Which of the following is a characteristic of the trace minerals? |
The amounts in foods are dependent, in part, on soil composition |
A measure of the amount at which a nutrient is absorbed & used by the body is termed |
bioavailability |
Which of the following is Not a general feature of the trace minerals? |
They are rarely found in dietary supplements |
What is the ionic state of ferrous iron? |
+2 |
What is the ionic state of ferric iron? |
+3 |
What iron-containing compound carries oxygen in the bloodstream? |
Hemoglobin |
What is the oxygen-carrying protein of muscle cells? |
Myoglobin |
If a person's body has a total of 5 grams of iron, how many grams would be found in the hemoglobin? |
4 |
Which of the following is a characteristic of iron transport? |
Transferrin in the blood carries iron to the bone marrow |
Which of the following is a protein that carries iron through the circulation to the tissues? |
Transferrin |
Which of the following is a characteristic of iron absorption? |
Absorption of heme iron is about 50% higher than non heme iron |
Which of the following compounds provides a major storage reservoir for iron? |
Ferritin |
All of the following are body proteins directly involved in iron metabolism except |
Metallothionein |
All of the following characteristics are shared by iron and zinc except |
transport in the blood is primarily by albumin |
Which of the following characteristics is shared by zinc and iron? |
Proteins in the blood are needed for their transport |
How does vitamin C enhance iron absorption when consumed in the same meal? |
It keeps iron in the reduced ferrous form |
What fraction of the total iron content of a normal diet is heme iron? |
1/10 |
What percentage of the iron in a hamburger is nonheme iron? |
60 |
Which of the following foods provides iron in the most absorbable form? |
Chicken |
Which of the following is a feature of iron absorption? |
It is higher in people with iron deficiency |
Your cousin Emily is a vegetarian. Since you have just learned in your nutrition class that nonheme iron is absorbed less efficiently than heme iron, you want to make sure Emily is getting enough iron. What should you recommend Emily do to maximize her iron absorption? |
Eat her non-heme iron sources with a glass of orange juice |
Among the following, which does not contain the MFP factor? |
spinach |
What is the function of MFP factor? |
Enhances iron absorption |
When calculating the amount of iron that can be absorbed from a meal, all of the following factors are of major importance except |
EDTA content |
Which of the following nutrients enhances iron absorption from the intestinal tract? |
Vitamin C |
Absorption of iron from supplements is improved by taking them with |
meat |
Which of the following characteristics are shared by iron and zinc? |
Both are absorbed into intestinal epithelial cells but then may be lost by normal villus cells during the renewal process |
Under normal circumstances, what is the average percentage of dietary iron that is absorbed? |
18 |
All of the following are known to reduce the absorption of iron except |
sugars |
How would the body typically respond to loss of blood from hemorrhage? |
More transferrin is produced to allow absorption and transport of more iron |
All of the following are chief storage sites for surplus iron except the |
Muscle |
Which of the following is known as an iron-overload protein? |
Hemosiderin |
A person with high blood levels of hepcidin responds by |
Decreasing iron absorption |
What is hepcidin? |
A liver derived hormone that helps regulate iron absorption and transport |
Which of the following is a characteristic of iron utilization? |
Most of the body's iron is recycled |
What is the average lifespan of red blood cells? |
4 months |
Approximately how many people worldwide are thought to be affected by iron-deficiency anemia? |
1.6 billion |
About how much iron is absorbed from a vegetarian diet compared with an omnivorous diet? |
1/2 as much |
What is the chief function of hemosiderin? |
Stores excess body iron |
Approximately how much iron is lost daily by adults from urine, sweat, and shed skin? |
1 mg |
All of the following are known to reduce the absorption of iron except |
MFP factor |
Which of the following population groups is least susceptible to iron-deficiency anemia? |
Men 20-45 |
Which of the following is found in the first stage of iron deficiency? |
Iron stores decline, as assessed by serum ferritin |
Which of the following represents the order of the stages of iron deficiency? |
Iron stores decline, iron transport diminishes, hemoglobin synthesis fails |
What is the major cause of iron deficiency? |
Poor nutrition |
Iron deficiency in children is likely to result from a diet that overemphasizes |
milk |
Taking into account the efficiency of intestinal absorption of iron, approximately how much dietary iron must be consumed to account for the iron lost by donating a pint of blood? |
15 mg |
Which of the following individuals would most likely not need an iron supplement? |
Elderly female |
What is erythrocyte protoporphyrin? |
hemoglobin precursor |
The erythrocyte protoporphyrin level is used as an indicator of |
Late Iron deficiency |
The most common tests to diagnose iron deficiency include all of the following measures except |
DNA content of red blood cells |
What type of anemia results from iron deficiency? |
Microcytic hypochromic |
Low levels of blood hemoglobin most likely indicate a deficiency of |
Iron |
Which of the following symptoms would ordinarily not be found in individuals with iron-deficiency anemia? |
Diminished sense of smell |
Why are hemoglobin and hematocrit tests of limited usefulness in the assessment of iron status? |
They are late indicators of iron deficiency |
Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency? |
People with anemia generally become fatigued only when they exert themselves |
Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency and behavior? |
Mild iron deficiency impairs energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis |
Which of the following is descriptive of iron deficiency and behavior? |
Changes in behavior precede the appearance of anemia |
Iron overload is also known as |
Hemochromatosis |
What is the name given to the ingestion of nonnutritive substances? |
Pica |
Common terms that describe the body's accumulation of excess iron include all of the following except |
Hemoglobinemia |
Why are people with iron overload at increased risk for infections? |
Iron rich blood favors the growth of bacteria |
Which of the following is a feature of the disorder hereditary hemochromatosis? |
It is the most common genetic disorder in the US |
Which of the following disorders may be linked with the presence of high blood iron? |
Heart disease |
Which of the following describes one aspect of iron toxicity? |
Among men in the US, it is twice as common as iron deficiency anemia |
The most common cause of iron overload is |
A genetic predisposition |
What population group is at the highest risk for iron overload? |
adult men |
For every 10 adult males with iron deficiency, how many have iron overload? |
20 |
Signs of iron toxicity include all of the following except |
hypochromic anemia |
What percent of the RDA for iron is consumed by the typical woman? |
67 |
Approximately how much iron would be provided by a balanced diet supplying 2000 kcalories? |
12 mg |
Approximately how much higher is the RDA for iron for a vegetarian woman of childbearing age compared with her nonvegetarian counterpart? |
80% |
Which of the following is the most effective and least costly strategy for preventing an iron deficiency? |
Eat small quantities of meat, fish, and poultry frequently together with liberal amounts of vegetables and legumes |
Which of the following is a feature of iron nutrition? |
On average, women do not eat enough iron containing food |
Which of the following foods provides the greatest amount of iron per serving? |
Pinto beans |
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for iron? |
45 mg |
A child diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia would most likely benefit from increasing the consumption of |
red meats |
In the United States, iron is currently added to which of the following foods? |
Breads and cereals |
If a normal, healthy young adult woman loses an average of 2 mg/day of iron from the body, approximately what minimum amount (mg/day) should she consume from the diet to prevent negative iron balance? |
11 |
Which of the following would represent a source of possible iron contamination? |
An iron frypan |
Which of the following is a common example of iron contamination in the diet? |
Using an iron skillet to scramble eggs can triple their iron content |
Which of the following has been shown to improve absorption of iron from iron supplements? |
Taking them on an empty stomach rather than with meals |
Why is taking vitamin C ineffective at enhancing iron absorption from standard iron supplements? |
The iron in the supplement is already in the ferrous form |
Which of the following is a common side effect from taking iron supplements? |
Constipation |
What is the RDA for iron for females 19-50 years old? |
18 mg |
An enzyme in which zinc or copper is an integral part of its structure is classified as a(n) |
Metalloenzyme |
Which of the following defines an association between a protein and a function of zinc? |
Metallothionein: promotes zinc homeostasis |
Which of the following is a major binding protein for zinc? |
Metallothionein |
Which of the following is a feature of zinc in nutrition? |
Pancreatic enzymes are rich in zinc |
Which of the following is known to regulate the absorption of zinc? |
Metallothionein in the intestinal cells |
What is the bioavailability of dietary zinc? |
15-40% |
Which mineral undergoes enteropancreatic circulation during normal metabolism? |
Zinc |
Zinc is known to play an important role in all of the following functions except |
Oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids |
What is the chief transport substance for zinc in the circulation? |
Albumin |
What dietary ratio of iron to zinc inhibits zinc absorption? |
Greater than 2 to 1 |
Which of the following would be the minimum amount of dietary iron known to impair zinc absorption in an individual with a zinc intake of 15 mg? |
30 mg |
Which of the following conditions is known to lead to copper deficiency? |
Excess zinc |
Which of the following is a known side effect of prolonged ingestion of excessive amounts of zinc supplements? |
Copper deficiency due to interference with copper absorption |
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for zinc? |
40 mg |
Deficiency of which of the following minerals is associated with retarded growth and sexual development in children? |
Zinc |
Conditions associated with zinc deficiency include all of the following except |
Kidney failure |
All of the following are recognized symptoms of zinc deficiency except |
Anemia |
Which of the following represents the most reliable dietary source of zinc? |
Meats and whole grain cereals |
Zinc is highest in foods that also contain a high amount of |
Protein |
All of the following are known to result from excessive zinc intake except |
Galvanized liver and kidneys |
Under which of the following conditions are certain supplements of zinc reported to be beneficial? |
In treatments of colds |
What formulation of zinc has been found effective in treating the symptoms of the common cold? |
Zinc gluconate |
Commercially available zinc-containing lozenges are advertised to be effective against |
The common cold |
Which of the following is not a feature of zinc supplements? |
They reduce the incidence of goiter in developing countries |
Goiter is caused primarily by a deficiency of |
Iodine |
What mineral is critical to the synthesis of thyroxine? |
Iodine |
a 438(K) 117. One of the thyroid gland hormones is called |
Thyroxine |
What is the primary function of the thyroid hormones? |
Control the rate of oxygen use by the cells |
The most common cause of iodine deficiency is |
Insufficient intake of iodine from foods |
What is the response of the thyroid gland to an iodine deficiency? |
Increase its size to trap more iodine |
Which of the following may result from iodine deficiency? |
Goiter |
A woman with a severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy may give birth to a child with |
Cretinism |
What is a goitrogen? |
A substance that interferes with the functioning of the thyroid gland |
A person ingesting large amounts of thyroid antagonist substances is at high risk of developing |
simple goiter |
Which of the following foods are known to contain goitrogens? |
Cauliflower and broccoli |
Which of the following fruits are known to contain substances that inhibit the functioning of the thyroid gland? |
Peaches and strawberries |
Which of the following is a prominent feature of mild iodine deficiency in children? |
Poor performance in school |
What is the origin of goitrogens in the diet? |
Naturally occuring |
You have just been hired by the World Health Organization to promote nutrition education and policies in a small country in Asia, whose population has a high prevalence of goiter. Which of the following policies would be the best to implement with respect to iodine status, cost, and efficiency? |
Fortify the salt with iodine |
Which of the following is a feature of iodide utilization? |
A deficiency or toxicity leads to enlargement of the thyroid gland |
Which of the following is a feature of iodine in nutrition? |
Processed foods in the US do not use iodized salt |
Which of the following is the richest source of iodine? |
Seafood |
If cow's milk is found to contain unusually high levels of iodine, what is the most likely explanation? |
Exposure of cows to iodide containing medications and disinfectants |
Approximately how much iodized salt must be consumed to meet but not exceed the RDA for iodine? |
1/2 teaspoon |
What is the adult RDA for iodine? |
c. 150 µg |
Which of the following would most likely result from an excessive intake of iodine? |
Thyroid gland enlargement |
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for iodine? |
c. 1100 µg |
Which of the following would be the most appropriate food source of iodide for a person who lives inland? |
Iodized table salt |
Your uncle Carlos has survived two heart attacks, and recently asked if he might be deficient in selenium, which he had just heard is essential to heart health. You are aware of his food habits and explain that his condition could not be the result of a dietary deficiency of selenium because |
Selenium is prevalent in most food groups |
. Which of the following is an important function of selenium? |
Inhibits the formation of free radicals |
Keshan disease results from a deficiency of |
Selenium |
What trace element is part of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase? |
Selenium |
Which of the following is a property of selenium in nutrition? |
Severe deficiency is associated with heart disease in china |
Which of the following nutrients has functions similar to those of vitamin E? |
Selenium |
Which of the following minerals functions primarily in reactions that consume oxygen? |
Copper |
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for copper? |
10 mg |
Your aunt Thelma has been anemic for some time and was recently shown to be deficient in copper. Which of the following explains the association of copper and anemia? |
Copper is required for hemoglobin synthesis |
All of the following are characteristics of copper in nutrition except |
Absorption from foods is poor |
The rare genetic disorders Menkes disease and Wilson's disease result from abnormal utilization of |
Copper |
Which of the following is a feature of copper nutrition? |
It is involved in collagen synthesis and wound healing |
Which of the following meats would be the best source of copper? |
Shellfish |
Which of the following minerals is a cofactor in the formation of hemoglobin? |
Copper |
Characteristics of manganese in nutrition include all of the following except |
Deficiencies are primarily seen in the elderly |
Which of the following represents the most likely cause of manganese toxicity? |
Inhalation of dust contaminated with manganese |
Which of the following characteristics are shared by copper and fluoride? |
Both may be obtained by drinking tap water |
What is the primary mechanism associated with the role of fluoride in prevention of dental caries? |
Fluoride becomes incorporated into the crystalline structure of teeth, making them less susceptible to decay |
Which of the following mechanisms explains why fluoride is effective in controlling tooth decay? |
It helps form decay-resistant fluorapatite |
What percent of the U.S. population is not exposed to a fluoridated public water supply? |
30 |
What is the most reliable source of dietary fluoride? |
Public water |
Which of the following is a feature of fluoride in nutrition? |
A deficiency contributes to the most widespread problem in the united states |
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for fluoride? |
10 mg |
Naturally occurring food sources of fluoride include all of the following except |
Milk |
Which of the following does not have an RDA? |
Fluoride |
What is the optimal fluoride concentration in community water supplies? |
1ppm |
Which of the following is known to cause discolored enamel of the teeth? |
Excessive fluoride in the water |
One of the chief functions of chromium is participation in the metabolism of |
carbohydrates |
As far as is known, what hormone is dependent upon chromium for optimal activity? |
Insulin |
Which of the following is a characteristic of chromium in nutrition? |
Whole grains represent an excellent source |
What is a glucose tolerance factor? |
A small organic compound that promotes the action of insulin |
Chromium deficiency is characterized by |
Hyperglycemia |
Which of the following is a characteristic of the mineral molybdenum? |
Deficiency symptoms in people are unknown |
Which of the following trace minerals is known to be involved in bone development? |
Silicon |
Evidence to date in animals and/or human beings suggests that normal bone metabolism requires all of the following trace minerals except |
Silver |
What mineral is part of vitamin B12? |
Cobalt |
All of the following are considered heavy metals except |
Iron |
In the body, lead is known to significantly interfere with utilization of all of the following minerals except |
Selenium |
To serve its function in oxygen delivery to body tissues, iron must interact closely with |
Copper and vitamin C |
Flaxseed is a rich source of |
Lignans |
All of the following are classified as phytonutrients except |
Hepcidin |
Lycopene is classified as a(n) |
Cartenoid |
Which of the following is a rich source of phytoestrogens? |
Soybeans |
What term designates foods that contain nonnutrient substances which may provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition? |
Functional foods |