction |
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When the radius of the flow tube is decreased, the _______. |
fluid flow rate decreases |
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During exercise, we might expect blood vessels in the skeletal muscle to be somewhat _______________ and the blood vessels in the digestive organs to be somewhat ____________. |
dilated, constricted |
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Laminar flow of the blood is achieved through _______. |
vasodilation |
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The free-flowing blood located in the middle of a blood vessel is called _______. |
laminar flow |
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The flow rate of a liquid is _______. |
directly proportional to the pressure gradient |
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Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with the corresponding equipment used in this experiment? |
All of the above are matched correctly. |
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Which of the following has the greatest effect on peripheral resistance? |
blood vessel diameter |
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In this activity, which of the following were kept constant? |
blood vessel radius and blood vessel length |
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Which of the following describes the graph of flow versus viscosity? |
As viscosity increased, the flow rate decreased and the graph was curved. |
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Which viscosity had the fastest flow rate? |
1 |
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What is the typical range for viscosity of the blood? |
3 to 5 |
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Polycythemia results in _______. |
increased resistance to flow |
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What is the effect of increased viscosity? |
decreased flow rate |
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Formed elements in the blood _______. |
include platelets and whole cells that slide past one another |
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Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched? |
thrombocytes – plasma proteins |
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Increasing blood vessel length _______. |
has the same effect as decreasing blood vessel radius and increases resistance to flow |
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Which flow tube length had the greatest flow rate? |
10 mm |
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Which of the following has the greatest effect on blood flow? |
blood vessel radius |
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Which of the following describes why the body might need to increase vessel length? |
to accommodate weight gain and height changes |
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