Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust? |
C. Silicates |
The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel atomic planes is known as: |
B, Cleavage |
Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock? |
c. In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains. |
Which of the following minerals belongs to the silicate mineral group? |
b. feldspar |
Which of the following is NOT one of the eight most common elements in Earth's crust? |
a. carbon |
Which of the following statement on chemical bonding is correct? |
b. a bond can form through either electron transfer or electron sharing |
Igneous rock is formed |
d. by crystallization of molten rock. |
During igneous rock formation, as the rate of cooling increases, the size of the crystals that form |
b. decreases |
The texture (crystal size) of an igneous rock |
d. records the rock's cooling history |
Rocks with larger mineral crystals embedded in a matrix of fine-grained ones is said to be |
d. porphyritic |
Sedimentary rocks |
d. all of the above |
Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified primarily on the basis of |
d. particle size |
The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is |
a. limestone |
The agents of metamorphism are |
d. heat, pressure, and chemical fluids |
Which of the following statements about the involvement of crystallization in the rock cycle is (are) |
d.all of above |
List 5 characteristics an Earth matrial should have in order to be considered a mineral |
1. Each mineral is naturally occurring, 2. typically inorganic, 3. a solid substance 4.,has an orderly crystalline structure, 5. a definite chemical composition that allows for some variation. |
define the term rock |
A rock is a mixture of minerals. |
Although all minerals have an orderly internal arrangements of atoms (crystalline structure), most mineral samples do not visibly demonstrate their crystal form why? |
Crystal growth i disrupted by other crystals or their environment, causing the crystals to be too small to see with the naked eye. |
what are the 2 most common elements in Earth's crust, what is the term used to describe the basic building blocks of all silicate minerals? |
he two most common elements in Earth's crust are silicon and oxygen. A silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is the basic building block of all silicates |
list 3 nonsilicate minerals that are commonly found in rocks |
Calcite, dolomite, and halite are three nonsilicates that are commonly found in rocks. |
How are granite and rhyolite different? The Same? |
The difference between granite and rhyolite, is that granite is coarse grained, while rhyolite is fine grained. They are similar in the fact that they both felsic rocks, with their dominant crystal being quartz potassium feldspar, |
Distinguish between the 2 categories of chemical sedimentary rocks |
The two categories of chemical sedimentary rocks are chemical and biochemical. Chemical sedimentary rocks are created by ions that are carried in solution to seas and lakes while biochemical rocks are made of excreted materials by marine plants and animals. |
list the 3 agents of metamorphism and describe the role of each |
Heat: confining pressure and differential stress. chemically active fluids. |
Heats role in metamorphism |
most important factor of metamorphism, it triggers chemical reactions that cause recrystallization. Heat is usually caused by magma rising from below the rock and baking it until it rises in a high enough heat to cause metamorphism |
Confining pressure/differential stress's role in metamorphism |
confining pressure causes the space between rocks to close creating a more dense rock, under further pressure it may cause minerals to recrystallize into those that display a more compact crystalline form. While differential stress found in mountain building is the stretching of rocks in one direction. In low temperature this causes rocks to be brittle and break into smaller pieces, while in high temps the rocks become more ductile and stretch into the direction it'ss being pulled. |
Chemically active fluids role in metamorphism |
Water rich with ions and other volatiles act as catalysts when they seep into the pores of a rock promoting crystallization. The higher the temperatures during this activity the more reactive the result. |
Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ____________. |
b. protons in the nucleus |
Atoms that have an electrical charge due to a gain or loss of electrons are called __________. |
b. ions |
Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element? |
c. the atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons |
What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature? |
c. diamond |
Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas? |
a. calcite |
Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen? |
d. quartz |
A cubic centimeter of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. This indicates that ___. |
a. gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine |
Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure? |
c. micas |
The ion at the center of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by ____________. |
a. 4 oxygen ions |
The resistance of a mineral to abrasion is known as __________. |
d. hardness |
All silicate minerals contain which two elements? |
d. silicon, oxygen |
Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions? |
c. halite |
What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight? |
c. oxygen |
An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus? |
b. 7 |
Which one of the following is not true for minerals? |
b. they can be a liquid, solid, or glass |
Which the following denotes the positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus? |
a. protons |
Which of the following has the highest specific gravity? |
c. gold |
Which of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral? |
a. luster |
The most unreliable (variable) diagnostic property of minerals such as quartz is __________. |
d. color |
Mineral deposits which have been identified and can be extracted profitably are called __________. |
a. reserves |
An igneous rock that contains vesicles __________. |
d. all of the above |
Which one of the following is an igneous rock? |
b. rhyolite |
Intrusive rocks __________. |
d. none of the above |
Granite and gabbro __________. |
b. have a similar texture |
Obsidian exhibits a(n) __________ texture. |
b. glassy |
Rocks that contain crystals that are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the unaided eye are said to exhibit a __________ texture. |
c. coarse-grained |
This igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes. |
d. porphyritic |
Rhyolite is the fine-grained equivalent of this igneous rock. |
c. granite |
Select the coarse-grained rock which is composed mainly of quartz and potassium feldspar from the list below. |
c. granite |
This rock gets its name from a chain of mountains located in South America. |
b. andesite |
Which of the rocks listed below is a popular building stone? |
c. granite |
The most important mechanical weathering process is __________. |
a. frost action |
What chemical weathering environment would be most effective __________. |
c. in a warm, humid climate |
Which of the following is NOT a product of the chemical weathering of potassium feldspar? |
c. iron oxide |
Which one of the following is NOT true about mechanical weathering? |
d. does not affect metamorphic rocks |
Which one of the following is NOT related to chemical weathering? |
d. oxidation |
Which of these factors influence the type and rate of weathering? |
d. all of these |
Sedimentary rocks compose approximately _______ percent of Earth's outermost 10 miles. |
a. 5% |
Which rock type is associated with a high- energy environment (such as a very turbulent stream)? |
a. conglomerate |
Which pair of minerals is most common in detrital sedimentary rocks? |
c. clay and quartz |
Detrital sediments would predominate in all of the following environments except __________. |
b. salt flat |
Compaction would probably be most significant as a lithification process for __________. |
a. shale |
The most abundant chemical sedimentary rock is __________. |
a. limestone |
Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and rock salt? |
d. evaporites; chemical, sedimentary rocks |
Coal beds originate in ____________. |
d. freshwater coastal swamps and bogs |
Metamorphism may result from __________. |
d. all of these |
____________ is a strong, parallel alignment of different mineral bands in a metamorphic rock. |
b. Foliation |
Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism? |
d. all of the above |
The common rock produced by the metamorphism of limestone is __________. |
a. marble |
__________ is composed of alternating bands of light and dark silicate minerals. |
d. gneiss |
This dense, nonfoliated metamorphic rock is produced most often from sandstone. |
c. quartzite |
The primary agent of contact metamorphism is __________. |
b. heat |
What type of metamorphic rock will shale normally become following low-grade metamorphism? |
c. slate |
Which of the following lists the rocks in the order of increasing grain size and increasing grade of metamorphism? |
d. slate, schist, gneiss |