Mastering CH 7 & 10

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Which of the following physical methods of microbial control denatures proteins as a mechanism of action?

a) incineration

b) radiation

c) boiling or autoclaving

d) osmotic pressure

c) boiling or autoclaving

Consider various effects of moist and dry heat to control microbial growth. Which of the following methods would best reduce microbes without altering the taste and chemical composition of beer?

a) autoclaving

b) hot-air sterilization

c) pasteurization

d) boiling

c) pasteurization

Contaminated hospital equipment represents a difficult environment to control harmful microbial growth. Regarding influences that affect disinfection of hospital equipment, which of the following is an accurate statement?

a) Biofilms, often found contaminating hospital equipment, are relatively simple targets for biocides to reach effectively.

b) The cell walls of gram-negative bacteria are especially resistant to many chemicals that are used destroy microbes.

c) The presence of organic matter, such as dried blood or protein, will not affect the action of antimicrobial agents.

d) Antimicrobial agents work best under reduced temperatures.

b) The cell walls of gram-negative bacteria are especially resistant to many chemicals that are used destroy microbes.

During the initiation step of translation, the fMet charged tRNA assembles in which site of the ribosome?

a) E site

b) A site

c) P site

c) P site

How does the ribosome know if the entering charged tRNA is correct?

a) The incorrect tRNA does not fit into the A site.

b) The anticodon on the tRNA base pairs to the codon on the mRNA.

c) The preceding amino acid will not permit it to enter the A site.

b) The anticodon on the tRNA base pairs to the codon on the mRNA.

Where would one find an uncharged tRNA molecule in a ribosome?

a) In the A, P, and E sites

b) In the A site

c) In the P and E sites

d) In the E site

c) In the P and E sites

What kind of bond is formed when two amino acids join together?

a) A peptide bond

b) A hydrogen bond

c) A polar bond

d) An ionic bond

a) A peptide bond

How is translation terminated?

a) When the A, P, and E sites are all filled

b) When a protein called a release factor enters and binds to the A site

c) When the ribosome runs out of the mRNA

d) When there are no more charged tRNA molecules

b) When a protein called a release factor enters and binds to the A site

What results from the process of translation?

a) Ribosomes

b) A polypeptide

c) mRNA

d) tRNA

b) A polypeptide

How is bacterial translation different from eukaryotic translation?

a) Bacterial translation does not involve ribosomes.

b) Bacteria can begin translation before transcription has terminated.

c) mRNA is read 3′ to 5′.

b) Bacteria can begin translation before transcription has terminated.

According to the animation, ribosomes move along the mRNA in which direction?

a) 5′ to 3′

b) Either 5′ to 3′ or 3′ to 5′

c) 3′ to 5′

a) 5′ to 3′

What is the initial target of RNA polymerase?

a) The terminator region

b) The template DNA

c) The promoter

c) The promoter

RNA polymerase is guided by the

a) RNA strand.

b) coding strand of DNA.

c) template strand of DNA.

c) template strand of DNA.

RNA that has hydrogen bonded to itself forms a

a) promoter sequence.

b) termination protein.

c) terminator sequence.

d) stem loop.

d) stem loop.

How would one increase the concentration of a particular polypeptide in a cell?

a) Increase the concentration of promoters

b) Increase the amount of DNA

c) Increase the level of transcription

c) Increase the level of transcription

During elongation, how is the RNA synthesized?

a) Left to right

b) 3′ to 5′

c) 5′ to 3′

d) Right to left

c) 5′ to 3′

What are the products of semiconservative replication for a double-stranded DNA molecule?

a) Two double-stranded DNA molecules, one consisting of two parental strands and the other consisting of two daughter strands.

b) One double-stranded DNA molecule consisting of one parental strand and one daughter strand.

c) One double-stranded DNA molecule, consisting of two daughter strands.

d) Two double-stranded DNA molecules, each consisting of one parental strand and one daughter strand.

d) Two double-stranded DNA molecules, each consisting of one parental strand and one daughter strand.

Why is DNA replication essential for a cell?

a) Because DNA is double-stranded.

b) All organisms require two copies of DNA.

c) An organism must copy its DNA to pass genetic information to its offspring.

d) It allows the organism to repair any mistakes.

c) An organism must copy its DNA to pass genetic information to its offspring.

What is the function of the parental DNA in replication?

a) It serves as the template for DNA replication.

b) It allows for the DNA to be circular.

c) It gives the cell two complete copies of the DNA.

d) It is passed into the offspring of the parent.

a) It serves as the template for DNA replication.

What characteristic of DNA allows two connected DNA polymerases to synthesize both the leading and lagging strands?

a) DNA is double-stranded.

b) DNA has a helical shape.

c) DNA is antiparallel.

d) DNA is flexible.

d) DNA is flexible.

What is the function of the connector proteins?

a) They link the leading strand DNA polymerase and the lagging strand DNA polymerase together.

b) They enable one parental DNA strand and one newly synthesized DNA strand to be held together.

c) They produce the Okazaki fragments.

d) They allow DNA synthesis to occur in the 3′ to 5′ direction.

a) They link the leading strand DNA polymerase and the lagging strand DNA polymerase together.

Which DNA strand is synthesized continuously?

a) Lagging strand

b) The leading and lagging strands are both synthesized continuously.

c) Leading strand

d) Neither the leading nor the lagging strand is synthesized continuously.

c) Leading strand

Which of the following are terms associated with Okazaki fragments?

a) Lagging strand, DNA ligase, and discontinuous

b) DNA ligase

c) Discontinuous

d) Lagging strand

a) Lagging strand, DNA ligase, and discontinuous

Why is the DNA synthesis of the lagging strand considered discontinuous?

a) The lagging strand only requires one primer instead of multiple primers.

b) DNA synthesis on the lagging strand occurs 3′ to 5′.

c) The synthesis is moving in the opposite direction from the replication fork.

d) The lagging strand only produces single-stranded DNA molecules.

c) The synthesis is moving in the opposite direction from the replication fork.

Transcription produces which of the following?

a) mRNA

b) tRNA

c) mRNA and rRNA

d) mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are all produced by transcription.

d) mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are all produced by transcription.

According to the animation, which of the following makes mRNA from the information stored in a DNA template?

a) DNA polymerase

b) RNA polymerase

c) Ribosomes

d) tRNA

b) RNA polymerase

Ribosomes contain which of the following?

a) rRNA

b) mRNA

c) mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are all found as part of the ribosome.

d) tRNA

a) rRNA

Which of the following is involved in bringing amino acids to the ribosomes?

a) mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are all involved in transporting amino acids to the ribosomes.

b) tRNA

c) mRNA

d) rRNA

b) tRNA

Which of the following can be translated into protein?

a) mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are all translated into protein.

b) rRNA

c) tRNA

d) mRNA

d) mRNA

As shown in the animation, the start codon also codes for which amino acid?

a) Serine

b) Methionine

c) Alanine

d) Proline

b) Methionine

How many codons code for the amino acid arginine?

a) Four

b) Six

c) Three

d) One

b) Six

GAU codes for

a) serine.

b) proline.

c) isoleucine.

d) aspartic acid.

d) aspartic acid.

Which of the following amino acids is coded by only one codon?

a) Trp

b) His

c) Phe

d) Tyr

a) Trp

What would happen if the mRNA codon that coded for Cys was mutated in the third position from a U to an A?

a) The amino acid Cys would still be coded.

b) A stop codon would be introduced prematurely.

c) The codon would now code for Trp instead of Cys.

b) A stop codon would be introduced prematurely.

Which type of organism would NOT be included in the Domain Eukarya?

a) fungus

b) protist

c) ameba

d) bacterium

d) bacterium

Which statement regarding viral species is true?

a) Viruses are classified as prokaryotes.

b) Viral species are not classified as part of any of the three domains.

c) Viral species are taxonomically differentiated based upon their cell wall.

d) Viral species are classified within the Kingdom Plantae in the Domain Eukarya.

b) Viral species are not classified as part of any of the three domains.

Which test involves placing samples of an unknown bacterium in saline, adding different antisera, and checking for clumping?

a) Western blotting

b) ELISA

c) phage typing

d) slide agglutination

d) slide agglutination

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