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What are the products of semiconservative replication for a double-stranded DNA molecule? |
Two double-stranded DNA molecules, each consisting of one parental strand and one daughter strand. |
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Why is DNA replication essential for a cell? |
An organism must copy its DNA to pass genetic information to its offspring. |
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What is the function of the parental DNA in replication? |
It serves as the template for DNA replication. |
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Why must primase be used before DNA polymerase when replicating DNA? |
Primase provides an RNA primer with a 3′ end on which DNA polymerase can act. |
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Which enzyme joins the gaps between synthesized DNA fragments of the lagging strand? |
DNA ligase |
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What nucleotides would DNA polymerase add if it encountered the nucleotide sequence: ATTGC? |
TAACG |
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Which strand will require more RNA primers to complete synthesis? |
Lagging strand |
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In which direction does DNA polymerase synthesize DNA for the lagging strand? |
5′ to 3′ |
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What characteristic of DNA allows two connected DNA polymerases to synthesize both the leading and lagging strands? |
DNA is flexible. |
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What is the function of the connector proteins? |
They link the leading strand DNA polymerase and the lagging strand DNA polymerase together. |
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Which DNA strand is synthesized continuously? |
Leading strand |
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Which of the following are terms associated with Okazaki fragments? |
Lagging strand, DNA ligase, and discontinuous |
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Why is the DNA synthesis of the lagging strand considered discontinuous? |
The synthesis is moving in the opposite direction from the replication fork. |
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What is the initial target of RNA polymerase? |
The promoter |
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RNA polymerase is guided by the |
template strand of DNA. |
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RNA that has hydrogen bonded to itself forms a |
stem loop. |
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How would one increase the concentration of a particular polypeptide in a cell? |
Increase the level of transcription |
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During elongation, how is the RNA synthesized? |
5′ to 3′ |
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During the initiation step of translation, the fMet charged tRNA assembles in which site of the ribosome? |
P site |
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How does the ribosome know if the entering charged tRNA is correct? |
The anticodon on the tRNA base pairs to the codon on the mRNA. |
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Where would one find an uncharged tRNA molecule in a ribosome? |
In the P and E sites |
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What kind of bond is formed when two amino acids join together? |
A peptide bond |
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How is translation terminated? |
When a protein called a release factor enters and binds to the A site |
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What is the inducer molecule in the lac operon? |
Allolactose |
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With which genetic region does the repressor protein interact? |
The operator region |
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When the cell is not in the presence of lactose, |
the repressor proteins bind to the operator. |
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What is the basic function of the lac operon? |
To code for enzymes involved in catabolizing lactose. |
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Which of the following genetic elements is transcribed into a single mRNA? |
The structural genes |
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Which operons are always transcribed unless deactivated? |
Repressible operons |
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Which operons are never transcribed unless activated? |
Inducible operons |
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When the cell is NOT in the presence of tryptophan, |
RNA polymerase can transcribe mRNA. |
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When is the repressor protein transcribed? |
It is always transcribed. |
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Why is the tryptophan operon turned off in the presence of tryptophan? |
Tryptophan binds to and activates the repressor proteins; the repressor proteins, in turn, bind to the operator, preventing transcription. |
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What is the overall function of the trp operon? |
To ensure that the cell has a supply of tryptophan at all times |
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Thymine dimers result from |
nonionizing radiation. |
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Which of the following might result in a frameshift mutation? |
Benzopyrene |
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Which of the following describes how 5-bromouracil might create a mutation? |
It can replace the base thymine, and can base pair with guanine rather than adenine. |
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Mutagens |
increase the likelihood of mutations in DNA. |
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A nucleotide-altering chemical |
can alter nitrogenous bases of DNA, resulting in incorrect base pairing. |
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