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Activity: Covalent Bonds
Part A: What type of bond is joining the two hydrogen atoms?
hydrogen
hydrophilic
ionic
hydrophobic
covalent
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covalent
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Part B
A(n) _____ refers to two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
molecule
isotope
ion
community
shell
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molecule
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Part C
This atom can form up to _____ single covalent bond(s).
0
4
3
1
2
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4 in the outermost electron shell.
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Part D
A(n) _____ bond joins these two oxygen atoms.
There are 2 oxygen atoms with 2 shared electron pairs. Also, each of the atoms has a pair of electrons in the inner electron shell. In the outer electron shell, each atom has 2 pairs of electrons in addition to those 2 which are shared.
single covalent
hydrogen
ionic
quadruple covalent
double covalent
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double covalent
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Activity: Hydrogen Bonds
Part A
The brackets are indicating a(n) _____ bond.
There are 2 water molecules. The oxygen atom of one molecule has delta minus charge. One of the hydrogen atoms of another water molecule has delta plus charge. The brackets between these 2 atoms unite charge labels and dots between them, representing that these 2 atoms have an interaction.
ionic
hydrogen
single (nonpolar) covalent
polar covalent
hydrophobic
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hydrogen
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Part B
What name is given to the bond between water molecules?
polar covalent
hydrogen
single (nonpolar) covalent
ionic
hydrophobic
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hydrogen
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Activity: Ionic Bonds
Part A
Atoms with the same number of protons but with different electrical charges _____.
are different isotopes
are different ions
have different atomic numbers
have different numbers of neutrons
have different atomic masses
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are different ions
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Part B
In salt, what is the nature of the bond between sodium and chlorine?
ionic
hydrophobic
polar covalent
nonpolar covalent
hydrogen
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ionic
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Part C
An ionic bond involves _____.
an attraction between ions of opposite charge
water avoidance
the unequal sharing of an electron pair
no atoms other than sodium and chlorine
the sharing of a single pair of electrons
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an attraction between ions of opposite charge
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Activity: Nonpolar and Polar Molecules
Part A
Which of these figures correctly illustrates the nature of the bonding of H2O?
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D. There is an oxygen atom with 2 hydrogen atoms attached to it. Oxygen atom is charged negatively. Both hydrogen atoms are charged positively.
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Part B
What type of bond joins the carbon atom to each of the hydrogen atoms?
There is a carbon atom with 4 hydrogen atoms attached to it. Carbon atom shares an electron pair with each of the hydrogen atoms.
ionic
single (nonpolar) covalent
polar covalent
hydrogen
double (nonpolar) covalent
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single (nonpolar) covalent
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Activity: Structure of the Atomic Nucleus
Part A
What is the atomic number of an atom that has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons?
0
6
18
-1
12
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6; This is an atom of carbon, an element with 6 protons. Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom.
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Part B
Which of these refers to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses?
These atoms are different elements.
These atoms have different numbers of electrons.
These atoms are isomers.
These atoms have different numbers of protons.
These atoms are isotopes.
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These atoms are isotopes.
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Part C
Fluorine’s atomic number is 9 and its atomic mass is 19. How many neutrons does fluorine have?
81
9
10
28
19
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10; Atomic mass is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons (19-9 = 10).
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Part D
An uncharged atom of boron has an atomic number of 5 and an atomic mass of 11. How many protons does boron have?
0
11
5
16
6
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5
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Learning through Art: Water Molecules and Hydrogen Bonding
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a. H b. O c. H d. (+) charge e. (-) charge f. hydrogen bond g. polar covalent bond
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Activity: Acids, Bases, and pH
Part A
What is the arrow pointing to?
There are ions and molecules forming water solution. A single atom which is positively charged is highlighted with an arrow.
water molecule
electron
hydroxide ion
hydrogen ion
hydronium ion
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hydrogen ion
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Part B
What is the arrow pointing to?
There are ions and molecules forming water solution. The structure of 2 different bound atoms, the larger of which is negatively charged and highlighted with an arrow.
hydronium ion
proton
water
hydrogen ion
hydroxide ion
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hydroxide ion
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Part C
In a neutral solution the concentration of _____.
hydrogen ions is less than the concentration of hydroxide ions
water molecules is less than the concentration of hydroxide ions
hydrogen ions is greater than the concentration of hydroxide ions
water molecules is less than the concentration of hydrogen ions
hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions
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hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions
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Part D
How does the pH of the solution on the right compare with that of the solution on the left?
There are 2 pictures of ions and molecules forming water solution. In the right picture, the negatively charged ions of 2 different bound atoms are prevailing. In the left picture, positively charged single atoms are prevailing.
The solution on the right is basic relative to the solution on the left.
Both of these solutions are equally acidic.
Both of these solutions are equally basic.
The solution on the right is acidic relative to the solution on the left.
The solution on the right is neutral relative to the solution on the left.
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The solution on the right is basic relative to the solution on the left. ; The solution on the right has a lower concentration of hydrogen ions relative to hydroxide ions than does the solution on the left.
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Substances that cannot be broken down into other substances are called __________.
protons
neutrons
elements
compounds
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elements; There are 92 naturally occurring elements on Earth.
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In an atom with a neutral overall charge, the number of protons is equal to the __________.
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number of electrons; Each electron has a negative charge, and each proton has a positive charge. Thus, in a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons.
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What is the term for an atom that is electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons?
molecule
compound
ion
isotope
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ion
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The tendency of water molecules to stick together is called __________.
buffering
evaporative cooling
cohesion
adhesion
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cohesion
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What is the pH inside most living cells?
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pH 7
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A substance that resists changes in pH is referred to as a(n) _____.
acid
base
solution
buffer
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buffer
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